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– Capitula of Tragopogon taxa studied: T. pratensis (upper row, left; Planá u Mariánských Lázní), T. porrifolius subsp. porrifolius (upper row, middle; garden culture), and individuals from hybrid population of T. ×mirabilis in Roudnice nad Labem.
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A population of a hybrid between Tragopogon porrifolius and T. pratensis (T. xmirabilis), which occurs in SW part of the town of Roudnice nad Labem, N part of Central Bohemia, was analysed with respect to its morphology, fertility, life history, ploidy level and DNA content. Both parental species vary relatively little morphologically; they are bie...
Citations
... Hybridization, commonly followed by polyploidization, between closely related species, blurs the taxonomic relationships within Tragopogon and makes species delimitation challenging (Ownbey 1950, Krahulec et al. 2005, Mavrodiev et al. 2005, Suárez-Santiago et al. 2011. Morphological variation within members of Tragopogon has led to different interpretations and misidentifications, and adequate plant material including leaves, flowers, and mature fruits is necessary for accurate identification (Matthews 1975, Coşkunçelebi et al. 2020, Gültepe et al. 2021). ...
A new salsify species, Tragopogon davutii‐turanii , is described from Anatolia based on micro‐/macro‐morphological and molecular evidence. The new species is morphologically similar to T. vvedenskyi and T. abbreviatus , but differs from T. vvedenskyi mainly in ligule colour and from T. abbreviatus by achene characters and number of phyllaries . In contrast to morphological similarities, based on the phylogenetic tree obtained from nrDNA ITS sequences T. davutii‐turanii is closely related to T. stenophyllus and T. coelesyriacus . Diagnostic characters, description, and conservation status of the new species, as well as micro‐ and macro‐morphological features of its achenes and pollen grains, are provided.
... porrifolius × T. pratensis) was once recorded from the town of Roudnice nad Labem in northern Bohemia (Novák 1922). A large population of plants that are extremely variable in their morphology and fertility occurs there now (Krahulec et al. 2005). Molecular investigation of plants from this population revealed that it includes a so far unrecognized diploid species from the Angustissimi clade, which is distributed mainly in the Caucasus Mts, and hybrids of this unknown species with T. orientalis (Mavrodiev et al. 2013). ...
We present the third edition of the complete catalogue of the alien flora of the Czech Republic, which follows the 2002 and 2012 editions. It has been updated by incorporating new data collected over the last decade and reassessing the current status of taxa based on improved taxonomic and ecological knowledge. All changes in the taxon listing from the 2012 version are documented and explained in an appendix. Based on comprehensive data sources, including the recently developed Pladias Database of the Czech Flora and Vegetation and the Archaeobotanical Database of the Czech Republic, we list 1576 taxa alien to this country, with information on their taxonomic position, life form, geographic origin, residence time category (archaeophyte or neophyte), invasion status (casual, naturalized or invasive), date of the first and last field record, grid-cell occupancy, pathway of introduction into the country, habitat affiliation and impact assessment. This edition includes 122 more taxa than the 2012 edition; 157 taxa were added and 35 were removed. Of the removed taxa, 17 were reclassified as native, eight were removed due to lack of evidence of the occurrence in the wild, records of six taxa were assessed as doubtful, and four are not taxonomically justified. The alien flora is recruited from 630 genera and 122 families, and comprises 385 archaeophytes and 1191 neophytes; most taxa are casual (1084, i.e. 68.8% of the total number), 417 taxa are naturalized (26.4%), and 75 are invasive (4.8%). The proportion of invasive taxa is almost equal for archaeophytes and neophytes (4.7% and 4.8%, respectively), casual taxa are over-represented among neophytes, and naturalized taxa among archaeophytes. The contribution of alien taxa to the Czech flora is 37.8% if all aliens are considered or 16.2% if only naturalized taxa (including invasives), which are a permanent part of the flora, are included. For all groups of invasion status, the numbers of taxa are increasing over time with no sign of deceleration. Most alien plants originate from the Mediterranean region (618 taxa, i.e. 31.5%), other parts of Europe (380 taxa, 19.4%), other parts of Asia (290 taxa, 14.1%) and North America (262 taxa, 13.4%). The highest number of invasive taxa (27, corresponding to 27.6% of all invasive archaeophytes and neophytes) are from North America. Occupancy of grid cells of 10 × 6 arc-minutes significantly increases with invasion status and residence time. Invasive taxa are present in more grid cells than naturalized and casual, and archaeophytes occupy on average more grid cells than neophytes in each invasion status category. Maps based on the cumulative record of alien species occurrence over the past 50 years, expressed as the proportion of the entire flora, show that alien species are relatively more prevalent in lowlands and large urban agglomerations. In a European comparison, the Czech Republic is currently a moderately invaded country.
... Tragopogon is a complicated genus due to ploidy level variation, hybridization events leading to morphological variations and rapid radiation (Ownbey 1950, Soltis et al. 2004, Krahulec et al. 2005, Suárez-Santiago et al. 2011, Bell et al. 2012. erefore, for accurate identification of Tragopogon species, intact capitulum including ligules colour and Borisova (1964) are taken from Mavrodiev et al. (2005Mavrodiev et al. ( , 2007Mavrodiev et al. ( , 2008. ...
In the present paper, two little‐known species (T. olympicus Boiss. and T. pichleri Boiss.) endemic to Turkey are evaluated in terms of morphology based on numerous authentic and/or new collections. Additionally, the phylogenetic positions of these little‐known species are evaluated based on newly generated sequences of nrDNA ITS, trnL and trnL‐F. As a result of the morphological examination, lectotypes are designated and documented for both species together with amended diagnosis. The phylogenetic analysis of the ITS data indicates that T. olympicus and T. latifolius Boiss. var. angustifolius are sister taxa, while T. dubius Scop. and T. pichleri are nested together in a different subclade of Tragopogon sect. Majores (Artemcz.) Kuthath s.l. However, neither species is resolved in the cpDNA tree due to low nucleotide diversity. The present results support treating T. olympicus and T. pichleri as members of Tragopogon sect. Sosnovskya Boriss. and Tragopogon sect. Majores, respectively.
... The main morphological characters used to distinguish species in the genus include fruit morphology, ligule color, a ratio of ligule/involucral bract lengths, number of involucral bracts and the thickness of peduncle (Suárez-Santiago et al. 2011). The genus is taxonomically very complex due to the high incidence of interspecific hybridization (Ownbey 1950, Krahulec et al. 2005. The presently analyzed species T. pratensis is an annual or perennial herb commonly growing along field margins and roadsides in the cold deserts of Ladakh division in Jammu and Kashmir. ...
The intraspecific euploid (2x, 4x) cytotypes have been reported in Tragopogon pratensis from the cold deserts of Ladakh division in Jammu and Kashmir. Both the cytotypes showed perfect bivalent formation, regular meiotic course and normal microsporogenesis leading to high pollen fertility. The 4x plants are more vigorous and growing much taller than the 2x plants and show gigantism in various vegetative and floral characters besides the increase in the size of stomata and pollen grains. Analysis of meiotic chromosome pairing and chromosome size in the 4x cytotype suggests its allopolyploid nature.
... Esta especie es originaria de Europa, sudeste de Asia y norte de África e introducida en varias partes del mundo, en donde se puede comportar como una especie invasiva (Mavrodiev et al. 2007, Thompson 2007. En el continente americano sólo se conocía para Argentina (Urtubey 2015), Canadá (Mavrodiev et al. 2007), Chile (Marticorena y Quezada 1985), Estados Unidos de América (Ownbey 1950, Krahulec et al. 2005, Mavrodiev et al. 2007 y México (según www.tropicos.org). Tragopogon porrifolius fue cultivada como verdura en Europa durante la Edad Media y en los dos últimos siglos, muy pocos registros documentan su raro estatus de especie escapada de cultivo (Krahulec et al. 2005). ...
... En el continente americano sólo se conocía para Argentina (Urtubey 2015), Canadá (Mavrodiev et al. 2007), Chile (Marticorena y Quezada 1985), Estados Unidos de América (Ownbey 1950, Krahulec et al. 2005, Mavrodiev et al. 2007 y México (según www.tropicos.org). Tragopogon porrifolius fue cultivada como verdura en Europa durante la Edad Media y en los dos últimos siglos, muy pocos registros documentan su raro estatus de especie escapada de cultivo (Krahulec et al. 2005). Aquí se registra, tanto el género como la especie, por primera vez para Colombia y el noroeste de Sudamérica. ...
... El nuevo registro aquí considerado permite ampliar el área de distribución geográfica de la especie citada y asimismo, eleva el número de las Asteraceae de Colombia a 1271 especies. La novedad aquí tratada se suma a otras recientemente documentadas para Colombia (Giraldo-Cañas 2003, 2004, 2015a, 2015b, y datos inéditos), sobre la base de Tabla 1. Principales diferencias entre Tragopogon paradoxus S. A. Nikitin y Tragopogon porrifolius L. [de Blanca y Díaz de la Guardia (1996, 1997, Krahulec et al. (2005), Thompson (2007), Kilian et al. (2009), GBIF (2013), Sukhorukov y Nilova (2015) y obs. pers.]. ...
... Tragopogon L. (Asteraceae), one of the taxonomically complex genera belonging to subtribe Scorzonerinae, comprises 110 -150 species mostly distributed in Europe and Asia (Soltis et al. 2004, Mavrodiev et al. 2008, Suarez-Santiago et al. 2011. High morphological variability caused by variable ploidy level and hybridization (Ownbey 1950, Krahulec et al. 2005, Mavrodiev et al. 2005, 2008, Suarez-Santiago et al. 2011) have led to the frequent evolution of new species in the genus (Mavrodiev et al. 2004, Dogan et al. 2014. Th e genus include mostly perennial herbs characterized by entire, parallel veined leaves, one-rowed involucral bracts, and beaked achenes, and it is almost impossible to identify the species without adequate knowledge of mature achenes and ligule color (Borisova 1964, Matthews 1975, Blanca and Diaz De La Guardia 1997. ...
Tragopogon turcicus Coşkunç., M.Gultepe & Makbul, a new diploid species (2n = 2x = 12), is described and illustrated from Kızıldağ National Park (Isparta), southwest Anatolia. It is morphologically similar to T. oligolepis Hartvig & Strid which is also endemic to Turkey. Diagnostic characters, description, conservation status together with micro- and macro-morphological properties of achenes and pollen grains are given. A phylogenetic analysis based on nrDNA ITS sequence data indicated that T. oligolepis is the sister species of the new taxon.
... The first artificial interspecific plant hybrid for scientific study was generated by Linnaeus in 1760 and involved Tragopogon porrifolius L. and T. pratensis L. (reviewed in Ownbey 1950). Many years later, naturally occurring hybrids between these two diploid species were named T. ×mirabilis Rouy (Rouy 1890, reviewed in Krahulec et al. 2005, and have been widely reported from Europe (France, Germany, England) and North America (Farwell 1930;Ownbey 1950;Novak et al. 1991;Krahulec et al. 2005). Artificial hybrids between T. porrifolius and T. pratensis are reported to have low fertility (Fahselt et al. 1976). ...
... Recently, Krahulec et al. (2005) investigated a particularly interesting natural population of what has been referred to as Tragopogon ×mirabilis. This population of T. ×mirabilis from Central Bohemia, Czech Republic, was originally discovered in 1921-1922(Novak 1922 in Krahulec et al. 2005) and today exhibits a diverse range of morphology and fertility among plants. ...
... Recently, Krahulec et al. (2005) investigated a particularly interesting natural population of what has been referred to as Tragopogon ×mirabilis. This population of T. ×mirabilis from Central Bohemia, Czech Republic, was originally discovered in 1921-1922(Novak 1922 in Krahulec et al. 2005) and today exhibits a diverse range of morphology and fertility among plants. Most plants are partially or fully fertile, but fully sterile plants are also noted. ...
Tragopogon ×mirabilis Rouy is described as a diploid hybrid between T. porrifolius and T. pratensis. A population of T. ×mirabilis from Central Bohemia, Czech Republic, was recently investigated and, unlike previous reports of T. ×mirabilis, was found to be highly fertile. This fertile diploid hybrid population was considered to represent an alternative evolutionary pathway to polyploidy in Tragopogon. To determine the parentage of the plants from Bohemia, we investigated 12 samples of T. ×mirabilis with ITS, ETS, LFY and plastid (rpL16 gene, intron 1, tRNA-Leu (trnL) gene, intron, trnL-trnF intergenic spacer, psbA-trnH intergenic spacer, and trnG-trnT intergenic spacer) sequence data. None of the Bohemian plants have sequences that are consistent with a hybrid origin between T. porrifolius (incl. T. australis) and T. pratensis. Our data suggest that this fertile population of “T. ×mirabilis” may represent an unrecognised diploid species from the Angustissimi clade sensu Mavrodiev et al. (Int. J. Pl. Sci. 164: 1 – 19, 2005), a clade with a centre of distribution in the Caucasus, and hybrids of this unknown species with T. orientalis or T. hayekii (= T. orientalis L. var. hayekii Soó), a species closely related to T. pratensis and native to Bohemia. The Bohemian population of “Tragopogon ×mirabilis” clearly requires more investigation, but based on our data it does not appear to represent T. porrifolius × T. pratensis.
... Tragopogon is a taxonomically complex genus, and the morphological variation of the species has resulted in different interpretations by various authors; as a result, extensive taxonomic and nomenclatural confusion has occurred (reviewed in Mavrodiev et al. 2005Mavrodiev et al. , 2007. Hybridization is a frequent process that also increases taxonomic difficulty in the genus ( Ownbey 1950 ;Krahulec et al. 2005 ); intermediate forms are commonly found in the wild where species occur sympatrically. However, hybridization is also an important mechanism of speciation in Tragopogon , especially when associated with polyploidy ( Ownbey 1950 ;Ownbey and McCollum 1953 ;Díaz de la Guardia and Blanca 1990 ;2004 ;Soltis et al. 2004 ;Mavrodiev et al. 2008a , b ). ...
Tragopogon dubius is one of the most widespread species of Tragopogon, extending across much of Eurasia. Traditionally, T. dubius has been considered a morphologically homogeneous species that includes all Tragopogon collections with yellow flowers and swollen peduncles under capitula. Here we describe a new species of Tragopogon from the Iberian Peninsula, T. lainzii, which has heretofore been included in T. dubius. To this end, we performed comparative morphological, cytogenetic, and molecular analyses on many populations of both species. Our results show that T. dubius is not a homogeneous species and that different lineages exist across its broad geographic distribution. Moreover, we show that hybridization has occurred in the wild between sympatric populations of T. dubius, T. lainzii, and T. porrifolius.
... (2) there was uneven contribution of copy number of the rRNA genes from genome donors; (3) finally, the allopolyploids could have already evolved novel speciesspecific types eliminating parental types. This hypothesis is supported by the analysis of Euroasian hybrid, T. pratensis × T. porrifolius that possesses an extremely reduced genome (Krahulec & al., 2005), and in which no parental ITS types were identified (Kovarik, unpub. results). ...
Tragopogon mirus Ownbey and Tragopogon miscellus Ownbey are recent allotetraploids that have formed recurrently within the last 80 years, following the introduction of the diploids T. dubius Scop., T. pratensis L. and T. porrifolius L. from Europe to North America. In some areas, the progenitor diploids still occur along with expanding populations of the allotetraploids, and the polyploids at those locations likely represent descendents of the nearby diploids. In most natural populations of T. mirus and T. miscellus, there are far fewer rDNA units of the common parent (T. dubius) than there are of the other diploid parent and in some rarely occurring individuals, one parental locus was >90% deleted. Nevertheless, in contrast to several ancient Old World allotetraploids, gene copies from both parents are readily detected by molecular methods in both T. mirus and T. miscellus. In one population of T. mirus and herbarium specimens collected at the time of species origin the gene ratios were balanced. Several lineages of T. mirus and T. miscellus were recently successfully resynthesized from diploid species. Among 181 synthetic individuals analyzed, we observed frequent deviations from copy-number additivity; that is in most cases, the T. dubius homeologs were reduced in copy number. At the epigenetic level, the genes of T. dubius origin dominate expression in most natural and synthetic allopolyploids. The fact that some rDNA genotypes seen in 80-year-old allopolyploids are already evident in the first generation of synthetic lines supports the hypothesis that the extent and tempo of rDNA homogenization in older allopolyploids is largely influenced by genetic and epigenetic changes in the early generations. Thus, T. mirus and T. miscellus that formed repeatedly in the wild within the last century represent a unique system to study the early stages of genome evolution following interspecific hybridization and genome duplication. This review summarizes recent works on the rDNA chromosomal organization, repeat and loci inheritance and gene expression.
... Phytodiversity of the Czech Republic continues to be in the focus of the taxonomic and conservation research (e.g. Trávníček & Zázvorka 2005, Vašut et al. 2005, Krahulec et al. 2005, Lepší & Lepší 2006. In the following text, we give an account of current generally accepted names of species and subspecies based on or interpreted according to the material from the Czech Republic. ...
Plant names based on the original material from a restricted region are scientifically important for the study of local biodiversity. Names typified with or entirely based on the original material from the Czech Republic are studied in the present paper; the names are confined to cases of generally accepted names published and taxa described in the period 1753-1820. Some names with original material coming from a border region (mostly near the Polish border) are included, too. Brief notes and references are given to introduce the authors of names and the history of their herbarium collections. New data are given on publications and herbaria of F. W. Schmidt, T. Haenke and J. E. Pohl, including examples of their handwritings; the other authors being C. Linnaeus (and J. Burser), J. Zauschner, K. L. Willdenow, J. C. Mikan, K. Sternberg, H. A. Schrader, L. Trattinick, K. B. Presl, J. S. Presl, P. M. Opiz, I. F. Tausch and H. G. L. Reichenbach. Nomenclatural and taxonomic notes are given on Aconitum plicatum, Allium senescens subsp. montanum, Gagea bohemica, Plantago uliginosa, Spergularia salina, Valeriana officinalis, V. exaltata, V. sambucifolia and Veronica triloba. A number of names are typified (lecto-, neo-, epitypes): Allium montanum, Athyrium distentifolium, Erysimum arcuatum (= Barbarea vulgaris subsp. arcuata), Schmidtia (= Coleanthus) subtilis, Epilobium nutans, Ornithogalum bohemicum (= Gagea bohemica), Hieracium sudeticum, Myosotis sparsiflora, Cynoglossum (= Omphalodes) scorpioides, Pedicularis sudetica, Phyteuma nigrum, Plantago uliginosa (with an identification key), Poa laxa, Soldanella montana, Symphytum bohemicum, Thlaspi caerulescens, Valeriana exaltata (with notes on the typification of V. officinalis), V. sambucifolia, Veronica triloba (with a note on the status of names in Čelakovský's works), Viola sudetica and V. saxatilis. The other names included in the list are Avenula planiculmis, Cardamine amara subsp. opicii, Eriophorum vaginatum, Hieracium rupestre (= H. schmidtii), Luzula sudetica, Mentha longifolia, Potentilla lindackeri, Rosa elliptica, Salix silesiaca, Stipa capillata and Viola rupestris. A few cases of names excluded from the list are also analysed: Achillea millefolium subsp. sudetica, Alchemilla fissa, Carex bohemica, Dactylorhiza longebracteata, Gagea pusilla, Geranium bohemicum, Matricaria recutita, Veronica dentata, Spergularia salina (correct name: S. marina), Gentianella obtusifolia, Myosotis alpestris and Mentha rotundifolia. For most cases, conservation status and situation at the original localities (in many cases in protected areas) are discussed.
