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Camera lucida drawing of a specimen of Paleoovoidus arcuatum, isp. nov. (MPEF-IC-1370), on the dicot ''Celtis'' ameghenoi (LH2, morphotype ?TY20, MPEF-Pb-1053), scale bar: 1 cm: 1, entire specimen, show a register of five rows of oviposition scars oriented across the blade from upper-left to the center, and a differently juxtaposed register of perhaps five rows at the upper-right region of the leaf; 2, minor enlargement of six scars with central ovoidal depressions from a circled region of the leaf margin at upper-left; 3, major enlargement of callus and emergence hole detail from a single scar, indicated by a circular template from the leaf margin at center-left; 4, similar enlargement of three scars with central emergence holes, from the circled leaf region at center-bottom, axial length of leaf: 4.5 cm, scale bar as in Fig. 3.5.
Source publication
We document evidence of endophytic oviposition on fossil compression/impression leaves from the early Eocene Laguna del Hunco and middle Eocene Río Pichileufú floras of Patagonia, Argentina. Based on distinctive mor-phologies and damage patterns of elongate, ovoid, lens-, or teardrop-shaped scars in the leaves, we assign this insect damage to the i...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... (Figs. 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.5), to teardrop-shaped (Figs. 4.1, 4.3, 4.4, 5.4). The specimens are from 0.9 to 1.6 mm in length but only two specimens represent the highest values (Fig. 3.5); widths range from 0.4 to 0.6 mm. The scars in the rows are variously oriented within the leaves, with the long axis parallel to subparallel to the primary vein (Figs. 3.4, 5.1, 5.4- 5.6), perpendicular to it (Figs. 3.1, 3.3), at a highly inclined angle (Fig. 3.3), or at other inclinations ( Fig. 6.1-6.3). The distance between each scar within a row often is a relatively constant value of 1 mm, but in some cases (e.g., Figs. 3.5, 4.1) the scars are variably separated, with values that range from 0.4 to 2 ...
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... 2 mm ( Fig. 6.3-6.5). Some leaves present distinct and well-defined arcuate rows from three to 13 scars (Figs. 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 5.1, 5.6, 6.1-6.3, and 7.2-7.5), in which the acute end of the scar always is ori- entated in the same direction (Figs. 3.1, 4.4, 5.4). In other cases the arcuate rows are parallel to each other and are arranged en echelon (Figs. 3.4, 3.5, 4.1, 5.1, 5.5, 6.2), with scars of each (Fig. 7.1, 7.2, 7.4) and clearly demarcated rows (Fig. 7.3, 7.5): 1, MPEF-IC-1367 in an unknown dicot leaf (LH4, morphotype TY122, MPEF-Pb-1051) [note continuous linear file of oviposition marks at bottom of leaf (arrow)], scale bar: 1 cm; 2, MPEF-IC-1391 in an unknown dicot leaf (RP2, ...
Context 3
... scale bar: 1 cm; 4, enlargement from rectangular template in Figure. consecutive row arranged regularly with minimal deviation of scars within a row. These rows may be subparallel to each other (Figs. 4.1, 6.2) or convergent in one or more points that result from projected lines drawn perpendicular to the multiply oriented oviposition rows (Fig. 3.4) (Hellmund and Hellmund, 1991, fig. 6). In other cases (Figs. 3.1, 5.5) the arcuate rows are not parallel to each other, the terminus of one approaching the terminus of the next one, resulting in a zigzag pattern. In some specimens the leaf tissue between two adjacent scars is broken or removed (Fig. 5.5). In other specimens (Figs. 3.2, ...
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... rows (Fig. 3.4) (Hellmund and Hellmund, 1991, fig. 6). In other cases (Figs. 3.1, 5.5) the arcuate rows are not parallel to each other, the terminus of one approaching the terminus of the next one, resulting in a zigzag pattern. In some specimens the leaf tissue between two adjacent scars is broken or removed (Fig. 5.5). In other specimens (Figs. 3.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.6, 6.4), the blunt end of the scars displays a rounded hole, indicating the absence of plant tissue, resulting in a whitish area. In these same speci- mens, and in others (Figs. 5.6, 6.4), a dark spot at one end is observed, which is most clearly distinguished at the acute ends of teardrop-shaped scars (Figs. 3.5, ...
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... next one, resulting in a zigzag pattern. In some specimens the leaf tissue between two adjacent scars is broken or removed (Fig. 5.5). In other specimens (Figs. 3.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.6, 6.4), the blunt end of the scars displays a rounded hole, indicating the absence of plant tissue, resulting in a whitish area. In these same speci- mens, and in others (Figs. 5.6, 6.4), a dark spot at one end is observed, which is most clearly distinguished at the acute ends of teardrop-shaped scars (Figs. 3.5, ...
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... other cases (Figs. 4, 5.2, 5.6), scars display a blunt end cradling a more centrally positioned, rounded or more linear hole that is distinguishable as a clear zone because of the absence of plant tissue. This distinctive zone, observed both in the fossils and in one leaf from the Dique Escaba locality, may represent an emergence aperture, indicating that the ...
Similar publications
We document evidence of endophytic oviposition on fossil compression/impression leaves from the early Eocene Laguna del Hunco and middle Eocene Rio Pichileufu floras of Patagonia, Argentina. Based on distinctive morphologies and damage patterns of elongate, ovoid, lens-, or teardrop-shaped scars in the leaves, we assign this insect damage to the ic...
Citations
... The Paleoovoidus ichnogenus proposed by Vasilenko [2] is characterized by medium-sized, elongated, narrow, ovoid or lens-shaped structures with a regular arrangement on the leaf blade. These traces, defined by the reaction tissue of the leaf, are narrow at one end, and are often presented as a dark spot (definition proposed by Vasilenko [2] and redefined by Sarzetti et al. [3]). At present, more than a dozen species are included in this ichnogenus [10]. ...
... That study was conducted on a leaf of Eucalyptus chubutensis (Berry) González (in part) [27] (Myrtaceae) from Laguna del Hunco (Chubut, Argentina) (Early Eocene) that showed traces of individual Odonata eggs that were previously classified to two ichnospecies (P. arcuatus and P. rectus, [3]), which would have been performed by a single female. ...
... The complete collection of oviposition traces of the Egidio Feruglio Paleontological Museum (MEF), located in Trelew, Province of Chubut, Argentina, was reviewed. We photographed and studied in detail 24 materials that possessed traces of endophytic ovipositions attributed to Odonata, 23 of which are published in Sarzetti et al. [3]. The materials have two collection numbers, one palaeobotanical (MPEF-Pb) and one ichnological (MPEF-IC). ...
The insertion of the Odonata ovipositor in the plant tissue generates a scar that surrounds the eggs (trace). In insects, individual egg traces are known to vary in size, but their variation in individual shape is mostly unknown. Twenty-four specimens were obtained from the Laguna del Hunco (Lower Eocene, Chubut) and Río Pichileufú (Middle Eocene, Río Negro), Argentina, which had 1346 oviposition traces (MEF Collection). For the first time, a study of the shape and size of a large number of individual Odonata endophytic egg traces was carried out using traditional (general and mixed linear models) and geometric morphometrics (Fourier elliptical series) to elucidate whether there are changes in size or shape of the individual endophytic egg traces associated with the substrate used at the time of oviposition, if the Lower Eocene traces have varied in relation to those of the Middle Eocene, and if the ichnological classification (Paleoovoidus arcuatus, P. bifurcatus and P. rectus) reflects such variations. We found differences in size (p < 0.05), but not in shape, in relation to the variables studied. This could reflect that the shape of Odonata eggs (inferred from the traces), unlike their size, could have a strong evolutionary constraint already observed since the Eocene.
... 3G-3K). This pattern of associated arcuate sets of oviposited egg sets is typical for the Cenozoic (Sarzetti et al. 2009) but occurs rarely in the later Mesozoic and has not been previously encountered in the Paleozoic. It is possible that a paleodictyopteroid lineage bore an external, laterally compressed, sawtooth ovipositor and associated egg-laying behaviors (Labandeira 2006b) that evolved convergently with other piercing ovipositors, such as those of odonatans, paleodictyopteroids, and orthopterans and, after the Paleozoic, sawfly hymenopterans. ...
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... Signifi cant fi eld reinvestigations of the LH and RP sites have been conducted since 1999, leading to precise 40 Ar -39 Ar dating for both fl oras and detailed lithostratigraphy and paleomagnetic stratigraphy at LH; the discovery of highly elevated fl oral and insect-damage richness; and the description or revision of several plant, insect, vertebrate, and ichnotaxa ( Wilf et al., 2003( Wilf et al., , 2005a( Wilf et al., , b , 2009Petrulevi č ius and Nel, 2005 ;Zamaloa et al., 2006 ;Gonz á lez et al., 2007 ;Sarzetti et al., 2008Sarzetti et al., , 2009Petrulevi č ius, 2009 ;Barreda et al., 2010 ;Petrulevi č ius et al., 2010 ;Azpelicueta and Cione, 2011 ;Gandolfo et al., 2011 ;G ó mez et al., 2011 ). ...
Premise of the study:
Eocene caldera-lake beds at Laguna del Hunco (LH, ca. 52.2 Ma) and Río Pichileufú (RP, ca. 47.7 Ma) in Argentine Patagonia provide copious information about the biological history of Gondwana. Several plant genera from these sites are known as fossils from southern Australia and New Zealand and survive only in Australasian rainforests. The potential presence of Dacrycarpus (Podocarpaceae) holds considerable interest due to its extensive foliage-fossil record in Gondwana, its remarkably broad modern distribution in Southeast Asian and Australasian rainforests, its high physiological moisture requirements, and its bird-dispersed seeds. However, the unique seed cones that firmly diagnose Dacrycarpus were not previously known from the fossil record.
Methods:
I describe and interpret fertile (LH) and vegetative (LH and RP) material of Dacrycarpus and present a nomenclatural revision for fossil Dacrycarpus from South America.
Key results:
Dacrycarpus puertae sp. nov. is the first fossil occurrence of the unusual seed cones that typify living Dacrycarpus, attached to characteristic foliage, and of attached Dacrycarpus pollen cones and foliage. Dacrycarpus puertae is indistinguishable from living D. imbricatus (montane, Burma to Fiji). Dacrycarpus chilensis (Engelhardt) comb. nov. is proposed for Eocene vegetative material from Chile.
Conclusions:
Modern-aspect Dacrycarpus was present in Eocene Patagonia, demonstrating an astonishingly wide-ranging paleogeographic history and implying a long evolutionary association with bird dispersers. Dacrycarpus puertae provides the first significant Asian link for Eocene Patagonian floras, strengthens the biogeographic connections from Patagonia to Australasia across Antarctica during the warm Eocene, and indicates high-rainfall paleoenvironments.
... (Cucadellidae: Hemiptera). Oviposition scars with broadly similar arrangement from the Paleogene and attributed to the ichnogenus Paleoovoidus (Sarzetti et al. 2009: fig. 2.3) were probably produced by members of the Zygoptera (Odonata). ...
Single, midrib-positioned galls and midrib-flanking oviposition scars are described from four species of Permian glossopterid foliage from Australia and South Africa. Several of these traces have been mistaken previously for glossopterid reproductive organs or fructification detachment scars. A single Early Triassic corystosperm leaf from Australia is reported bearing multiple disc-like galls on both the midrib and pinnules. A Middle Triassic taeniopterid gymnosperm leaf from Australia is described hosting oviposition scars between consecutive secondary veins flanking the midrib. These fossils attest to a much richer record of plant–arthropod interactions in the late Palaeozoic and early Mesozoic of high-latitude Gondwana than previously reported, and indicate that herbivory and reproductive strategies involving galling and foliar ovipositioning were re-established relatively soon after the end-Permian mass extinction event that saw major turnovers in both the flora and insect fauna.
The Carnian Aasvoëlberg 411 (Aas411) site of the Molteno Formation in South Africa provides exceptional data for understanding how plants, their arthropod herbivores and interactions responded to the P-Tr ecological crisis approximately 18 million years earlier. Our study lists six consequences stemming from the P-Tr event. First, Aas411 was one of the most herbivorized of Molteno’s 106 sites, consisting of 20,358 plant specimens represented by 111 plant form-taxa that includes 14 whole-plant taxa (WPT); the insect damage consists of 11 functional feeding groups (FFGs), 44 damage types (DTs) and 1127 herbivorized specimens for an herbivory value of 5.54%. Second, the seven most herbivorized hosts, in decreasing importance, were the conifer Heidiphyllum elongatum; corystosperm Dicroidium crassinervis; ginkgophyte Sphenobaiera schenckii, peltasperms Lepidopteris stormbergensis and L. africana and horsetail Zonulamites viridensis. Third, generalized feeding damage and 11 host-specialized associations were present that targeted 39 of 111 plant taxa. Fourth, the Heidiphyllum elongatum WPT was most herbivorized, harboring an extensive herbivore component community containing 81.8% of FFGs, 63.6% of DT categories, 40.9% of DT occurrences, and 36.4% of specialized interactions at the site. Fifth, eriophyioid gall DT70 was host-specialized on Dicroidium crassinervis, where it constitutes 70.1% of all Molteno DT70 occurrences and revealing a distinctive developmental ontogeny. Sixth, herbivory levels significantly surpassed those of the Late Permian.
