Camelina sativa mature plants at the flowering stage (Copyrights: Isabel Molina).

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... sativa (false flax or gold of pleasure) ( Fig. 1) is an ancient oilseed crop of the Crucifer family (Brassicaceae). The archeological records indicate that the grassland plains of southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia are most likely to be the center of origins of this crop (Knörzer, 1978;Zohary et al., 2012). In Europe, C. sativa was cultivated as an important oilseed crop for ...

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... Zhu et al., 2000), and this direct binding leads to PIF phosphorylation. This modification enables ubiquitination of the transcription factors and exposes them to degradation by the ubiquitin/26S proteasome system (UPS) . PIFs are negative regulators of photomorphogenesis, therefore their degradation allows the expression of light-induced genes (Fig. 14). On the contrary, under dark conditions phyB resides inactive in the cytosol ( Eichenberg et al., 2000;Ádám et al., 2011) allowing the nuclear localized PIF genes to bind to the promoter of the light-induced genes to repress their expression and inhibit photomorphogenesis ( In the second mechanism, COP1 is found under dark conditions ...

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... activity of HIF1 is regulated by the oxygen-dependent control of HIF-1α abundance. In normoxic conditions, HIF-1α is degraded in a ubiquitin-mediated fashion by the hydroxylation of Pro-402 and -564 through the activity of three Prolyl Hydroxylases (PHD1, 2 and 3) (Fig. 10). This proline hydroxylation is a prerequisite for binding to the β-domain of the E3-ligase Von HippelLindau protein (pVHL) as it is then subjected to ubiquitin-mediated degradation by the proteasome ( Ohh et al., 2000). HIF-1 transcription can also be disrupted by the activity of Factor Inhibiting HIF (FIH), where it hydroxylates ...

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... plants grown under photoperiodic conditions maintained the elongation of the hypocotyl until the second week after germination when the plantlets slowed down the growth of the hypocotyl (Fig. 11a) on the expanse of developing new vegetative tissues (Fig. ...

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... plants grown under photoperiodic conditions maintained the elongation of the hypocotyl until the second week after germination when the plantlets slowed down the growth of the hypocotyl (Fig. 11a) on the expanse of developing new vegetative tissues (Fig. ...

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... two-week old seedlings were moved then to either extended dark in normal atmosphere or submergence in dark and what was noticed that the plants restored hypocotyl growth in dark and more significant when the plants were subjected to submergence treatment ( Fig. 11c) in all the three selected time points. The accelerated growth during the submergence treatment indicates that Camelina adapted to flooding stress by accelerating the growth of the vegetative organs which are the major criteria followed during the implementation of the escape strategy to attempt reaching the water surface with the aim ...

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... the adoption of escape strategy showed to be detrimental on the young seedlings, as the plant population started to show a decrease in the survival when the submergence periods went beyond 24 hours (Fig. ...

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... seedlings at the leaf developmental stage 11 were sprayed with 25µM of PBZ two hours prior to being subjected either to extended dark as control or submergence in dark for 24, 48 and 72 hours. At each time point, hypocotyl length was found to be stimulated by both dark and submergence conditions in PBZ-untreated seedlings (Fig. 12a) in consistence with data from Figure 11. On the other side, PBZ application significantly inhibited hypocotyl elongation as soon as 24 h after submergence (Fig. ...

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... seedlings at the leaf developmental stage 11 were sprayed with 25µM of PBZ two hours prior to being subjected either to extended dark as control or submergence in dark for 24, 48 and 72 hours. At each time point, hypocotyl length was found to be stimulated by both dark and submergence conditions in PBZ-untreated seedlings (Fig. 12a) in consistence with data from Figure 11. On the other side, PBZ application significantly inhibited hypocotyl elongation as soon as 24 h after submergence (Fig. 12a). ...

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... or submergence in dark for 24, 48 and 72 hours. At each time point, hypocotyl length was found to be stimulated by both dark and submergence conditions in PBZ-untreated seedlings (Fig. 12a) in consistence with data from Figure 11. On the other side, PBZ application significantly inhibited hypocotyl elongation as soon as 24 h after submergence (Fig. ...

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... inhibitory effects of PBZ on growth under submergence improved the tolerance to extended durations of flooding stress as compared to the untreated ones (Fig. ...

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... PBZ-treated seedlings were able to restore their growth after been taken out of the water (Fig. 12c) whereas the untreated seedlings showed to be more susceptible to the environmental conditions occurring during the re-oxygenation ...

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... PDC1 showed an induction after six hours of submergence, in both the PBZ-treated or untreated seedlings. While after 12 hours of submergence, PBZ-treated plants showed a downregulation in the transcript levels of these two genes as compared to the untreated ones that maintained a similar transcript levels to that after six hours of submergence (Fig. 13). Bars with different letters indicate significant differences between groups (n=4) at the same time point (one way ANOVA, p < ...

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... old seedlings were moved to either dark or submergence conditions. A 36 hour-long treatment of complete submergence, when the PBZ-untreated seedlings started to demonstrate a slight increase in their mortality (Fig. 12c), proved to be enough in reducing the dry matter content in both PBZ-treated or untreated submerged seedlings as compared to the air-grown controls in dark (Fig. 14). However, 60 hours of submergence led to huge reduction in surviving ability of PBZuntreated seedlings (Fig. 12c), and this decline in survivability was paired with ...

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... either dark or submergence conditions. A 36 hour-long treatment of complete submergence, when the PBZ-untreated seedlings started to demonstrate a slight increase in their mortality (Fig. 12c), proved to be enough in reducing the dry matter content in both PBZ-treated or untreated submerged seedlings as compared to the air-grown controls in dark (Fig. 14). However, 60 hours of submergence led to huge reduction in surviving ability of PBZuntreated seedlings (Fig. 12c), and this decline in survivability was paired with significant reduction in their dry matter content as compared to either PBZ-treated submerged plants or dark-grown PBZ treated or untreated plants in air (Fig. 14). 1.5. ...

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... seedlings started to demonstrate a slight increase in their mortality (Fig. 12c), proved to be enough in reducing the dry matter content in both PBZ-treated or untreated submerged seedlings as compared to the air-grown controls in dark (Fig. 14). However, 60 hours of submergence led to huge reduction in surviving ability of PBZuntreated seedlings (Fig. 12c), and this decline in survivability was paired with significant reduction in their dry matter content as compared to either PBZ-treated submerged plants or dark-grown PBZ treated or untreated plants in air (Fig. 14). 1.5. Adopting quiescent response improved pigment levels in the seedlings under ...

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... controls in dark (Fig. 14). However, 60 hours of submergence led to huge reduction in surviving ability of PBZuntreated seedlings (Fig. 12c), and this decline in survivability was paired with significant reduction in their dry matter content as compared to either PBZ-treated submerged plants or dark-grown PBZ treated or untreated plants in air (Fig. 14). 1.5. Adopting quiescent response improved pigment levels in the seedlings under ...

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... PBZ had only a minor impact on pigment content in control plants kept in extended darkness, it had a beneficial effect after 36 h submergence, as it was associated to sustained high levels of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total carotenoids, to the same extent as the aerobic control plants in dark (Fig. 15a). After 60 h treatment, pigment levels were instead largely unchanged by PBZ application, with the exception of a slight preservative effect on carotenoids observed in the dark controls, and the unexpected increase in chlorophyll b under submergence (Fig. 15b). Violin plots with different letters indicate significant differences between ...

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... b and total carotenoids, to the same extent as the aerobic control plants in dark (Fig. 15a). After 60 h treatment, pigment levels were instead largely unchanged by PBZ application, with the exception of a slight preservative effect on carotenoids observed in the dark controls, and the unexpected increase in chlorophyll b under submergence (Fig. 15b). Violin plots with different letters indicate significant differences between groups (n=5) at the same time point (one-way ANOVA, p < ...

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... electrolyte leakage from plant tissues is often used as a parameter to assess cell viability. Cell death, demonstrated in figure 16 as percentage electrolyte leakage, measured in plants treated similarly to the ones in section 2.4 was significantly higher in the untreated seedlings under submergence after 36 hours (Fig. 16a), and it increased dramatically when the plants remained under submergence for 60 hours. On the contrary, at both time points the treatment with PBZ was successful in preserving cell membrane integrity and preventing electrolyte leakage, to levels close to the control (Fig. 16b). ...

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... electrolyte leakage from plant tissues is often used as a parameter to assess cell viability. Cell death, demonstrated in figure 16 as percentage electrolyte leakage, measured in plants treated similarly to the ones in section 2.4 was significantly higher in the untreated seedlings under submergence after 36 hours (Fig. 16a), and it increased dramatically when the plants remained under submergence for 60 hours. On the contrary, at both time points the treatment with PBZ was successful in preserving cell membrane integrity and preventing electrolyte leakage, to levels close to the control (Fig. 16b). (Fig. 17a). On the contrary, PBZ-untreated plants ...

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... higher in the untreated seedlings under submergence after 36 hours (Fig. 16a), and it increased dramatically when the plants remained under submergence for 60 hours. On the contrary, at both time points the treatment with PBZ was successful in preserving cell membrane integrity and preventing electrolyte leakage, to levels close to the control (Fig. 16b). (Fig. 17a). On the contrary, PBZ-untreated plants displayed a significant increase in MDA concentrations after 60 h submergence, indicating the occurrence of oxidative damage after prolonged stress. In these conditions, in turn, PAC was able to keep lipid peroxidation at relatively low levels, comparable with the untreated dark ...

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... the untreated seedlings under submergence after 36 hours (Fig. 16a), and it increased dramatically when the plants remained under submergence for 60 hours. On the contrary, at both time points the treatment with PBZ was successful in preserving cell membrane integrity and preventing electrolyte leakage, to levels close to the control (Fig. 16b). (Fig. 17a). On the contrary, PBZ-untreated plants displayed a significant increase in MDA concentrations after 60 h submergence, indicating the occurrence of oxidative damage after prolonged stress. In these conditions, in turn, PAC was able to keep lipid peroxidation at relatively low levels, comparable with the untreated dark controls (Fig. ...

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... 16b). (Fig. 17a). On the contrary, PBZ-untreated plants displayed a significant increase in MDA concentrations after 60 h submergence, indicating the occurrence of oxidative damage after prolonged stress. In these conditions, in turn, PAC was able to keep lipid peroxidation at relatively low levels, comparable with the untreated dark controls (Fig. 17b). These results altogether indicate that the decrease in tolerance of Camelina to extended submergence periods at the early stages of seedling development was due to a sharp decrease in cell death which was accompanied by a reduction in plant's ability to control the rise of the ROSmediated oxidative damage of the cell ...

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... in other signaling pathways. Briefly, based on the concept of mammalian oxygen sensing mechanism we expect that our selected TF fused to the CODD domain of HIF-1α would be able to drive endogenous transcriptional regulations generating a chimeric HIF-TF protein that acquires an active state only when hypoxic conditions i.e. flooding take place (Fig. 18). under normal oxygen concentration, HIF-TF is expected to be constantly degraded by the activity of PHD3 and E3 ligase-pVHL and as the oxygen concentration of oxygen decreases PHD3 activity is inhibited allowing the stabilization of HIF-TF as it translocates to the nucleus to drive specific adaptive responses which in our case is to ...

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... results indicated the conditionality in the expression of the pOPOS construct did not affect the growth of the seedlings when grown under photoperiodic light in air (Fig. 21). This indicates that the switch was capable of sensing the normoxic light environment without generating any signal that can modify the growth of the plants. Contrary to this, when two-week old plants were moved to either full darkness or submergence, wild type plants displayed a constant outgrowth of the hypocotyl over three different ...