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Calosphaeriophora anamorph of Calosphaeria africana. a. Conidiophores and conidia; b-h. conidiophores (arrow heads indicate brown pigment on apical parts); i, j. conidia; all from CBS H-19988 (holotype); a-h, j: SNA medium, i: MEA medium, a-c, f-j: DIC, d-e: BF.-Scale bars: a = 5 µm; a applies to a-j.
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During a survey of Prunus wood from South Africa, isolations were made of three presumably Calosphaerialean fungi that formed hyphomycetous, phialidic anamorphs in culture. In order to reveal the phylogenetic relationship of these fungi, they were characterised on a morphological and molecular (LSU and ITS rDNA) basis. Two isolates that formed a te...
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... non-stromatic, formed in dense clusters under the bark of grapevine wood pieces in culture after 3 mo, black, venter globose to subglobose, 300 -500 µm diam, 250 -400 µm tall. Peridium leathery, consisting of 12 -16 layers (30-45 µm) of textura angularis, outer region brown with cells smaller and more rounded than those of the inner layer, hyaline and more flattened towards the centrum, surface glabrous or covered with brown, septate hyphal appendages. Perithecial necks central, black, smooth 1.2 -3 mm long, 80 -120 µm wide at the base, 120 -170 µm wide at the widest part in the upper third. Ascogenous hyphae discrete, hyaline, smooth, with short branches, 5-15 × 1-2 µm, producing a sympodial sequence of hyaline, ovoid to ellipsoidal cells, derived from croziers, often with mucronate apex, in dense clusters, each giving rise to an ascus, 2.5 -6 × 1.5 -3 µm. Paraphyses persistent, abundant, hyaline, unbranched, septate, cylindrical to clavate, apex round, apically free, much longer than asci, 80 -250 µm long, in water 4-8 µm wide at the widest part (av. 150 × 6 µm) and restricted at septae ( Fig. 3h), in lactic acid 3-5 µm wide and not restricted at septae (Fig. 3g), pores in septa visible. Asci unitunicate (but see discussion), 8-spored, clavate with obtuse or rounded apex, tapering towards a long, filiform, stipitate base, more intensely tapering below the sporiferous portion, with a nodule at the base, in fascicles, floating freely within the centrum at maturity, (27-)32 -46(-51) × (3.5 -)4 -5(-5.5) µm, (av. 40 × 4.5 µm), pars sporifera 11-20 µm long, apical region 0.5-2(-3) µm thick, everted apical rings (non-amyloid) often visible after ascospore release, ascospores released with a fissitunicate dehiscence mechanism (explained below). Ascospores biseriate to multi- seriate, in the upper third of the ascus, aseptate, hyaline, allantoid, smooth, (3 -)3.5 -4.5(-5) × (0.5 -)1-1.5 µm (av. 4 × 1.2 µm), L/W ratio = 3.3. Spermatogonia not observed. Vegeta tive hyphae on SNA hyaline, 1.5 -4 µm wide, chlamydospores absent. Conidiophores micronematous, arising from aerial or submerged hyphae, erect, rarely branched, 1-septate, 10-20 × 2-3 µm, but mainly reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidio genous cells enteroblastic, hyaline, though brown in apical part, smooth, single, generally intercalary, necks cylindrical, 2-8 × 1-2 µm, discrete phialides ampulliform to elongate ampulliform, 8-25 × 2 -3 µm, pigmented at the apical region (well visible in BF, Fig. 4d, e), collarettes distinct, cylindrical to funnel-shaped, < 0.5-2 µm long, 0.5-2 µm wide, opening 0.5 -1.5 µm wide. Conidia aggregated in heads, hyaline, aseptate, cylindrical, allantoid to reniform, both ends rounds or one end attenuated, (2.5-)3 -4.5(-6) × 1-1.5(-2) µm, mean±SD = 3.8 ± 0.8 × ...
Citations
... New wood pathogens are being reported every day, and in a wider range of hosts and geographical locations [5,9,12,17,28,41,42]. However, little is known about their impact on fruit yield and quality. ...
... Fungal trunk diseases are one of the main pathological problems for Prunus, which are affected by several fungal taxonomic groups [5]. Prunus salicina has been reported as a host of different wood fungal pathogens, such as the ones from the genera Armillaria [6], Botryosphaeria [7], Diplodia [8], Calosphaeria, Jattaea [9], Lasiodiplodia [10], Neofusicoccum [11], Phaeoacremonium, Tonignia [12], and Chondrostereum [13]. ...
Silverleaf is an important fungal trunk disease of fruit crops, such as Japanese plum (Prunus salicina). It is known that infection by Chondrostereum purpureum results in discolored wood, “silvered” foliage, and tree decline. However, effects on fruit yield and quality have not been assessed. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine C. purpureum pathogenicity on P. salicina and the effects on physiology, fruit yield, and quality, in Chile, in 2019 and 2020. Wood samples from affected plum trees were collected in the Chilean plum productive area. Fungi were isolated by plating wood sections from the necrosis margin on culture media. Morphological and molecular characteristics of the isolates corresponded to C. purpureum (98%). Representative isolates were inoculated from healthy plum plants and after 65-d incubation, wood necrotic lesions and silver leaves were visible. Fungi were reisolated, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. To determine Silverleaf effects, xylem water potential and fruit yield and quality were measured in healthy and Silverleaf-diseased plum trees ‘Angeleno’. Water potential was altered in diseased trees, and fruit yield was reduced by 51% (2019) and by 41% (2020) compared to fruit from healthy trees. Moreover, cover-colour, equatorial-diameter, and weight were reduced, and fruit were softer, failing to meet the criteria to be properly commercialized and exported to demanding markets.
... The bitunicate or double-layered ascus is one of the significant delineating character in dothideomycete taxonomy (Von Arx and Müller 1975). Bitunicate asci comprise a thick extensible inner layer known as endotunica and a thin inextensible outer layer known as an ectotunica (Damm et al. 2008). Most bitunicate asci release ascospores by extending the inner ascus wall through a split of the outer wall, known as a 'jack-in-thebox' or fissitunicate mechanism, but variations exist (Zhang et al. 2012) (Figs. 3, 4). ...
The species is one of the basic units of biological classification. Both species concepts and recognition are essential topics in taxonomic studies and other biological research. In the first part of this review, we briefly discuss the taxonomic history of the class Dothideomycetes. In the second part of the paper, we review four commonly used species concepts, focusing on morphological, ecological, biological and phylogenetic criteria and their applicability in the taxonomy of Dothideomycetes. The application and utility of the four criteria is discussed with examples in the genera Ascochyta, Cercospora and Neofusicoccum. Some problems and challenges of studying Dothideomycetes are analyzed and basic guidelines for classifying species under the above criteria are provided.
... Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous, phialophora-like. Conidia hyaline, ovoid to suballantoid, aseptate, smooth-walled (adapted from Berlese 1900; Damm et al. 2008). ...
... Réblová (2011) used CBS 120871 to stand for J. algeriensis. However, strain CBS 120871 was sequenced from type material of Jattaea prunicola (Damm et al. 2008). The asci of J. algeriensis is clavate with long pedicel which is different from J. prunicola with cylindrical asci (Damm et al. 2008). ...
... However, strain CBS 120871 was sequenced from type material of Jattaea prunicola (Damm et al. 2008). The asci of J. algeriensis is clavate with long pedicel which is different from J. prunicola with cylindrical asci (Damm et al. 2008). We were unable to obtain authentic materials or nd a reliable illustration. ...
Sordariomycetes is an earlier and one of the widely distributed class of Ascomycota. The class was initially classified based on morphology in having inoperculate and unitunicate asci. With the development of DNA based phylogenetic analysis, several undetermined or polyphyletic members of Sordariomycetes were reclassified. However, not all species belonging to this class have been sequenced and analyzed. There are a number of species, especially those old and poorly studied ones which have never been sequenced before and not even recollected again for further taxonomic verification. One of the main objective in this study is to revise and update the taxonomy of several well-known old and poorly studied species whose classification are still obscure. Herein, we re-examined the type materials and/or authentic specimens together to explore 74 relatively poorly-studied genera, which mainly belong to Boliniales, Calosphaeriales, Chaetosphaeriales, Jobellisiales, and Sordariales classified under Diaporthomycetidae and Sordariomycetidae. We provide descriptions, notes, figures and/or drawings and discussed their phylogenetic relationships. As a result, the monotypic Jobellisiales is transferred from Hypocreomycetidae to Diaporthomycetidae. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the polyphyletic Lasiosphaeriaceae is divided into five families, Bombardiaceae ( Apodospora , Bombardia , Bombardioidea and Fimetariella ), Lasiosphaeriaceae ( Anopodium , Bellojisia , Corylomyces , Lasiosphaeria , Mammaria and Zopfiella ), Lasiosphaeridaceae ( Lasiosphaeris ), Strattoniaceae ( Strattonia ) and Zygospermellaceae ( Episternus and Zygospermella ). In addition, a new family Neoschizotheciaceae is established based on Neoschizothecium . Analysis of the type species of Boothiella , Stellatospora , Sulcatistroma and Tengiomyces placed them in Sordariaceae, Chaetomiaceae, Hypocreales and Coronophorales, respectively. We classify the genera lacking molecular data based on their morphology and expect them to be recollected; that is, Kacosphaeria in Calosphaeriales; Arnium , Biconiosporella , Camptosphaeria , Diffractella , Emblemospora , Eosphaeria , Periamphispora , Ramophialophora , Synaptospora and Tripterosporella in Sordariales; Conidiotheca in Sordariomycetes; Copromyces , Effetia , Endophragmiella and Tulipispora are accommodated in Ascomycota. Besides, we establish a new genus Neoschizothecium based on phylogenetic analysis. New combinations proposed include: Camaropella amorpha , Cam . microspora , Cam . plana , Cladorrhinum grandiusculum , Cla . leucotrichum , Cla . terricola , Cla . olerum , Helminthosphaeria plumbea , Immersiella hirta , Jugulospora minor , Lasiosphaeris arenicola , Neoschizothecium aloides , Neo . carpinicola , Neo . conicum , Neo . curvisporum , Neo . fimbriatum , Neo . glutinans , Neo . inaequale , Neo . minicaudum , Neo . selenosporum , Neo . tetrasporum , Neurospora autosteira , Podospora brunnescens , P . flexuosa , P . jamaicensis , P . hamata , P . macrospora , P . spinosa , Strattonia petrogale and Triangularia microsclerotigena , T . nannopodalis , T . praecox , T . samala , T . tarvisina , T . unicaudata , T . yaeyamensis . New epithets are proposed for Apiorhynchostoma apiosporum and Podospora dacryoidea .
... The family was introduced by Munk (1957), followed by several recent revisions (Damm et al. 2008). Members of the Calosphaeriaceae share a set of typical characters such as globose to subglobose dark ascomata with a central neck, hyaline, non-septate or one to several transverse septa, 8-spored, clavate, tapering, stipitate asci. ...
Karst caves are characterized by darkness, low temperature, high humidity, and oligotrophic organisms due to its relatively closed and strongly zonal environments. Up to now, 1626 species in 644 genera of fungi have been reported from caves and mines worldwide. In this study, we investigated the culturable mycobiota in karst caves in southwest China. In total, 251 samples from thirteen caves were collected and 2344 fungal strains were isolated using dilution plate method. Preliminary ITS analyses showed that these strains belonged to 610 species in 253 genera. Among these species, 88.0% belonged to Ascomycota, 8.0% Basidiomycota, 1.9% Mortierellomycota, 1.9% Mucoromycota, and 0.2% Glomeromycota. The majority of these species have been previously known from other environments, and some of them are known as mycorrhizal or pathogenic fungi. About 52.8% of these species were discovered for the first time in karst caves. Based on morphological and phylogenetic distinctions, 33 new species were identified and described in this paper. Meanwhile, one new genus of Cordycipitaceae, Gamszarea, and five new combinations are established. This work further demonstrated that Karst caves encompass a high fungal diversity, including a number of previously unknown species.
Taxonomic novelties: New genus: Gamszarea Z.F. Zhang & L. Cai; Novel species: Amphichorda cavernicola, Aspergillus limoniformis, Aspergillus phialiformis, Aspergillus phialosimplex, Auxarthron chinense, Auxarthron guangxiense, Auxarthronopsis globiasca, Auxarthronopsis pedicellaris, Auxarthronopsis pulverea, Auxarthronopsis stercicola, Chrysosporium pallidum, Gamszarea humicola, Gamszarea lunata, Gamszarea microspora, Gymnoascus flavus, Jattaea reniformis, Lecanicillium magnisporum, Microascus collaris, Microascus levis, Microascus sparsimycelialis, Microascus superficialis, Microascus trigonus, Nigrospora globosa, Paracremonium apiculatum, Paracremonium ellipsoideum, Paraphaeosphaeria hydei, Pseudoscopulariopsis asperispora, Setophaeosphaeria microspora, Simplicillium album, Simplicillium humicola, Wardomycopsis dolichi, Wardomycopsis ellipsoconidiophora, Wardomycopsis fusca; New combinations: Gamszarea indonesiaca (Kurihara & Sukarno) Z.F. Zhang & L. Cai, Gamszarea kalimantanensis (Kurihara & Sukarno) Z.F. Zhang & L. Cai, Gamszarea restricta (Hubka, Kubátová, Nonaka, Čmoková & Řehulka) Z.F. Zhang & L. Cai, Gamszarea testudinea (Hubka, Kubátová, Nonaka, Čmoková & Řehulka) Z.F. Zhang & L. Cai, Gamszarea wallacei (H.C. Evans) Z.F. Zhang & L. Cai.
... viticola, provided the identification of the latter, which was with low certainty (cf.), is correct. Although the genera were found in Prunus wood in both countries, completely different species of Coniochaeta (Coniochaetales, Sordariomycetes), Calosphaeria, Jattaea (Calosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes), Paraconiothyrium/ Paraphaeosphaeria (Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes) and Phaeomoniellales (Eurotiomycetes) were collected in Germany and in South Africa (Damm et al. 2008a, c, 2010. The latter order was much more diverse and frequent in Prunus wood in South Africa; in Germany, only two Minutiella species were collected. ...
Prunus belongs to the economically most important genera of fruit crops in Germany. Although wood pathogens possess the capability to damage the host substantially, the knowledge of the fungal pathogenic community and the mycobiome of Prunus wood in general is low. During a survey in important fruit production areas in Germany, branches with symptoms of fungal infection were sampled in Prunus avium, P. cerasus and P. domestica orchards, and 1018 fungal isolates were obtained primarily from the transition zone of symptomatic to non-symptomatic wood. By a combination of blastn searches and phylogenetic analyses based on ITS and LSU sequences with a strong focus on reliable reference data, a diversity of 172 fungal taxa belonging to Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Mucoromycota were differentiated. The majority of the strains belonged to three classes of Ascomycota, namely Sordariomycetes, Leotiomycetes and Dothideomycetes. The dominant species were Aposphaeria corallinolutea (Dothideomycetes) and Pallidophorina paarla (Leotiomycetes) that were isolated more than a hundred times each, while all other taxa were isolated ≤ 30 times. Only part of them could be identified to species level. Because of the high plasticity of species boundaries, the identification certainty was divided into categories based on nucleotide differences to reference sequences. In total, 82 species were identified with high and 20 species with low (cf.) certainty. Moreover, about 70 species could not be assigned to a known species, which reveals Prunus wood to represent a habitat harbouring high numbers of potentially new species, even in a well-explored region like Germany.
... Calosphaeria pulchella (Pers.:Fr.) J. Schröt (anamorph: Calosphaeriophora pulchella Réblová, L. Mostert, W. Gams & Crous), a fungus in the Calosphaeriales (Barr, 1985;Réblová et al., 2004;Damm et al., 2008;Réblová, 2011;Réblová et al., 2015), is the causal agent of Calosphaeria canker of sweet cherry (Prunus avium) (Trouillas et al., 2012). ...
Calosphaeria canker of sweet cherry, caused by Calosphaeria pulchella, is a limiting factor for sweet cherry production, but the role of pruning practices on pathogen dissemination remains unknown. Three experimental treatments were compared during summer and winter seasons, to assess their effects on pathogen transmission. The treatments were: i) using disinfected pruning shears; ii) pruning shears used to cut through diseased branches before each subsequent cut (non-disinfected pruning shears); and iii) artificial inoculation of fresh pruning wounds with C. pulchella. Six months after pruning, branches were cut from trees for disease assessment and fungal isolation. Pruning with non-disinfected pruning shears increased disease incidence and severity, compared with the use of disinfected shears. Artificially inoculated branches gave the greatest disease incidence and severity. Results from the various treatments were consistent for both winter and summer pruning. These confirm that frequent disinfection of pruning tools is advised for the effective management of Calosphaeria canker of sweet cherry.
... Retrievable sequences have been published in various studies, e.g. Suh & Blackwell (1999), Huhndorf et al. (2004), Miller & Huhndorf (2004a, R eblov a & Seifert (2004), R eblov a (2006,2013), Arzanlou et al. (2007), Spatafora et al. (2007), Damm et al. (2008), Schoch et al. Sequence alignment ITS, nucLSU, nucSSU and rpb2 sequences were manually aligned in BioEdit v. 7.1.8 ...
The genus Ceratostomella has a long history of taxonomic confusion. While species with evanescent asci have been transferred to the Microascales and Ophiostomatales, the taxonomic status of species with persistent asci has not been completely resolved. In previous studies using DNA sequence data, cultures and morphology, several Ceratostomella spp. were allocated in 13 genera in the Eurotiomycetes and Sordariomycetes. In our study, the systematics of the remaining Ceratostomella spp. with persistent asci is revisited with new collection data, cultures and phylogeny based on novel DNA sequences from six nuclear loci. Bayesian inference and Maximum Likelihood analyses support the monophyly of several wood-inhabiting species formerly classified in Ceratostomella and other unknown morphologically similar taxa and their division into four genera, i.e. Lentomitella, Spadicoides, Torrentispora and the newly described Calyptosphaeria. This robust clade represents the order Xenospadicoidales in the Sordariomycetidae. Comparative analysis of the ITS2 secondary structure revealed a genetic variation among Lentomitella isolates; 11 species were recognised, of which five are newly introduced and two are new combinations. Other taxonomic novelties include four new species and eight new combinations in Calyptosphaeria, Spadicoides, and Torrentispora. Molecular data suggest that Spadicoides is polyphyletic. The core of the genus is positioned in the Xenospadicoidales; Spadicoides s. str. is experimentally linked with sexual morphs for the first time. Based on DNA sequence data, the monotypic genera Xenospadicoides and Pseudodiplococcium are reduced to synonymy under Spadicoides, while Fusoidispora and Pseudoannulatascus are synonymised with Torrentispora. Members of the Xenospadicoidales inhabit decaying wood in terrestrial and freshwater environments and share a few morphological characters such as the absence of stromatic tissue, ascomata with a cylindrical or rostrate neck, similar anatomies of the ascomatal walls, thin-walled unitunicate asci with a non-amyloid apical annulus, disintegrating paraphyses, usually ellipsoidal to fusiform ascospores and holoblastic-denticulate or tretic conidiogenesis. Revised Ceratostomella spp. with persistent asci are listed and the taxonomic status of each species is re-evaluated based on revision of the holotype and other representative material, published details and available phylogenetic data.
... This same ascus morphological development was observed for all species examined in this study, and was also observed in the recently described Caliciopsis beckhausii and C. valentina (Garrido-Benavent & Pérez-Ortega 2015). In some genera of the Sordariales (Jattaea, Pleurostoma, and Togninia) that are not closely related to typical bitunicate fungi, so-called remnant bases remain on the ascogenous hyphae after detachment of mature, undamaged asci, or hair-like structures were observed at the bases of asci that are reminiscent of the frills at the ascus base of Coryneliomycetidae (Réblová et al. 2004, Mostert et al. 2006, Damm et al. 2008a. This suggests the existence of additional outer wall layers in earlier stages of the ascus development as well. ...
Species belonging to the Coryneliaceae and parasitizing Podocarpaceae hosts were collected from different locations in South Africa and studied morphologically by light microscopy and molecularly by obtaining partial nrDNA (ITS-1/5.8S/ITS-2, 18S and 28S) gene sequences. The position of the Coryneliaceae within the Eurotiomycetidae was not confirmed and a new subclass, Coryneliomycetidae, was introduced. While Eurotiomycetidae usually form cleistothecia/gymnothecia with evanescent, unitunicate asci, and Chaetothyriomycetidae mostly perithecia with bitunicate/fissitunicate to evanescent asci, Coryneliomycetidae form pseudothecial mazaedial ascomata, initially with double-walled asci with the outer layer deliquescing, resulting in passive ascospore release. The Coryneliomycetidae thus occupies a unique position in the Eurotiomycetes. Furthermore, epitypes were designated for Corynelia uberata, the type species of Corynelia (type genus of the family, order and subclass), Lagenulopsis bispora, the type species of Lagenulopsis, and Tripospora tripos the type species of Tripospora, with Lagenulopsis and Tripospora confirmed as belonging to the Coryneliaceae. Corynelia uberata resolved into three clades, one on Afrocarpus (= Podocarpus) falcatus and A. gracilior, and two clades occurring on P. latifolius, herein described as C. africana and C. fructigena. Morphologically these three species are not readily distinguishable, although they differ in spore dimensions, ascomata shape, ornamentation and DNA phylogeny. It is likely that several more species from other parts of the world are currently erroneously placed in C. uberata. © 2015-2016 Naturalis Biodiversity Center & Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures.
... Phaeomoniella; Montagnulaceae (order Pleosporales) incl. Paraconiothyrium and species of the genus Collophora (class Leotiomycetes) (Mostert et al. 2003(Mostert et al. , 2005(Mostert et al. , 2006R eblov a et al. 2004;Damm et al. 2007Damm et al. , 2008aDamm et al. ,b, 2010Slippers et al. 2007; R eblov a 2011; Gramaje et al. 2012;Trouillas et al. 2012;Arzanlou and Dokhanchi 2013;Arzanlou et al. 2013 a,b). While the degree of involvement for many of the listed fungal groups in disease progress remains unknown (Damm et al. 2007(Damm et al. , 2008a(Damm et al. ,b, 2010Gramaje et al. 2012), species of Botryosphaeriaceae (English et al. 1966;Inderbitzin et al. 2010;Gramaje et al. 2012) and Diatrypaceae (Carter 1982;Ellis and Ellis 1997;Gramaje et al. 2012) are wellrecognized pathogens of almond trees. ...
... Paraconiothyrium and species of the genus Collophora (class Leotiomycetes) (Mostert et al. 2003(Mostert et al. , 2005(Mostert et al. , 2006R eblov a et al. 2004;Damm et al. 2007Damm et al. , 2008aDamm et al. ,b, 2010Slippers et al. 2007; R eblov a 2011; Gramaje et al. 2012;Trouillas et al. 2012;Arzanlou and Dokhanchi 2013;Arzanlou et al. 2013 a,b). While the degree of involvement for many of the listed fungal groups in disease progress remains unknown (Damm et al. 2007(Damm et al. , 2008a(Damm et al. ,b, 2010Gramaje et al. 2012), species of Botryosphaeriaceae (English et al. 1966;Inderbitzin et al. 2010;Gramaje et al. 2012) and Diatrypaceae (Carter 1982;Ellis and Ellis 1997;Gramaje et al. 2012) are wellrecognized pathogens of almond trees. Recently, Olmo et al. (2015) have demonstrated Collophora hispanica, Pm. amygdalinum, Pm. iranianum and Pleurostoma richardsiae (formerly known as Pleurostomophora richardsiae) (R eblov a et al. 2015) being highly pathogenic on almond. ...
Trunk diseases are potential threats for almond productivity and longevity worldwide, including Iran. In a recent survey on fungal species associated with trunk diseases of almonds in north-western Iran, Collophora isolates (tentatively identified as Collophora hispanica) were recovered with high frequency from wood samples with internal necrosis and brown to black vascular streaking of almond trees showing symptoms of decline. However, the pathogenic potential of Collophora isolates on almond trees in Iran remains unproven. In this study, the identity of the isolates was further confirmed as C. hispanica based on a combination of morphological data and sequence data of ITS-rDNA region, and pathogenicity of C. hispanica isolates on almond was evaluated using excised shoot method and in greenhouse experiments. Collophora hispanica isolates induced lesions statistically different from the control, in both excised shoot method and greenhouse assays. Significant differences were observed among the isolates in the length of the lesion induced on wood. Collophora hispanica should be considered as the main trunk pathogens of almond trees in north-western region of Iran. The distribution and host range of this new pathogen on almond remains to be studied.
... Quite unexpectedly Requienella and the Requienellaceae belong to the Xylariales despite their clearly fissitunicate asci. Although this may be surprising, fissitunicate dehiscence of asci has been also noted in other groups of Sordariomycetes, such as the Diaporthales, e.g. in sexual morphs of Stegonsporium (see Voglmayr & Jaklitsch 2008under Prosthecium, Voglmayr & Jaklitsch 2014 or in the Calosphaeriales (Damm et al. 2008). We also show that earlier opinions about synonymy in Requienella are erroneous: two different species, R. seminuda and R. fraxini, whose differences are corroborated by rpb2 and tef1 sequences, occur on Olea and Fraxinus. ...
Fresh material, type studies and molecular phylogeny were used to clarify phylogenetic relationships of the nine genera Acrocordiella, Blogiascospora, Clypeosphaeria, Hymenopleella, Lepteutypa, Pseudapiospora, Requienella, Seiridium and Strickeria. At first sight, some of these genera do not seem to have much in common, but all were found to belong to the Xylariales, based on their generic types. Thus, the most peculiar finding is the phylogenetic affinity of the genera Acrocordiella, Requienella and Strickeria, which had been classified in the Dothideomycetes or Eurotiomycetes, to the Xylariales. Acrocordiella and Requienella are closely related but distinct genera of the Requienellaceae. Although their ascospores are similar to those of Lepteutypa, phylogenetic analyses do not reveal a particularly close relationship. The generic type of Lepteutypa, L. fuckelii, belongs to the Amphisphaeriaceae. Lepteutypa sambuci is newly described. Hymenopleella is recognised as phylogenetically distinct from Lepteutypa, and Hymenopleella hippopha?icola is proposed as new name for its generic type, Sphaeria (= Lepteutypa) hippopha?s. Clypeosphaeria uniseptata is combined in Lepteutypa. No asexual morphs have been detected in species of Lepteutypa. Pseudomassaria fallax, unrelated to the generic type, P. chondrospora, is transferred to the new genus Basiseptospora, the genus Pseudapiospora is revived for P. corni, and Pseudomassaria carolinensis is combined in Beltraniella (Beltraniaceae). The family Clypeosphaeriaceae is discontinued, because the generic type of Clypeosphaeria, C. mamillana, is a member of the Xylariaceae. The genus Seiridium, of which the sexual morph Blogiascospora is confirmed, is unrelated to Lepteutypa, as is Lepteutypa cupressi. The taxonomy of the cypress canker agents is discussed. The family Sporocadaceae is revived for a large clade of the Xylariales that contains Hymenopleella, Seiridium and Strickeria among a number of other genera. Neotypes are proposed for Massaria fuckelii and Sphaeriahippopha?s. Didymella vexata, Seiridium marginatum, Sphaeria corni, Sphaeria hippopha?s, Sphaeria seminuda are epitypified, Apiosporina fallax, Massaria occulta, Sphaeria mamillana and Strickeriakochii are lecto- and epitypified. We also provide DNA data for Broomella vitalbae, Cainia desmazieri and Creosphaeriasassafras.
