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Callophyllis variegata (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta): habitat (A), general aspect of thallus (B), detail of thallus (C), and detail of cystocarps in female gametophyte (D) collected in Magellan Region, Chile. Scale = 3 mm.
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This paper is a compilation of data from investigations made with marine benthic algae from the Magellan Region that have biotechnological utilization in human consumption or medicine or as a source of phycolloids or food supplements or animal feed. The most important Rhodophyta species are: Ahnfeltia plicata (Hudson) E.M. Fries for agarose product...
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Context 1
... variegata has fl attened fronds branched dichotomously, of intense red color with a small disc of attachment, highly variable in morphology with a smooth texture, up to 30 cm in length (Figure 3 A-D). The life cycle is isomorphic; carposporophytic fronds with many prominent cystocarps are located at the edges of the branches, with 1 to 3 ostioles (Figure 3 D). ...
Context 2
... variegata has fl attened fronds branched dichotomously, of intense red color with a small disc of attachment, highly variable in morphology with a smooth texture, up to 30 cm in length (Figure 3 A-D). The life cycle is isomorphic; carposporophytic fronds with many prominent cystocarps are located at the edges of the branches, with 1 to 3 ostioles (Figure 3 D). The tetrasporangia differ in the cortex and are cruciately divided, distributed over the surface of the frond and hardly distinguishable to the human eye (Hoffmann & Santelices, 1997, Arakaki et al., 2011). ...
Citations
... They contain a significant amount of phycocolloids (e.g. agar, carrageenans and alginates), which are widely used in the food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical and biotechnological industries (Kelly and Brown 2000; Mansilla et al. 2012;Wan et al. 2019;Leandro et al. 2020;Pereira et al. 2021). Several studies demonstrate the benefits of macroalgae as nutraceuticals due to their significant lipid, amino acid and fiber content (Harnedy and FitzGerald 2013;Flachs et al. 2014; Astorga-España to seasonal changes in abiotic parameters including temperature, salinity, photoperiod and solar radiation, which play a significant role in shaping the ecosystem (Dayton 1985;Silva and Calvete 2002;Ojeda et al. 2014). ...
The sub-Antarctic Magellan Ecoregion is a unique biogeographic area located at the southern tip of South America, which has exceptional marine flora and high endemism. Along the coastline, the ochrophytes Macrocystis pyrifera and Lessonia flavicans form vital underwater forests that serve as critical habitats, providing shelter, food and breeding grounds for a diverse marine organisms. These algal species are also important components used in the food industry and biomedicine, due to their high lipid, amino acid and fiber content. In this study, we investigated the intra-thallus variation of fatty acids among the different morphological structures (fronds, stipes and holdfast) of M. pyrifera and L. flavicans collected in Rinconada Bulnes during spring, 2021. The stipes of M. pyrifera (3.73 ± 1.73%) and the fronds of L. flavicans (3.35 ± 0.97%) both exhibited high lipid content. Saturated fatty acids were highest in the holdfast of M. pyrifera (37.82 ± 0.06%) followed by the fronds of L. flavicans (34.30 ± 0.10%). Notably, monounsaturated fatty acids showed higher levels en the holdfast of L. flavicans (46.45 ± 0.19%) followed by the stipes of M. pyrifera (43.04 ± 0.08%). The fronds of both M. pyrifera (32.38 ± 0.26%) and L. flavicans (28.89 ± 0.23%) showed high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids. These findings provide valuable insight into the intra-thallus variation of fatty acids in different morphological structures of M. pyrifera and L. flavicans, highlighting their potential nutritional and biomedical importance as the most representative kelps in the Magellan region.
... Globally, macroalgae have increasingly shown their great potential over the years due to their multiple uses and applications, ranging from everyday life to large-scale industries (Ganesan et al. 2019). Indeed, they contain a significant amount of phycocolloids (agar, carrageenans and alginates), which are widely used in the food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries (Kelly and Brown 2000;Mansilla et al. 2012;Wan et al. 2019;Leandro et al. 2020;. Several studies demonstrate the benefits of macroalgae as nutraceuticals due to their significant lipid, amino acid and fiber contents (Harnedy and FitzGerald 2013;Flaschs et al. 2014;Astorga-España et al. 2017;Athyros et al. 2018;Husni 2018;Afonso et al. 2019;Cikoš et al. 2020) and their potential applications in human health to fight pathologies of high prevalence and public health impact, such as cancer, stroke, hypertension, diabetes (type II), gastrointestinal disorders, osteoporosis, immune disorders, arthritis, influenza, among others (Mendis and Kim 2011;Collins et al. 2016;Quitral et al. 2019;do Amaral et al. 2020). ...
The sub-Antarctic Magellan Ecoregion is a unique biogeographic area located in the southern end of South America with notable marine flora and high endemism. Brown macroalgae, particularly Macrocystis pyrifera , dominate the coastlines and are considered critical ecosystem engineers, providing shelter, food, and reproduction sites for various species. Additionally, they are essential components used in the food industry and biomedicine due to their lipids, amino acids, and fiber content. In this study, we determined the fatty acid content in different thallus structures (holdfast, stipes and fronds) of Macrocystis pyrifera collected in Rinconada Bulnes (53°35ʼ47.76” S; 70°56ʼ08.52” W) in the spring of 2021. The stipes had a highest total lipid content (3.73%) than the fronds (2.74%). The fatty acid profile showed higher values of monounsaturated fatty acids in the stipe (Ʃ 43.0%) and holdfast (Ʃ 41.7%), while fronds displayed higher values of polyunsaturated fatty acids (Ʃ 32.4%). This study provides insights into the nutritional and biomedical potential of M. pyrifera and highlights the importance of understanding the distribution of fatty acids in different thallus structures.
... Sarcopeltis skottsbergii is a commercially important red alga used as raw material for carrageenan production in Chile (Mansilla et al., 2012;Buschmann et al., 2017), and the economic feasibility of commercial cultivation of S. skottsbergii was evaluated based on dynamic bioeconomic model proposed by Zuniga-Jara et al. (2022) to reduce extractive pressure on natural habitats. Besides carrageenan production, S. skottsbergii revealed to be a source of R-phycoerythrin and antioxidant activity, with potential for application as a bioactive ingredient for the food industry (Castro-Varela et al., 2022). ...
Several studies reported that gametophytes and tetrasporophytes of Gigartinaceae produce different carrageenan types, as observed in Sarcopeltis species although they have isomorphic haploid and diploid phases. Cystocarpic and non-fertile plants of Sarcopeltis (ex Gigartina) skottsbergii produced kappa-carrageenans, while tetrasporophytes produced lambda-carrageenans, and yields were higher in cystocarpic and sterile specimens than in tetrasporophytes. However, comparison on the other primary metabolites among different life history phases still needed to be investigated. Then, we tested the hypothesis if the variation on primary metabolites (pigments, proteins and carbohydrates) are related to the life history phases of Sarcopeltis antarctica and Sarcopeltis skottsbergii, and/or are influenced by abiotic factors. Primary metabolites of S. antarctica varied according to the life-history phases: non-fertile specimens presented higher phycobiliprotein concentrations, tetrasporophytes presented higher chlorophyll a concentrations, and cystocarpic specimens presented higher concentrations of proteins, polysaccharides and floridean starch. However, primary metabolites of S. skottsbergii varied in response to some abiotic factors (nutrients, temperature and salinity), since principal component analysis evidenced two groups; one was related by the higher nitrate and phosphate concentrations, and the other was related to the higher temperatures and lower salinities. Concentrations of floridean starch, low molecular weight carbohydrates, and polysaccharides are higher in S. antarctica than in S. skottsbergii, which could be related to the protective role of these compounds against salinity variation and low temperatures faced in the Antarctic extreme environments.
... In this country there are some studies on its population, ecological and cultivation aspects (i.e. Ávila et al., 2014;Hernández-González et al., 2010;Mansilla, Ávila, & Yokoya, 2012). ...
Argentina comprises more than 5000 km of coastline with a considerable diversity of seaweeds, some of which have the potential to be transformed into fishery resources. However, when compared with other marine resources, the exploitation of the seaweed species in terms of the harvesting methods, their sustainability and available information on biological and ecological features, as well as their potential applications, is scarce or outdated. In this context, this review includes an integrated analysis of production statistics of selected seaweeds in Argentina. In addition, an extensive revision of taxonomic, bio-ecological, environmental and applied issues involving Argentinean seaweed resources is provided. Furthermore, we include novel information about the changes in resource availability which occurred during the last 20 years and their consequent impacts on the seaweed industry. The Argentinean seaweed industry developed raw materials biomass production in the 1960s and extraction of phycocolloids in the 1970s which dropped to very low levels to the present. Information here presented contributes directly to the UN SDG Goal 14: Life below water, providing a theoretical framework to understand how and which of the global change drivers affect sustainability of marine resources. Additionally, a detailed review is presented on phycocolloids from Argentinean seaweed resources. Actions are proposed that would contribute to the enhanced sustainable development in Argentina. The review suggests that reactivation of an Argentinean seaweed industry requires an update of legal frameworks, regarding exploitation of Argentinean seaweeds together with the necessary developments of science and industry.
... The large brown seaweed D. antarctica is an endemic species of the Southern Hemisphere (Lizée-Prynne et al., 2016;Mansilla et al., 2012Mansilla et al., , 2017. In Chile, it is collected for food purposes from wild habitats. ...
Seaweeds emerge as promising third-generation renewable for sustainable bioproduction. In the present work, we valorized brown seaweed to produce l-lysine, the world's leading feed amino acid, using Corynebacterium glutamicum, which was streamlined by systems metabolic engineering. The mutant C. glutamicum SEA-1 served as a starting point for development because it produced small amounts of l-lysine from mannitol, a major seaweed sugar, because of the deletion of its arabitol repressor AtlR and its engineered l-lysine pathway. Starting from SEA-1, we systematically optimized the microbe to redirect excess NADH, formed on the sugar alcohol, towards NADPH, required for l-lysine synthesis. The mannitol dehydrogenase variant MtlD D75A, inspired by 3D protein homology modelling, partly generated NADPH during the oxidation of mannitol to fructose, leading to a 70% increased l-lysine yield in strain SEA-2C. Several rounds of strain engineering further increased NADPH supply and l-lysine production. The best strain, SEA-7, overexpressed the membrane-bound transhydrogenase pntAB together with codon-optimized gapN, encoding NADPH-dependent glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and mak, encoding fructokinase. In a fed-batch process, SEA-7 produced 76 g L⁻¹ l-lysine from mannitol at a yield of 0.26 mol mol⁻¹ and a maximum productivity of 2.1 g L⁻¹ h⁻¹. Finally, SEA-7 was integrated into seaweed valorization cascades. Aqua-cultured Laminaria digitata, a major seaweed for commercial alginate, was extracted and hydrolyzed enzymatically, followed by recovery and clean-up of pure alginate gum. The residual sugar-based mixture was converted to l-lysine at a yield of 0.27 C-mol C-mol⁻¹ using SEA-7. Second, stems of the wild-harvested seaweed Durvillaea antarctica, obtained as waste during commercial processing of the blades for human consumption, were extracted using acid treatment. Fermentation of the hydrolysate using SEA-7 provided l-lysine at a yield of 0.40 C-mol C-mol⁻¹. Our findings enable improvement of the efficiency of seaweed biorefineries using tailor-made C. glutamicum strains.
... This species has been proposed for food alternative due to its extraordinary organoleptic and chemical properties (Astorga-España and Mansilla 2014a). In Chile, C. variegata has been produced for local market and also exported to Asia since 1997 (Ávila et al. 2014), where it is highly valued for its striking colors and high contents of vitamins and minerals (Mansilla et al. 2012). Nevertheless, current C. variegata landings are only centered in the VII and X regions (around 36-38°and 41-43°S in the coastal Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-019-01988-2) ...
The cosmopolitan red alga Callophyllis variegata is harvested and exported as food to Asian countries. In anticipation of overexploitation problems, this study aimed to describe temporal changes in their population structures and chemical composition by comparing intact (Pichicuyén) and exploited populations (San Antonio) of southern Chile, by using linear mixed models. Abundance parameters and size classes were higher in summer months, whereas fertile stages tetrasporophytes and carposporophytes were more abundant in autumn–winter periods. Recruitment was plentiful toward late winter–spring months. Geographical differences were also detected, and San Antonio (C. variegata-exploited) stocks exhibited lower productivity but similar cover/density in comparison to Pichicuyen (intact location). Likewise, this population showed a size structure toward smaller individuals (e.g., recruits) and more sterile individuals than Pichicuyen. Phosphorous, protein, lipid, soluble carbohydrate, and fiber composition also showed a clear seasonal trend, but no differences between localities were found for lipids and soluble carbohydrates. Since C. variegata showed good productivity and interesting nutritional value, we concluded this species shows potential for exploitation and commercialization in southern Chile, as long as specific management protocols and market studies are developed.
... Carrageenans are biopolymers of the polysaccharide family, which have the ability to form good biodegradable films (Abdou & Sorour, 2014;Park, 1996). From the biotechnological point of view, sub-Antarctic macroalgae are present in a variety and very large availability (Mansilla, Ávila, & Yokoya, 2012). In this context, several products of algal origin are explored. ...
... In this context, several products of algal origin are explored. In particular, Gigartina skottsbergii is a red seaweed from Chile that is used in the extraction of carrageenan for food products (Mansilla et al., 2012). They belong to sulfated galactan hydrocolloids extracted from red algae (Rhodophyta) being generally distributed in three categories: kappa (κ)-carrageenan, lambda (λ)-carrageenan, and iota (ι)-carrageenan (Williams, 2015). ...
This research focused on the development of carrageenan based biodegradable films incorporated with olive leaves extract (OLE). OLE microbial inhibition and its total phenolics (TP) were evaluated. Carrageenan films were produced by casting technique and were characterized by thickness, water vapor permeability (WVP), color, mechanical properties, and infrared spectroscopy. In order to apply as lamb meat packaging, the antimicrobial effect of the films was investigated. Results showed that OLE inhibited E. coli growth and presented excellent TP (41.40 mgGAE/g). Thicknesses of the film with OLE (CAR‐OLE) were approximately 28% higher than film without OLE. Addition of OLE reduced the WVP by approximately 54%. CAR‐OLE was less resistant to breakage and more flexible showing darker color. FTIR showed interaction of carrageenan with OLE. Results revealed that CAR‐OLE promoted 167‐fold reduction in initial count of aerobic mesophiles indicating shelf‐life extension of lamb meat and promising use as antimicrobial food packaging. Active food packaging.
... The Magellan Ecoregion is a biogeographic province located in the southwest of the South American continent. Containing an area of 132.033 m 2 , it is the largest representative of the sub-Antarctic environment, with high degree of endemism of macroalgae [1]. There is no latitudinal replicate on the planet of Magellan region and macroalgae metabolites from this ecoregion have great economic value in the pharmaceutical industry, food, bioenergy and biotechnology [2]. ...
The Magellan ecoregion, located in the sub-Antarctic portion of Chile, is marked as a continental portion of high latitude that presents low periods of photoperiod and luminosity in the winter and high in the summer. Seasonal variations in the chemical composition of seaweeds may influence their reproductive state and biomass, and thus their prospection into food, cosmetological or pharmacological use. The objectives of the present study were to determine the fatty acids (FAs) profile of the red seaweed Mazzaella laminarioides in vegetative, tetrasporophitic, and cystocarpic phases in winter and summer, and assess the antitumoral activity of these FAs against T24 bladder cancer cells. The algal extracts consisted of nineteen FAs, and composition varied according to the reproductive state and the season the algae were collected. Cell viability decreased in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Most significant cytotoxic activity of FAs, as well as the highest chromatin condensation observed by DAPI staining was at a concentration of 200 μg/mL in 24 and 48 h. The results indicate that FAs derived from M. laminarioides have potential to reduce the proliferation in BC cells.
... The region of the Strait of Magellan has a particular benthic marine ecosystem due to marine currents present between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans (Ríos et al. 2010). According to Mansilla et al. (2012), there are 395 seaweed species that inhabit the coasts of the Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, and Cape Horn that can be divided within the phyla Rhodophyta (230), Chlorophyta (75), and Ochrophyta (86). It is worth noting that 11 species are common to the Magellan Region and the Antarctic continent (Mansilla et al. 2013b). ...
Macroalgae Durvillaea antarctica, Lessonia flavicans, and Macrocystis pyrifera in distinct development phases from the ecoregion of Magellan (Chile) were analyzed by pulse amplitude modulated fluorometry under eight irradiation conditions (11 to 490 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹). Pigmentation was assessed by UV/Vis spectrophotometry (400 to 700 nm), and fatty acid (FA) profile was determined by gas chromatography using the standards of their respective methyl esters (0.625 to 20 mg mL⁻¹). Photosynthetic efficiency had significant differences for L. flavicans (0.31 ± 0.01 to 0.38 ± 0.01 μmol e⁻ m⁻² s⁻¹ (μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹)⁻¹) and M. pyrifera (0.26 ± 0.02 to 0.31 ± 0.03 μmol e⁻ m⁻² s⁻¹ (μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹)⁻¹) for reproductive and vegetative phases, respectively. The relative maximum electron transfer rate varied significantly for L. flavicans (8.10 ± 0.84 to 12.40 ± 1.57 μmol e⁻ s⁻¹) and M. pyrifera (6.49 ± 1.30 to 12.89 ± 1.53 μmol e⁻ s⁻¹) in distinct development phases. Saturation irradiance analysis showed significant differences for D. antarctica, varying from 166.18 ± 14.33 (vegetative) to 132.98 ± 18.43 μmol photon m⁻² s⁻¹ (reproductive). The highest concentrations of pigments were found in reproductive M. pyrifera with 35.36 ± 0.21 of Chl a, 7.04 ± 0.93 of Chl c, and 15.75 ± 1.42 μg g⁻¹ of fucoxanthin. Finally, the highest concentrations of total FAs were 35.24 ± 2.38% (saturated) and 22.02 ± 1.95% (monounsaturated) in M. pyrifera and 63.53 ± 3.36% (polyunsaturated) in D. antarctica. Therefore, the study showed significant differences for photosynthetic parameters and FA profiles correlating these results to the development phases of macroalgae.
... This study sought to investigate haplotype patterns in amphitropical populations of the red algae C. variegata. This species is among the economically important seaweeds of Chile, which are harvested for carrageenan and human consumption (Buschmann et al. 2001, Castilla and Neill 2010, Mansilla et al. 2012). Utilizing population level data, the objectives of this study were to (1) determine if C. variegata was introduced between hemispheres; and (2) if C. variegata has been introduced, determine what hemisphere it was introduced out of, or, alternatively, if C. variegata has a naturally occurring amphitropical distribution, what is the nature of its population history (e.g., isolation time, effective populations sizes, migration rates). ...
Chilean species of marine macroalgae with amphitropical distributions oftentimes result from introductions out of
the Northern Hemisphere. This possibility was investigated using haplotype data in an amphitropical red macroalgae present in Chile, Callophyllis variegata. Published sequence records from Canada and the United States were supple- mented with new collections from Chile (April 2014-November 2015). Specimens of C. variegata were amplified for the 5′ end of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI-5P) and the full length nuclear internal transcribed spacer region. Haplotype networks and biogeographic distributions were used to infer whether C. variegata was introduced between hemispheres, and several population parameters were estimated using IMa2 analyses. C. variegata displayed a natural amphitropical distribution, with an isolation time of approximately 938 ka between hemispheres. It is hypothesized that contemporary populations of C. variegata were established from a refugial population during the late Pleistocene, and may have crossed the tropics via rafting on buoyant species of kelp or along deep-water refugia coincident with global cooling, representing a rare case of a non-human mediated amphitropical distribution.
