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California Adult Q-Set (CAQ) Item Correlates of Preoc- cupied Attachment Prototype Scores CAQ Item r
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This study compared the personality attributes associated with self-report versus interview assessment of romantic attachment. Twenty-three-year-olds (N = 83) completed the Romantic Attachment Interview, the Experiences in Close Relationship Inventory, and measures of response bias, self-enhancement, and self-insight. Five psychologists evaluated t...
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... evaluations of preoccupied romantic attachment. The O data correlates of the preoccupied prototype scores also may be summarized by three themes: nega- tive self-view, exaggerated emotionality, and interper- sonal dependence (see Table 2). Negative self-view is positively specified by such observer assessments as "basi- cally anxious," "vulnerable to threat," and "has fluctuat- ing moods" and is negatively specified by such CAQ items as "subjectively unaware of self-concern." ...
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... This could represent a weakness, because they fail to measure attachment-related IWMs but, at the same time, it could represent a strength in OCD studies, since self-report measures are more sensitive in investigating the evolution of attachment insecurity in intimate relationships. Indeed, self-report methods of inferring attachment style have been found to be related to psychopathology more strongly than the AAI (e.g., Gjerde et al., 2004). A better knowledge of the interpersonal dynamics related to attachment in patients with OCD could be extremely useful for clinicians treating them: dealing with difficulties in the relationships could result in an improvement in the OC symptomatology. ...
Literature data did not show univocal evidence in discriminating which form of attachment insecurity is involved in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): both anxiety and avoidance was related to OCD symptomatology. No study used the Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ) that allows for investigation of differentiated facets of attachment anxiety and of avoidance. We investigated: (1) whether individuals with OCD differed from controls in the facets of attachment security (anxiety and avoidance), (2) which attachment facets predicted a diagnosis of OCD, controlling for socio-demographics and obsessive beliefs, (3) which attachment facets predicted specific OCD symptoms, controlling for socio-demographics and obsessive beliefs.
Two hundred seventy participants (135 OCD patients and 135 matched controls) completed the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised, Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire-46 and ASQ. OCD patients reported respectively lower and higher levels on confidence and attachment anxiety than controls. Higher need of approval was the most important predictor of OCD diagnosis beyond the other attachment facets, and even of the obsessive beliefs. Using multivariate generalised linear models, the two facets of attachment anxiety, the need for approval (that predicted higher levels of obsessing and ordering symptoms), and preoccupation with relationships (that predicted higher hoarding symptoms) seemed to explain variance over and above OCD-related beliefs and socio-demographics. Discomfort with closeness contributed to the predictions of ordering symptoms.
In conclusion, the interpersonal dynamics related to attachment in OCD patients should be carefully considered during assessment and treatment of OCD patients in clinical practice.
... In support of this view, there is extensive evidence showing that the sense of attachment security in close relations is closely related to heightened tolerance of uncertainty, lower levels of dogmatic thinking, and less rejection of information that challenges the validity of one's beliefs (123)(124)(125). Moreover, dozens of studies summarized by Mikulincer and Shaver (122) have consistently found that the sense of attachment security is associated with lower levels of anxiety and distress during and after exposure to stressors and less prevalence of anxiety disorders. ...
Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic and aligned social and physical distancing regulations increase the sense of uncertainty, intensifying the risk for psychopathology globally. Anxiety disorders are associated with intolerance to uncertainty. In this review we describe brain circuits and sensorimotor pathways involved in human reactions to uncertainty. We present the healthy mode of coping with uncertainty and discuss deviations from this mode.
Methods: Literature search of PubMed and Google Scholar.
Results: As manifestation of anxiety disorders includes peripheral reactions and negative cognitions, we suggest an integrative model of threat cognitions modulated by sensorimotor regions: “The Sensorimotor-Cognitive-Integration-Circuit.” The model emphasizes autonomic nervous system coupling with the cortex, addressing peripheral anxious reactions to uncertainty, pathways connecting cortical regions and cost-reward evaluation circuits to sensorimotor regions, filtered by the amygdala and basal ganglia. Of special interest are the ascending and descending tracts for sensory-motor crosstalk in healthy and pathological conditions. We include arguments regarding uncertainty in anxiety reactions to the pandemic and derive from our model treatment suggestions which are supported by scientific evidence. Our model is based on systematic control theories and emphasizes the role of goal conflict regulation in health and pathology. We also address anxiety reactions as a spectrum ranging from healthy to pathological coping with uncertainty, and present this spectrum as a transdiagnostic entity in accordance with recent claims and models.
Conclusions: The human need for controllability and predictability suggests that anxiety disorders reactive to the pandemic's uncertainties reflect pathological disorganization of top-down bottom-up signaling and neural noise resulting from non-pathological human needs for coherence in life.
... It is not surprising that to maintain a positive self-evaluation, avoidant individuals may inflate their self-image. It has been discovered, for instance, that avoidants' descriptions of their personality were more favorable than those reported by trained observers (Gjerde, Onishi, & Carlson, 2004). Furthermore, avoidant participants appraised themselves more positively following a threatening condition than a neutral condition (Hart, Shaver, & Goldenberg, 2005); secure participants, in contrast, were not differently affected by the neutral and threatening manipulation. ...
In this study, we explore whether different self-perceptions in terms of human traits are associated with attachment orientations (secure, anxious, and avoidant) and whether these perceptions explain the relationship between attachment orientations and prosocial behaviors. A sample of adult participants was investigated through an online questionnaire. To test the mediation model path analysis was applied. Findings show that secure attachment is related to the perception of being qualified by emotional responsiveness and relational skills (human nature traits). Anxious and avoidant attachment are, in contrast , related to self-denial of these traits. Attachment anxiety is also linked to the perception of not being defined by uniquely human characteristics like rationality and self-control. As predicted, humanity self-attributions mediated the relationship between dispositional attachment and prosocial or antisocial orientations. This mediation effect was observed when controlling for self-esteem. Limits and practical implications of findings are discussed. This work aims to explore the associations between attachment orientations, humanity self-attributions, and prosocial behaviors. The attachment behavioral system can be conceptualized as an inborn neural program, which guides individual behavior to enhance the chance of survival (Bowlby, 1982). This behavioral system aims to favor the proximity between infants and adults who care for them (attachment figures). According to Bowlby, the interactions between infants and caregivers lead to building mental representations of self and others, with the latter being perceived as reliable or unreliable. These representations become stable working models across the lifespan and contribute to shaping social interactions (for a
... This pattern may be related to avoidant individuals' compulsive self-reliance and reluctance to rely on other people (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991). Their self-esteem has indeed been found defensive in nature (e.g., Gjerde, Onishi, & Carlson, 2004). Specifically, avoidant people defensively inflate their self-conceptions, presumably to feel less vulnerable and less interested in relying on others (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2016). ...
This study inquired into quantitative narrative aspects of 215 Person Picking an Apple from a Tree (PPAT) drawings of normative young adults. Coherency of drawings was measured by analyzing associations between the drawings’ main factors; additionally, a reciprocity score reflecting reciprocity degrees between the drawn objects, i.e., person, tree, and apples, was calculated. These aspects were examined for their relation to the participant’s attachment styles, measured by the questionnaire Experiences in Close Relationships Scale. Results show that: (a) significant positive and strong associations were found between the three main factors, reflecting a coherent visual script only in the secure attachment group; and (b) a significant main effect for attachment on reciprocity scores was found. Results are discussed in terms of attachment and projected drawings.
... Face a situações adversas de perigo, incerteza ou distress, os indivíduos com um estilo de vinculação seguro conseguem regular as suas emoções de forma eficaz (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007), manifestam esperança, otimismo e resiliência (Gjerde, Onishi, & Carlson, 2004) e contribuem para o sentido de segurança de outros (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007). Os indivíduos com uma vinculação segura lidam com o stresse de uma maneira adaptativa e construtiva, focada na resolução do problema (e.g., expressão e negociação mútuas). ...
... Part of the psychologist's hemisphere, including psychologists such as Turiel, have argued that this research quite clearly is based on cultural stereotyping and would not take place without an idea of the erroneous (Turiel, 2002). Psychologist Per Gjerde states that cultural psychology has quite an alarming tendency towards generalizing about human development across nations and continents (and the problematic tradition of assigning certain characteristics to certain cultures promotes a disregard for heterogeneity and minimizes the role of the individual thus indirectly working in favour of a universalistic archetype (McNulty, 2004;Gjerde, 2004A)). In my mind, this is the inevitable consequence of a combination of a phenomenological tradition, combined with a hint of eurocentricity (one might even state a dominating presence of Anglicism). ...
The story of globalization, globalized psychology and how to proceed Abstract: Globalization as a dominant agenda of virtually everything leaves out some very important issues to be discussed as well as the need for further research. The following article will show that globalization in current day and age is unconsciously perceived as harmonization, standardization, regimentation, uniformities in other words universalism as an unidentified ideal. In this article, I aim to demonstrate some of the unseen or perhaps rather unaddressed problems of a globalized world of science that seem to be widely ignoired, perhaps due to the presence of a " forgotten " agenda that seems to hold the risk of promoting the very conditions it claims to oppose and hinder. I argue that we need to alter the " Wicked Ways of the West " if we are to truly embrace a globalised world without counter forces and without reaction , and that we could do so by applying all cultures different from our own to a cultural and acientific black-box, containing elements of cultural psychology, social psychology, social science, including sociology and history with a touch of economy.
... Attachment research provides strong support for interpreting avoidant individuals' selfesteem as defensive in nature. For example, Gjerde, Onishi, and Carlson (2004) found that people classified as avoidant in a systematically coded, open-ended Romantic Attachment Interview scored higher than secure people on the California Adult Q-Set's (CAQ) index of self-enhancement. (Avoidant people's descriptions of their traits were more favorable than descriptions provided by trained observers.) ...
... 4.1. The potentially protective role of attachment avoidance for response inhibition following ego-depletion As reviewed, prior literature has consistently demonstrated the broaden-and-build role of dispositional attachment security in a variety of psychosocial functioning such as the capability of coping stress (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007b), ego-resiliency (Gjerde, Onishi, & Carlson, 2004;Kerns & Stevens, 1996;Kobak & Sceery, 1988) and coping resources (Buelow, Lyddon, & Johnson, 2002;Koopman et al., 2000;Myers & Vetere, 2002). Conversely, dispositional attachment insecurities, attachment anxiety and avoidance, were found to predict dysfunctional coping strategies under stressful situations (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007b). ...
Attachment security refers to individuals' ability of viewing attachment figures as a secure base for exploration and a safe haven in times of need. Two studies examined whether dispositional and temporarily primed attachment security could improve response inhibition following ego-depletion among Chinese college students. We manipulated ego-depletion with a stressful task — preparing a three-minute speech within 5 min and assessed response inhibition with Stroop color naming tasks. Study 1 randomly assigned participants to the ego-depletion and control groups and assessed dispositional attachment anxiety and avoidance. Results showed that participants in the ego-depletion group reacted slower to incongruent trials than their counterparts. Whereas attachment avoidance predicted faster reactions to incongruent trials in the ego-depletion group, such relationship was absent in the control group. Study 2 randomly asked participants to visualize a responsive and available other (attachment security priming condition) or an acquaintance (acquaintance priming condition). Results indicated that following ego-depletion, attachment avoidance again predicted faster reactions to incongruent trials, and participants from the attachment security priming condition also reacted faster to incongruent trials than those from the acquaintance priming condition. Findings offer additional support for social defense theory and the broaden-and-build cycle of attachment security.
... Dismissing individuals have a positive model of self and negative model of other (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991). They devalue interpersonal closeness and often lack empathy (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991;Sonnby-Borgstrom & Jonsson, 2004;Webb et al., 2006), while exhibiting a tendency to be narcissistic (Brennan & Morris, 1997;Gjerde, Onishi, & Carlson, 2004). Downplaying interest in close relationships may be a defensive strategy to avoid negative social interaction and emotions, such as feelings of rejection, interpersonal dependency, and vulnerability (Muller, 2009(Muller, , 2010. ...
Two studies examined the relation between adult attachment styles and post-transgression responses. Secure participants were predicted to be forgiving, preoccupied participants to be grudge oriented, fearful participants to be avoidant, and dismissing participants to be vengeful. Study 1 was nonexperimental, using a community sample of adults (N = 565). Participants wrote about a moderately severe past transgression. Results supported the predictions. In Study 2, undergraduates' (N = 134) attachment styles were manipulated by varying working models of self and other. Model of self was manipulated with false performance feedback. Model of other was manipulated by altering a confederate's availability and responsiveness during a bonding exercise. Response trends replicated Study 1 with the exception of avoidance. Dismissing individuals were the most avoidant.
... Indeed, previous empirical studies indicate that attachment anxiety is associated with increased negative emotional responses, heightened detection of threats in the environment, and negative views of the self (Griffin and Bartholomew, 1994;Mikulincer and Orbach, 1995;Fraley et al., 2006;Ein-Dor et al., 2011). By contrast, attachment avoidance is associated with emotional inhibition or suppression, the dismissal of threatening events, and inflation of self-conceptions (Fraley and Shaver, 1997;Gjerde et al., 2004;Mikulincer and Shaver, 2007). ...
The way in which attachment styles are expressed in the moment as individuals navigate their real-life settings has remained an area largely untapped by attachment research. The present study examined how adult attachment styles are expressed in daily life using experience sampling methodology (ESM) in a sample of 206 Spanish young adults. Participants were administered the Attachment Style Interview (ASI) and received personal digital assistants that signaled them randomly eight times per day for 1 week to complete questionnaires about their current experiences and social context. As hypothesized, participants’ momentary affective states, cognitive appraisals, and social functioning varied in meaningful ways as a function of their attachment style. Individuals with an anxious attachment, as compared with securely attached individuals, endorsed experiences that were congruent with hyperactivating tendencies, such as higher negative affect, stress, and perceived social rejection. By contrast, individuals with an avoidant attachment, relative to individuals with a secure attachment, endorsed experiences that were consistent with deactivating tendencies, such as decreased positive states and a decreased desire to be with others when alone. Furthermore, the expression of attachment styles in social contexts was shown to be dependent upon the subjective appraisal of the closeness of social contacts, and not merely upon the presence of social interactions. The findings support the ecological validity of the ASI and the person-by-situation character of attachment theory. Moreover, they highlight the utility of ESM for investigating how the predictions derived from attachment theory play out in the natural flow of real life.
