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The concentration of arsenic in water, sediment, and resident hair in the Ie Seu’um geothermal manifestation area has been analyzed using the Atomic Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (GF-AAS) method. Sediment and hair samples were prepared by wet digestion using an acid solution. The measurement results were validated by linearit...
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... salinity levels of the hot springs (IS1) and the boreholes (IS10) were also quite high, which were 17.8 and 8.46%, respectively, indicating a fairly high salt content in the geothermal water. This condition also affected the salinity of the river water, which has been in contact with hot water (IS3 and IS4), where the salinity increased up to four times compared with the natural river water (IS2). The water in the estuary (IS5) had the highest salinity, which was 19.08%, where the influence of seawater was already present. ...
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... calibration curve obtained from this study is shown in Figure 3. The R 2 value obtained from the curve was 0.9999, which was calculated based on Microsoft Excel. ...
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... calibration curve obtained from this study is shown in Figure 3. The R 2 value obtained from the curve was 0.9999, which was calculated based on Microsoft Excel. ...
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... on the calibration curve, the LoD and LoQ values were 0.009 and 0.027 μg/L, which were statistically calculated using the LINEST function (Table 4) in Microsoft Excel [22]. (Figure 3). ...
Citations
... Arsenic, a heavy metal, naturally occurs in the environment due to weathering on crustal rocks and volcanic emissions [34]. Prior research indicates that hydrothermal systems located at or near tectonic plate convergent boundaries, like those found in the Philippines, tend to discharge geothermal water with elevated arsenic content [35,36]. ...
Following the eruption of the Taal Volcano in January 2020 and its continuous signs of unrest in the preceding years, this study delves into the investigation of sediment transport in the Pasig River, Philippines. The historical data of total suspended solids (TSS) and arsenic indicated a notable increase starting from the year 2020. The field measurements were conducted in February and March of 2022, two years after the eruption. Due to the observed homogeneity in the river's mixing, a refined 1D sediment transport model was developed. In this study, HEC-RAS modeling software was employed. The calibration process using the Laursen transport function yielded an impressive R^2 value of 0.9989 for the post-eruption model. This predictive accuracy underscores the robustness of the developed model. The study's scope was further expanded by creating a model for February 2020, incorporating water quality data gathered by the Pasig River Coordinating and Management Office. The model simulation results showed peak TSS values of 120.63 mg/L and 225.15 mg/L in February 2022 and February 2020, respectively. The results of the study highlight the probable impact of geological events on sediment dynamics within the Pasig River, which could help manage and sustain ongoing river improvements.
... Heat was applied for 5 minutes, and H2O2 p.a. (5 mL) was added. After cooling, the solution was filtered and diluted with deionized water in a 100-milliliter volumetric flask [18]. ...
... Determination of validation parameters was also carried out in the form of linearity (R 2 ), relative standard deviation (RSD) was used to determine the precision, and the recovery (%) was calculated based on intensity signal generated by the sample spike, limit of detection (LoD), limit of quantification (LoQ) and the uncertainty of sample concentration measurements expressed as standard deviation of concentration (Sc). All parameters was performed based on LINEST function on Microsoft Excel (Redmond, Washington, USA) [18]. ...
Heavy metal contamination of traditional herbal medicine (jamu) is a threat to humans, especially at levels above known threshold concentrations. Traditional herbal medicine found in Banda Aceh City – Indonesia, polluted by heavy metals cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg) was performed. Heavy metal analysis used Flame - Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS) and Chemical Vapor Generation - Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (CVG - AAS) methods. The validation of the method was performed to obtain more accurate heavy metal analysis results for the samples. Heavy metal contamination, especially Pb metal, with concentrations of 4.32 ± 0.14 mg/Kg to 29.25 ± 0.24 mg/Kg. The Cd metal contamination was only found in herbal medicine sample E with a concentration of 0.80 ± 0.02 mg/Kg, above the threshold. The Hg metal contamination was also found with concentrations of 0.20 ± 0.01 to 2.14 ± 0.06 mg/Kg, and some were not detected. The government should be very concerned about stopping the distribution of herbal medicine that can be harmful to health and should inspect drug stores that still sell herbs that do not have established standards.
... In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) will be synthesized using C. gigantea growing in the geothermal manifestation Ie Seu-Um. It is known that the geothermal manifestation Ie Seu-um has a water temperature of 84.20 °C with a pH of 6.61 and even a significant concentration of chloride ions [16,27] and the hot springs contain arsenic [28]. ...
This research aims to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using an aqueous leaf extract of Calotropis gigantea obtained from the geothermal manifestation Ie Seu-Um, Aceh Besar, Aceh Province, Indonesia. The C. gigantea leaf extract was mixed with AgNO3 solutions at concentrations of 2, 5, and 9 mM, respectively. The mixture was stirred at 80 rpm by a magnetic stirrer for 48 hours in the dark. The change in solution color indicated the reduction of Ag+ to Ag0. The resulting AgNPs synthesized using C. gigantea leaf extract (AgNPs-LCg) exhibited cloudy grey, reddish dark brown, and light brown colors when synthesized with AgNO3 concentrations of 2, 5, and 9 mM, respectively. The particle sizes of AgNPs-LCg had maximum frequencies at 246.98 nm (synthesized using AgNO3 2 mM), 93.02 nm (synthesized using AgNO3 5 mM), and 171.25 nm (synthesized using AgNO3 9 mM). The zeta potential values of AgNPs-LCg using 2, 5, and 9 mM AgNO3 were -41.9, -40.1, and -31.4 mV, respectively. Based on the solution color, nanoparticle size, and stability value of AgNPs, it can be concluded that the use of AgNO3 at 5 mM is optimal for the green synthesis process of AgNPs-LCg.
... The uncertainty o the concentration o the test result or each parameter was given in standard deviation values. Calculated statistics include slope (s) and standard deviation (Ss), intercept (i) and standard deviation (Si), coecient determination (R 2 ), and standard deviation regression (Sr) [29]. ...
... The LOD and LOQ were evaluated by exposing the PANI label to the ammonia vapor o ammonia solution (0, 10, 100 ppm)) or 5 min. The LOD and LOQ were estimated using Eqs. 4 and 5 respectively [29,30]: ...
... Based on the low %bias and low %RSD, it appears that the developed smartphonebased sensor is dependable and produces almost accurate readings when detecting the ammonia content in sh samples. The % Recovery o standard ammonia solution using the developed smartphone sensor was within 94-108 % ( Table 2) which is within the common target o 80-120 % [29] and conrmed that the PANI label-based smartphone sensor is eective to detect the sh spoilage. ...
We developed a cost-effective, user-friendly smartphone-based sensor equipped with a polyaniline (PANI) label along with optical components and monitored the freshness of three different varieties of fish fillets i.e., Rohu (Labeo rohita), Mullet (Mugil cephalus), and Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) during storage. We designed an optical cradle as an accessory for a smartphone using ZW3D software and a 3D printer. The cradle with the smartphone was used to observe the spectrum of developed polyaniline deposited labels for ascertaining fish freshness. The sensor was calibrated using a standard ammonia solution (0–400 ppm) and the method was validated with a spectrophotometer and existing conventional techniques like TVB-N (total volatile basic nitrogen), TVC (total visible count), pH, and TPA (Texture Profile Analysis). The limit of detection (LOD), the limit of quantification (LOQ), %Bias, and %RSD of the sensor were 3.83 ppm, 12.96 ppm, 0.14 %, and 1.87 % respectively. The developed smartphone-based sensor used about 1139 pixels for wavelengths between 391.84 and 633.54 nm. A strong correlation could be established between TVB-N, TVC, and pH with the findings of the developed sensor. Application of PANI made the sensor specific for the detection of spoilage of fish therefore can be utilized as a platform for monitoring the freshness of fish. We successfully developed a web application using the present findings to evaluate fish fillet quality.
... The analytical technique was validated using samples of proven organic rice that were devoid of the target analyte. The linearity test, LOD, LOQ, precision test (%RSD), accuracy (%Recovery), and selectivity were used to validate the analytical method [22][23][24][25]. ...
Analysis of pesticide residues in rice in Aceh Besar District using the Gas Chromatography – Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD) method has been carried out. This study aims to validate the analytical method and determine the pesticide residue levels of Dichlorvos, Dimethoate, Bifenthrin, and λ-Cyhalothrin in rice samples. Rice samples in branded rice were taken from the Districts of Want Jaya, Indrapuri, Darussalam, Suka Makmur, Simpang Tiga, Kuta Baro, and ground using a grinder. The powder sample was extracted by the QuEChERS method and analyzed by GC-ECD. The results of the linearity test have met the requirements with the coefficient of determination (R2), which is an average of 0.98. The LOD values ranged from 0.013 to 0.017 mg/kg, while the LOQ ranged from 0.022 to 0.079 mg/kg. The results of precision and reproducibility (% RSD, n = 6) show the values of 0.56 - 1.26% and 1.14 - 2.19%, respectively, and the accuracy value (%Recovery) shows the results of 99.71 - 101.84%, with an RSD value of 2.42 - 3.59%, meet the requirement of 20%. The results of the analysis of the sample showed that sample A had a large %Recovery value in the Dichlorvos analyte, namely 139.10%, with the calculation that the Dichlorvos analyte contained 0.0206 mg/Kg. This value has not passed the MLR set by the European Food Safety Authority, which is 0.2 mg/Kg. In the other rice samples, no pesticide residue analytes were detected. The calculation of %Recovery of each analyte in the spiked sample ranged from 80-101%, which indicated that the pesticide residue analysis carried out had good accuracy, namely the requirement of 70-120%.
... These arsenic levels correspond to the arsenic levels in the geothermal river flow of Ie Seu Um, Aceh Besar District, Aceh Province, Indonesia. 30 The arsenic exposure was carried out by immersing the vulva of animals. Soaking was done in a 39 Â 42 Â 15 cm plastic tub covered with woven iron wire. ...
Background and Aim : Arsenic exposure to the body through the oral, dermal, and inhalation routes have a detrimental impact on health, including women’s reproductive health. However, the effect of arsenic exposure through the vulva of women is unclear. The present study therefore examined the effects of long-term arsenic exposure of vulva on uterus inflammation mediated by oxidative stress and inflammatory mechanism.
Materials and Methods: Female Rattus norvegicus L was used as the animal model and the arsenic were exposed through vulvar immersion. The arsenic solution was made into four concentrations while the duration of exposure was made in four-time combinations. Uterus inflammation was assessed through histopathological observation of uterus tissue through hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Oxidative stress was assessed using malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ); while inflammatory profile was assessed by measuring using tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα).
Results: Our data suggested that inflammation could occur at the permissible quality standard concentrations when arsenic was exposed for more than two weeks. At higher concentrations and a longer exposure time, arsenic exposure could lead to chronic inflammation. Arsenic exposure was able to increase the levels of MDA and H 2 O 2 and reduced the SOD suggesting stress oxidative of the organ. Arsenic also could increase the level of TNFα at any concentration after 6 and 8 weeks of exposure suggesting the inflammation process in the uterus.
Conclusion: Continuous exposure of vulva with arsenic could induce oxidative stress and chronic inflammation of the uterus. Further study to investigate this finding in human is critical as basic to propose health campaign program to the community in the high arsenic regions.
... However, they are only needed at very low levels [1,2]. Since some elements can be potentially and biologically toxic and persistent in the environment [3], they can pose an enormous threat to human health even at low concentrations [4]. Hair is a living material that reflects the health conditions of the human body [5] and is an ideal sample of environmental, biological indicators [6,7]. ...
Located in central Asia, Xinjiang is characterized as a diverse environment in China, consisting of vast deserts, dotted oases, and high mountains. Due to the combined effect of climate conditions under such a diverse environment, there are large differences in human activities, living styles, and eating habits in farmland and grazing pastures between Xinjiang and other regions of China. This study aimed to investigate the variations and mechanisms of elemental distribution in the hair of Uyghur communities among different ages and genders and under different land use backgrounds in an oasis region in Xinjiang. Hair samples from 524 residents from four traditional farmland areas and two grazing pasture areas in Bai Cheng County in Xinjiang were collected, and the levels of thirteen elements were analyzed. The results indicated that the average levels of Cu, Mg, Mn, Zn, Ni, Co, Pb, Fe, Ca, Cd, Cr, As, and Se in the hair of Uyghur communities were within the background levels of Chinese and global residents’ hair. Overall, the levels of elements in the hair of women residents were higher than those of men residents. The levels of elements in the human hair of the middle-aged group were higher than those of child and older-aged groups. Elements Cr and Se in the hair of grazing pastures were higher than those of farmland areas. The levels of Cd, Pb, As, and Zn in the hair of farmland areas were higher than those of grazing pasture areas. The levels of Ca, Mg, Cu, and Fe in the hair of Uyghur communities were higher than those of other ethnic groups, while the toxic elements in the hair of residents in Bai Cheng were lower than those in other regions of China. Middle-aged people were exposed to higher levels of toxic elements in their daily activities compared to elderly and child groups. Also, adult groups need much more nutrients for their growth and intellectual development compared to child and elderly groups. The change in land use from grazing pastures to farmland increased the toxic trace element concentration levels in human hair. The significant differences in the overall concentration levels of elements in human hair among the different ethnic groups and regions can be attributed to the differences in lifestyles, cultural customs, dietary habits, and internal and external exposure routes.
... However, they are only needed at very low levels [1,2]. Since some elements can be potentially and biologically toxic and persistent in the environment [3], they can pose an enormous threat to human health even at low concentrations [4]. Hair is a living material that reflects the health conditions of the human body [5] and is an ideal sample of environmental, biological indicators [6,7]. ...
This study investigated the bioaccumulation and transfer of heavy metals including Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in soil-crop system in Lhasa, and assessed the health risks of the edible part of the crops. The results showed that the average values of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were 0.15, 44.55, 24.68, 532.40, 22.47, 38.18 and 73.99 mg kg⁻¹ in natural soil, and 0.16, 46.93, 38.45, 559.13, 23.23, 40.03 and 83.29 mg kg⁻¹ in cultivated soil, respectively. Highland barley and wheat had the strongest ability to accumulate Zn in grain, the BCF values were 0.24 and 0.27, respectively, significant differences in the distribution of metal contents in crop root, stem, leaf and grain were observed. Root presented larger accumulation capacity in most metals, Zn and Cu was easily transferred in the plant organs, most metals in this study presented difficult to migrate from root to grain. The transfer peak of most metals in soil-crop system appeared from stem to leaf. The concentrations of Cr and Mn in crop grains could be predicted according to the multiple linear regression models. THQ and HI values of heavy metals in edible parts of both highland barley and wheat were below the safety threshold of 1, indicating no detrimental effects posed to adults health. This study helps to understand the accumulation and transfer of heavy metals in soil-crop system in plateau region.
... The uncertainty o the concentration o the test result or each parameter was given in standard deviation values. Calculated statistics include slope (s) and standard deviation (Ss), intercept (i) and standard deviation (Si), coecient determination (R 2 ), and standard deviation regression (Sr) [29]. ...
... The LOD and LOQ were evaluated by exposing the PANI label to the ammonia vapor o ammonia solution (0, 10, 100 ppm)) or 5 min. The LOD and LOQ were estimated using Eqs. 4 and 5 respectively [29,30]: ...
... Based on the low %bias and low %RSD, it appears that the developed smartphonebased sensor is dependable and produces almost accurate readings when detecting the ammonia content in sh samples. The % Recovery o standard ammonia solution using the developed smartphone sensor was within 94-108 % ( Table 2) which is within the common target o 80-120 % [29] and conrmed that the PANI label-based smartphone sensor is eective to detect the sh spoilage. ...
Due to unpleasant market competition, IT companies are releasing the soft-ware or Apps without much considering the unintended security breaches presented inside it. The malware programs moving around the Internet is looking for such kind of the security breaches to attain the malicious intention. Botnet is a kind of malware program(s) looking for the vulnerable system, has now become the worldwide epidemic due to mostly applied for a malicious purpose. Many malware detection techniques have been discussed so far for botnet detection in literature, however typically considering it on host device or on the traffic of a network. IoT devices are much vulnerable to botnet as the manufacturer has main concern to releases with new feature in order to compete the market without much attention to weak point(s) in-side it. This paper discusses the basic botnet detection techniques. For this purpose, the paper covers both static and dynamic detection techniques along with its advantages and shortcomings. On the basis of characteristics for botnet detection, this paper also deliberates the basic procedures to create botnet detectors, defining some parameters for botnet detection and categorizes the detection methodologies. Further the paper reveals an implementable position in the system with advantages and drawbacks on the detection performance.
