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In this study, we investigated the evolution of calcium content during grape berry development (Vitis vinifera L.). In 5 years using several cultivars, the calcium content per berry was assessed in all compartments of the fruit. In the whole berry the calcium content increased from anthesis to ripeness. In the pericarp it decreased at the onset of...
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... berry development, the calcium content in flesh and skin was was determined as well (Fig. 2). Polynomials (order 3) were used for skin and flesh curves and relatively close relationships were found. Calcium accumulated in the flesh until veraison and then gradually decreased. However, the percentage of variance was relatively high. The use of polynomials of higher degree did not give a better fit. In the skin, the calcium content increased throughout berry devel- opment and then reached a plateau around maturity. During the "herbaceous" phase of growth (stage I), calcium accu- mulated in the flesh and skin. After veraison, calcium accu- mulation in the skin continued apparently to the detriment of the flesh. The variance observed for the flesh is signifi- cant and is probably responsible for that observed previ- ously for the pericarp (Fig. 1). Furthermore, these observa- tions confirmed an assumption according to which calcium is translocated from the flesh to the skin during ripening (CHARDONNET 1994;CABANNE and DONÈCHE 2001). However, calcium accumulation in the skin was slightly lower than its loss in the flesh. This consolidates our previous assump- tion of a calcium translocation from the pericarp (i.e. the flesh) to the seeds. Calcium evolution in whole berries was compared to the sum of the data obtained in parallel for the pericarp and the seeds (Fig. 3). The calcium content in whole berries increased throughout their development; the increase seemed to be faster and more significant in stage I. During ripening, the increase was due exclusively to calcium accumulation in the seeds. The two curves are extremely close, thus validating the prediction for whole berries. As shown previously, we added the calcium content of the flesh and skin and compared the results with those of the pericarp (Fig. 4). The two curves are almost identical thus validating the prediction despite the variance between some of them. The aim of this work was to clarify some details con- cerning the calcium supply in berries. The metabolism of grape berries is now known to be a complex process where considerable compartmentation occurs between different types of tissues (FAMIANI et al. 2000). The calcium content and its evolution must be considered in the same way. In- deed, while calcium accumulation ceases at the onset of ripening in the pericarp, it persists in the seeds. At the same time, calcium is probably translocated from the flesh to the skin and ...
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Citations
... Variances in Ca 2+ levels among cultivars at BBCH-89 echo the work of Conradie [49], suggesting a cultivar-specific influence on calcium uptake. Contrary to our findings, Cabanne and Donèche [51] reported that grape berries from various cultivars, including Sauvignon Blanc, Semillon, Merlot, and Cabernet Sauvignon, displayed an increase in Ca 2+ content in the pericarp until véraison, followed by a decline, thereafter, indicating reduced xylem flow post-véraison. A similar trend was observed in the flesh, where Ca 2+ levels peaked at approximately 0.1 mg per berry before véraison and gradually decreased afterward. ...
Unraveling the intricate physiological and biochemical intricacies associated with female dominance in grape berries across diverse developmental stages is imperative for optimizing grape production and ensuring the attainment of high-quality yields. This study conducted a thorough analysis of grape berries across phenological stages (BBCH-79, BBCH-81, BBCH-89) and cultivars. At BBCH-89, Bozcaada Çavuşu*Vasilâki demonstrated the highest berry weight and total soluble solids (TSS) levels, emphasizing its enological potential. Acidity peaked at BBCH-79 (28.16) and declined at BBCH-89 (6.11), signaling a shift towards lower acidity in later stages. Bozcaada Çavuşu*Vasilâki consistently showed the highest maturity index (MI). Mineral content variations were observed across nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), boron (B), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu), with Bozcaada Çavuşu*Vasilâki often having the highest concentrations, particularly in potassium, calcium, and boron. Hormonal analysis revealed a significant surge in concentrations at BBCH-89, with Bozcaada Çavuşu*Vasilâki standing out. Notably, Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) concentrations increased by 106%, and abscisic acid (ABA) levels peaked at BBCH-79 with a 38% increase in Bozcaada Çavuşu*Kuntra. Sugar content analysis showed variations in fructose, glucose, sucrose, rhamnose, xylose, galactose, and arabinose levels across sampling times and cultivars. Bozcaada Çavuşu*Vasilâki consistently exhibited higher sugar levels, especially at BBCH-81 and BBCH-89. Vitamin concentrations varied temporally and among cultivars, with BBCH-89 displaying the highest vitamin A concentration (6.24 mg/100 g FW), and Bozcaada Çavuşu*Vasilâki often exhibiting maximum values for vitamin B1, B2, B6, and C. Further research and targeted cultivation practices focusing on the unique attributes of Bozcaada Çavuşu*Vasilâki could enhance grape production efficiency, emphasizing its potential contribution to achieving consistently high-quality yields across various phenological stages.
... The increase in the concentration (Table S3) and decrease in the content per berry of Ca++ (Fig. S2, Table S4) across most genotypes highlights this concentration effect. The reduction in size concentrates the H2T and Ca++, particularly accumulated during the early herbaceous phase of fruit development (Bigard et al., 2018;Cabanne and Donèche, 2003;Champagnol, 1984;Rogiers et al., 2006). Yet, the low content per berry may suggest an earlier effect of WD on organic acid synthesis and Ca++ accumulation. ...
Adopting disease-tolerant grapevines is an efficient option to implement a smarter management strategy limiting
the environmental impacts linked to pesticide use. However, little is known on their production of fruit metabolites regarding expected future climate fluctuations, such as increased water shortage. Moreover, previous
studies about how water deficit impacts grape composition, lack accuracy due to imprecise timing of fruit
sampling. In this study, we phenotyped six new fungus-tolerant genotypes exposed to varying water status in
field-grown conditions. The accumulation of water, main cations, primary and secondary metabolites were
precisely monitored at the arrest of phloem unloading in fruits, which was targeted at the whole cluster level. The
goal was to decipher the effects of both genotype and water deficit on the allocation of carbon into soluble
sugars, organic acids, amino acids and anthocyanins. The results revealed that the effect of decreased water
availability was specific to each berry component. While fruit sugar concentration remained relatively unaffected, the malic/tartaric acid balance varied based on differences among genotypes. Despite showing contrasted
strategies on carbon allocation into berry metabolites, all genotypes reduced fruit yield and the amount of
compounds of interest per plant under water deficit, with the extent of reduction being genotype-dependent and
correlated with the response of berry volume to plant water status. This first set of data provides information to
help reasoning the adaptation of these varieties according to the expected risks of drought and the possibilities of
mitigating them through irrigation.
... The grapevine has a narrow window to uptake Ca (6-7 weeks), even though the most active uptake of Ca is between bud burst to veraison [13]. Various studies have concluded that the accumulation of Ca in grape berries takes place throughout their developmental stages [18,24]. The post-veraison increase, however, has been attributed to the accumulation of seeds [25]. ...
Understanding how nutrients accumulate and change throughout the developmental stages according to the BBCH scale can be a very effective technique for developing fertilization programmes for high-quality, marketable grape production. Accordingly, the macro- and micronutrient concentrations at different growth stages were analyzed for two commercial grape cultivars, viz., “Anab-e-Shahi” and “Perlette”, by using an extended BBCH scale. The results show nitrogen content was reduced during the sampling period (D1 to D6) from 1.76 percent to 1.09 percent. Potassium concentration in developing berries kept on increasing from 0.15%, at principal growth stage 7 with BBCH code 73 (D1), to 0.26% at principal growth stage 8 code 89 (D6). The lowest phosphorus content of 253.88 ppm and the highest of 338.43 ppm were found in growth stages D1 and D6, respectively. The berry Ca however showed an increase first and thereafter decreased to 225.18 ppm at harvest. Mg content also recorded a similar trend from stages D1 to D6 of the BBCH scale and decreased to 116.08 ppm at D6. B and Cu concentrations increased from D1 to D6, and Mn and Zn increased first and decreased thereafter until harvest. No specific trend was recorded in Fe concentration. The concentration of nutrients in berries at different developmental stages can be used as the standard reference for growing berries using proper fertilization.
... The role of Ca in plants is not fully defined, but its involvement in the firmness of cell walls [4] and grape berry set (defined as cell division and expansion) or berry ripening (defined as softening) is well researched [5][6][7]. Ca is one of the most versatile components in plants and it is involved in responses to biotic and abiotic stimuli such as low and high temperature, light, drought, and osmotic stress in nearly all stages of plant development [8]. By investigating the influence of Ca on vines and berry development, physiological symptoms for the level of plant nutrition may be identified, as well as the possibility of improving berry quality [9]. ...
... Ca is absorbed through the roots, and it reaches the plant and berries through the xylem and apoplast [9,10] due to low phloem mobility [10]. Some studies have shown that Ca accumulation ceases prior to veraison [7,[11][12][13], while others state that this accumulation continues during ripening, especially in the seeds, increasing the total Ca concentration in the berries [7,[14][15][16][17]. The Ca content influences not only flesh firmness but also water supply, ripening and heat stress response [18]. ...
... Ca is absorbed through the roots, and it reaches the plant and berries through the xylem and apoplast [9,10] due to low phloem mobility [10]. Some studies have shown that Ca accumulation ceases prior to veraison [7,[11][12][13], while others state that this accumulation continues during ripening, especially in the seeds, increasing the total Ca concentration in the berries [7,[14][15][16][17]. The Ca content influences not only flesh firmness but also water supply, ripening and heat stress response [18]. ...
The evolution of calcium (Ca) and potassium (K) accumulation in grape berries during the growing season provided information on the productivity and quality of grape crops, considering that both elements have numerous physiological effects. The aim of the study was to determine and compare Ca and K accumulation in berries from ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ and ‘Merlot’ grape varieties influenced by the number of days after flowering (DAF) over three consecutive growing seasons (2019–2021) in Recaş vineyards, from Banat Region in Western Romania. Results showed that Ca accumulation in the berries continued at slow rates after veraison when water was available for both varieties; accumulation was observed mainly in the skin, suggesting translocation from the flesh. Regression analysis showed a strong dependence on the interval of 65–75 DAF for Ca accumulation in the skin. K accumulation increased after the onset of veraison until 70 to 90 DAF in both varieties, with higher accumulation in the flesh than in the skin. No significant differences were found among varieties regarding the Ca and K content during the study period. In both varieties, the relationship between sugar accumulation and the Ca/K content was highly significant. Given the importance of both elements, new data may contribute to establishing the optimum grape ripeness in relation to the sugar concentration in the berries.
... The average Ca concentration of young apples were found to be much higher than mature apples and the amount of Ca retained by the young fruits is often too small (Schlegel and Schönherr, 2002). Consequently, the evolution of the Ca content in the various berry compartments can vary from year to year or with grapevine cultivar (Cabanne and Donèche, 2003). ...
Muscat Hamburg (Panneer) is the most popular cultivar in Tamil Nadu for its pleasant musk flavor. It is consumed as table variety and also used for juice and wine-making purposes. The present investigation was conducted during summer and winter pruning from April 2016 to March 2018, in the grapes vineyard located at Shanmuganathy dam road, Rayappanpatty village in Cumbum valley of Theni district, Tamil Nadu. The experiment was laid out by adopting Randomized Block Design with seven treatments and three replications. The exeprimental results revealed that the treatment with foliar application of chelated EDTA calcium @ 0.2% + boric acid @ 0.1% recorded the maximum number of bunches (41.00 vine-1), fruit yield (14.87 kg vine-1), individual bunch weight (636.87g), bunch volume (498.42 mL) and TSS (19.53 0 brix). The minimum berry cracking (3.46%), titrable acidity (0.52%) and physiological loss in weight (10.18%) were also recorded in the treatment with chelated EDTA calcium @ 0.2% + boric acid @ 0.1% (T 5) as compared to other treatments. Further, the same treatment combination noted the lowest berry shattering (2.42%). Whereas the highest berry diameter was recorded in the treatment with a spray of calcium chloride @ 0.3% than all other treatments.
... The average Ca concentration of young apples were found to be much higher than mature apples and the amount of Ca retained by the young fruits is often too small (Schlegel and Schönherr, 2002). Consequently, the evolution of the Ca content in the various berry compartments can vary from year to year or with grapevine cultivar (Cabanne and Donèche, 2003). ...
Muscat Hamburg (Panneer) is the most popular cultivar in Tamil Nadu forits pleasant musk flavor. It is consumed as table variety and also used forjuice and wine-making purposes. The present investigation was conductedduring summer and winter pruning from April 2016 to March 2018, in thegrapes vineyard located at Shanmuganathy dam road, Rayappanpatty villagein Cumbum valley of Theni district, Tamil Nadu. The experiment was laid outby adopting Randomized Block Design with seven treatments and threereplications. The exeprimental results revealed that the treatment with foliarapplication of chelated EDTA calcium @ 0.2% + boric acid @ 0.1% recordedthe maximum number of bunches (41.00 vine-1), fruit yield (14.87 kg vine-1),individual bunch weight (636.87g), bunch volume (498.42 mL) and TSS(19.530brix). The minimum berry cracking (3.46%), titrable acidity (0.52%)and physiological loss in weight (10.18%) were also recorded in the treatmentwith chelated EDTA calcium @ 0.2% + boric acid @ 0.1% (T5) as comparedto other treatments. Further, the same treatment combination noted thelowest berry shattering (2.42%). Whereas the highest berry diameter wasrecorded in the treatment with a spray of calcium chloride @ 0.3% than allother treatments.
... The accumulation of K, Mg, and especially Ca is higher in berries that have higher transpiration rates, even at veraison [45,64]. In addition, Ca content increased from anthesis to ripeness in the whole berry [65]. Confirming these findings, our results showed that, in 2006-2007 season, Syrah grapevines presented higher content of several nutrients in petiole, including Ca, and the highest SON Max, thus nutrient petiole content could be determined by temperature accumulation between budburst and flowering. ...
Hyper-arid regions are characterized by extreme conditions for growing and lack of water (<100 mm annual rainfall average), where desertification renders human activities almost impossible. In addition to the use of irrigation, different viticultural strategies should be taken into account to face the adverse effects of these conditions in which rootstocks may play a crucial role. This research aim was to evaluate the effects of the rootstock on yield, vigor, and petiole nutrient content in Syrah grapevines growing under hyper-arid conditions during five seasons and compare them to ungrafted ones. St. George induced lower yield than 1103 Paulsen. Salt Creek induced higher plant growth vigor and Cu petiole content than ungrafted vines in Syrah, which was correlated to P petiole content. However, Salt Creek and St. George rootstocks induced an excess of vigor in Syrah according to Ravaz Index. Rootstocks with V. berlandieri genetic background should be used in Syrah growing under hyper-arid conditions to maintain adequate levels of plant vigor and to avoid deficiencies or toxicity of macro and micronutrients.
... In the present investigation, T12 (CaCl2 @ 1.0% + SOP @ 1.0%) registered more skin thickness of berries which may be due to calcium supplement. The increase in berry skin thickness and firmness may be attributed due to the positive effect of the calcium on cell wall stability by enhancing the cell wall thickening though accumulation of calcium salts deposition in the middle lamella (Cabanne and Doneche (2003) [10] . These findings were in accordance with the earlier reports of Ahmadi et al., (2017), Biradarpatil et al., (2015) [2,7] . ...
... In the present investigation, T12 (CaCl2 @ 1.0% + SOP @ 1.0%) registered more skin thickness of berries which may be due to calcium supplement. The increase in berry skin thickness and firmness may be attributed due to the positive effect of the calcium on cell wall stability by enhancing the cell wall thickening though accumulation of calcium salts deposition in the middle lamella (Cabanne and Doneche (2003) [10] . These findings were in accordance with the earlier reports of Ahmadi et al., (2017), Biradarpatil et al., (2015) [2,7] . ...
... In grapes, the mineral elements accumulation and absorption were affected by various factors viz. cultivar, rootstock, climate, soil, transport system, osmotic pressure, vapour pressure, transpiration and phenological stage of berry development (Cabanne and Doneche 2003) [10] . Whereas T8 (SOP @ 1.0%) recorded the highest petiole phosphorus. ...
... While, foliar application of CaCl 2 has been found to control physiological disorders of fruit with improved fruit quality (Bakshi et al., 2005). Some scientists argue that Ca 2+ accumulate in grape berries during the process of growth and development (Rogiers et al., 2000) till ripening stage (Cabanne and Doneche, 2001;Cabanne & Doneche, 2003). Therefore, adequate availability of Ca 2+ is essential for improved grape quality as formerly cvs. ...
Key Message: This study was performed to evaluate the pre-harvest foliar application of calcium chloride on two grapes varieties-perlette and king's ruby‖. It was confirmed that calcium chloride improved long term storage and berry quality of these grapes varieties. Abstract: Grapes being the most perishable fruit crop need certain pre-harvest measures to improve berry quality. Therefore, current study was conducted for the improvement of early bearing ‗Perlette' and ‗King's Ruby' table grape cultivars by applying pre-harvest sprays of calcium chloride (CaCl 2) concentrations. Table grape cvs. ‗Perlette' and ‗King's Ruby' were sprayed at 15 days' interval from fruit set to maturity with different concentrations of CaCl 2 (0, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1.0%) to evaluate the photosynthetic activity and postharvest biochemical quality. Pre-harvest sprays of 0.5% and 0.75% maintained increased net photosynthetic rate (A) in ‗King's Ruby' and ‗Perlette' respectively; whereas transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (gs) was significantly higher with 0.75% treatment in both cultivars. Pre-harvest foliar sprays of 0.5% and 0.75% CaCl 2 significantly improved berry quality with increased berry length and diameter. Postharvest biochemical quality of ‗Perlette' and ‗King's Ruby' was considerably improved with higher TSS, TA, ascorbic acid contents, sugars, total phenolic contents and antioxidants. These results clearly depicted that pre-harvest application of different CaCl 2 concentrations improved growth, development, physico-chemical and antioxidative attributes of table grape cvs. ‗Perlette' and ‗King's Ruby' under long term storage conditions at 0.5 ± 0.5 °C and 90 % RH for four weeks.
... Calcium is a mineral element essential for maintaining the stability and integrity of cell membrane and cell wall as well as playing key roles in many physiological activities (Hocking et al., 2016). Ca is transported into a fruit through xylem during early developmental stages (Cabanne and Donèche, 2003;Mengel and Kirkby, 2001). In many mature fruits, Ca conc. is highest in the peel and lowest in the flesh adjacent to the peel, and a conc. ...
... For example, 80% of Ca in a ripe melon (Cucumis melo L.) fruit was transported into the fruit within 20 days post-anthesis (Bernadac et al., 1996). Cabanne and Donèche (2003) reported that the Ca content in developing grape berries increased sharply before veraison and then remained relatively consistent until harvest. However, Rogiers et al. (2000) reported a linear increase in Ca content throughout the fruit enlargement and ripening phase. ...
Introduction – Wax apple (Syzygium samarangense
Merr. & Perry) is an economically important fruit
crop in tropical Asia. The developmental changes of
wax apple fruit, calcium (Ca) accumulation and allocation,
and xylem functionality within the fruit were
assessed in this study. Materials and methods – Fruits
were sampled at eight developmental stages and subjected
to analyses for quality associated properties.
Functionality of xylem inside fruit was evaluated with
a methyl blue dye-infusion approach and the spatial
distribution of Ca in mature fruit was assessed. Results
and discussion – The growth of a wax apple fruit expressed
a typical single sigmoidal curve against time.
The breaker stage or the beginning of skin coloration
signaled the onset of maturation process as indicated
by a rapid increase in total soluble solids and skin
anthocyanin content, and a simultaneous decrease
in titratable acidity. Xylem remained fully functioning
through the whole fruit before the breaker stage.
However, a sharp functional decline in xylem toward
the distal end of the fruit was observed after the
breaker stage. Total Ca content continued to increase
but overall Ca concentration reduced after the breaker
stage. At harvest, a mature fruit expressed a high to
low Ca conc. gradient from the proximal to the distal
end. Conclusion – The low Ca conc. in the flesh near
the distal end could be attributed to the loss of xylem
function after the breaker stage. Therefore, early and
efficient Ca uptake is essential for maintaining high
Ca conc. in the distal end where corky calyx end disorder,
a speculative Ca deficiency symptom of wax apple
fruit, may occur.
