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Caiophora cirsiifolia. A, growth habit. B, flower. Caiophora coronata. C, growth habit. D, flowers (pictures from www.opuntiadelsur.de). Caiophora rosulata subsp. rosulata. E, habitat. F, growth habit. A-B, M. Ackermann et al. 420 (BSB, HUSA, M, USM, NY, F); E-F, M. Weigend & Ch. Schwarzer 7837 (BSB, HUSA, HUT, USM).
Source publication
alrededor de 60 especies, y está ampliamente distribuido en los Andes, desde Argentina/Chile en el
Sur, hasta el centro de Ecuador en el Norte. Se conocen solamente cinco especies de Chile: Caiophora
chuquitensis, C. cirsiifolia, C. coronata, C. deserticola sp. nov. y C. rosulata. El material de Caiophora
rosulata se divide entre dos subespecies, C...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... flowers and more deeply dissected leaves than those from Central Peru, but these differences largely vanish in cultivation, indicating that they simply reflect the generally drier conditions for plants growing in South Peru and Chile. Caiopho- ra cirsiifolia ranges from elevations of 2400 to 3700 m and is usually found in dry scrub forest, hedges (Fig. 4A), road banks and dry stone walls. The flowers of Caiophora cirsiifolia are largely visited by long-tongued bees of the genera Bom- bus and Centris ( Ackermann and Weigend, 2006 Perennial cushion-forming herb with spreading, decumbent stems and stiffly erect leaves, ca. 15-30 cm tall, 20-50 cm in diameter, with persistent basal leaf ...
Context 2
... in Bolivia in the southern departments Potosi and Tarija (Weigend, 1997). The elevation- al distribution ranges from (2000-) 2500-4500 (- 5000) m, with elevation increasing from the South to the North. Caiophora coronata is found in at least seasonally dry habitats. It grows in corrals, at the base of rocks or in open habitats on scree slopes. (Fig. 4C). Caiophora coronata is pollinat- ed by rodents, but is also visited by hymenoptera, hummingbirds and passerines (Coccuci and Sersic, ...
Context 3
... Nectar scales are hemispherical in contrast to cymbiform to rec- tangular nectar scales in C. coronata. Sleumer (1955) pointed out that in Argentina floral colour of C. coronata is often red, but yellow, white and cream are also common. Most of our investigated herbarium specimens and own observations in Chile (Region II) indicate white corollas (Fig. 4C- D). Moreover, Sleumer (1955) indicated the pres- ence of interspecific hybrids of C. coronata with orange-flowered taxa in Argentina, so that orange and yellow flowered specimens of C. coronata may be the result of hybridization and/or intro- ...
Context 4
... of the family Loasaceae and one the highest growing angiosperms in the Andes. Its habitat in Peru expe- riences daily frost and thaw cycles, probably throughout the year. Caiophora rosulata is found at the bases of rocks and grass tussocks, protected from wind and changing temperatures and possi- bly receiving additional moisture from run-off (Fig. 4E). Autogamy or hummingbird-pollination are conceivable as pollination modes, but field observations are not ...
Context 5
... are more or less rectangular ( Perez-Moreau & Crespo, 1992). Sleumer (1955) pointed out that he found a wide range of flower colours for the species (C. rosulata subsp. taraxacoides) in Argentina, ranging from red, orange, yellow to white. Our observations in South Peru confirm that C. rosulata subsp. rosulata has uniformly bright orange petals (Fig. ...
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Citations
... In contrast, Caiophora Presl (1831: 41) has not recently been studied, and its taxonomy is still largely based on older publications, mainly the one and only overall revision by Urban & Gilg (1900), and the subsequent descriptions of individual taxa (Urban & Gilg 1911, Killip 1928, 1934, Macbride 1941, Standley & Barkley 1947, Sleumer 1955 or regional revisions (Argentina: Sleumer 1955). Only the few representatives from Chile and Ecuador have recently been revised (Weigend 2000a, Ackermann & Weigend 2007. ...
... The C. pterosperma-group clearly belongs to the genus Caiophora, in spite of their floral similarity to Loasa and Scyphanthus-it possesses the relatively long, inferior capsules which are slightly twisted, as is characteristic for Caiophora. Also, the chromosome number of C. pterosperma (2n = 14 or 16; Weigend & Dostert 97/29) is congruent with those published for other Caiophora taxa (Hamel 1938, Sugiura 1940, Diers 1961, Huynh 1965, Poston & Thompson 1977, Brücher 1986, 1989, Sanso & Seo 2005, Ackermann & Weigend 2007) and differing from those of Loasa (2n = 12, 24, 26, 36, 38;Tschischow 1956, Grau 1988, Sanso & Seo 2005. Additionally, molecular data for one of the species (C. ...
Caiophora is a taxonomically difficult, nearly exclusively Andean genus of the largely South American family Loasaceae subfam. Loasoideae. Elevational distribution and flower morphology argue for a relatively basal position of loasoid Caiophora in the genus. Caiophora has not been revised since 1900, and details of their morphology, distribution and species delimitation are incompletely understood. The Caiophora pterosperma-group clearly belongs to Caiophora based on habit, fruit morphology, karyology and molecular data, but is florally similar to members of the closely allied genera Loasa and Scyphanthus. The Peruvian members of the Caiophora pterosperma-group are here revised. Three species are recognized: C. pterosperma, endemic to the departments of Junín and Pasco (including C. smithii, C. serropetala and C. pavonii), C. stenocarpa from the departments Cuzco and Huancavelica, and the new species Caiophora dederichiorum, endemic to the department of Ancash. All three species occur at low elevations for the genus (down to 2200 m a.s.l.) and in seasonally dry habitats, unlike most representatives of the genus (usually found in mesic habitats at higher elevations). A key to the Peruvian members of the group, diagnoses, drawings and photographs are provided for all species recognized.
Stinging trichomes are rare in plants, occurring only in angiosperms, where they are reported for a few genera belonging to six families. Although there is no report of stinging trichomes in Apocynaceae, previous fieldwork collections of Fischeria and Matelea caused us a mild allergic reaction on the skin when we contacted the dense indumentum of the plants. This fact associated with the well-known presence of glandular trichomes with acute apex in both genera raised suspicions that stinging trichomes could be present in the family. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the likely occurrence of stinging trichomes in Fischeria and Matelea. We analyzed vegetative shoots and leaves of Fischeria stellata and Matelea denticulata through the usual procedures of light and scanning electron microscopy. We also performed several histochemical tests to investigate the chemical composition of trichome secretion. We detected that glandular trichomes occur throughout the surface of the leaf and stem. They are multicellular, uniseriate with an apical secretory cell, which has a dilated base and a needle-shaped apex. The secretion is compressed into the acuminate portion of the apical cell by a large vacuole, and crystals are deposited in the cell wall in a subapical position, providing a preferential site of rupture. The secretion, composed of amino acids and/or proteins, is released under mechanical action, causing skin irritation. Based on our detailed morphological and anatomical analyses, and in the functional aspects observed, we concluded that the glandular trichomes in Fischeria and Matelea can indeed be classified as stinging. Thus, Apocynaceae is the seventh family for which this type of trichome has been reported. We also compiled information on stinging trichomes in all families of angiosperms. Their phylogenetic distribution indicates that they have evolved at least 12 times during angiosperm evolution and may represent an evolutionary convergence of plant defense against herbivory.
Documento de carácter técnico e interno para el desarrollo del proyecto “Monitoreo de Cambios, Corrección Cartográfica, y Actualización del Catastro de los Recursos Vegetacionales Nativos de la Región de Arica y Parinacota”, elaborado con la información recopilada por los autores durante la realización del presente proyecto y en diversos proyectos anteriores, especialmente en el “Diagnostico levantamiento biodiversidad Región de Arica y Parinacota”. Este último fue financiado por el Gobierno Regional y ejecutado por la Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Conservación de la naturaleza de la Universidad de Chile.
The taxonomic revision of the genus Caiophora (Loasaceae) in Argentina is here provided, sixty years after the publication of the first complete treatment of the genus for the country. In Argentina, Caiophora is represented by 15 species (six endemic), which are distributed in the mountains of the northwestern and central regions of the country. A key to identify the species is provided, plus detailed morphological descriptions, actualized synonymy, data on geographic distribution, and illustrations. A new species, Caiophora sleumerii, is described, the name C. spegazzinii is revalidated, and C. canarinoides is recorded for the first time in Argentina. Ten lectotypes are here designated for Caiophora aconquijae, C. angustisecta, C. coronata, C. dumetorum, C. orbignyana, C. pycnophylla, C. saltensis, C. spegazzinii, C. superba and Loasa heptamera, and a neotype is here proposed for Loasa chuquitensis.
Interspecific hybridization is considered a possible mechanism of plant diversification. The Andes are a hotspot of biodiversity, but hybridization in Andean taxa has so far not been investigated intensively. The current study investigates crossability in Caiophora (Loasaceae subfam. Loasoideae) by experimental interspecific hybridization of seven different species. Hand pollination was undertaken, developing fruits counted, thousand (seed) grain weights, and seed viability were examined. Cross pollination led to some fruit set in 36 of the 37 different combinations. Overall fruit set was virtually identical irrespective of the combination of parental plants. Mean germination rates were much higher in hybrid seeds, indicating a marked heterosis effect and the possible presence of an inbreeding depression in the source populations: In experimental hybridization the divergent taxa of Caiophora behave like isolated, inbred populations of a single species. Allopatry and different habitat preferences seem to be the key factors keeping the (interfertile) taxa of Caiophora apart in the apparent absence of both postmating isolating mechanisms and obvious isolating mechanisms in phenology and floral biology. Interspecific hybrids reported from the wild appear to be the result of secondary contact due to human impact.
