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![Cable breaking cases of cable bridges [1]: (a) Yibin little south gate bridge; (b) Peacock river bridge, Xinjiang; (c) Wuyishan mansion bridge, Fujian; (d) Sichuan Jinsha River Luoguo bridge; (e) Ponte Morandi bridge, Italy; (f) South Australia sea crossing bridge in Taiwan Province.](publication/349223436/figure/fig1/AS:1080263249535025@1634566237901/Cable-breaking-cases-of-cable-bridges-1-a-Yibin-little-south-gate-bridge-b.jpg)
Cable breaking cases of cable bridges [1]: (a) Yibin little south gate bridge; (b) Peacock river bridge, Xinjiang; (c) Wuyishan mansion bridge, Fujian; (d) Sichuan Jinsha River Luoguo bridge; (e) Ponte Morandi bridge, Italy; (f) South Australia sea crossing bridge in Taiwan Province.
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Cables/hangers are important load-bearing components of suspension, cable-stayed, and through-arch bridges. Their reliability throughout their service life directly affects the safety of these bridges. In this study, to provide a reference for the design, maintenance, and inspection of bridge cables/hangers, their damage and failure mechanisms were...
Citations
... The fatigue performance of high-strength steel wires in dry-wet environments, acidrain environments, and salt spray environments is assessed via test methods. [21][22][23] It is observed that fatigue strength further lowers under corrosive environments compared to dry environments. Mechanical loading conditions also significantly influence fatigue performance, with a decrease in stress ratio and/or an increase in load frequency notably prolonging corrosion fatigue life. ...
... Figure 13 shows four different fracture types observed in uncorroded and corroded steel wires: cup-and-cone fracture, milling-cutter fracture, cleavage-milling-cutter fracture, and cleavage fracture. 23 Necking, indicating ductile fractures, is visible in cup-and-cone and millingcutter specimens, contrasting the absence of necking in cleavage and cleavage-milling-cutter fractures due to reduced ductility and increased brittleness. Figure 14 shows the corrosion fatigue fracture morphology of wires. ...
Corrosion significantly degrades the fatigue performance of high‐strength steel wires. This study conducts an extensive review of corrosion fatigue in corroded steel wires based on relevant literature. It outlines corrosion fatigue evolution mechanisms and discusses various test methodologies. Six distinct approaches are employed to assess corrosion fatigue life. A three‐stage multiscale corrosion fatigue evolution process involves pitting formation and growth, short crack propagation, and long crack propagation. Advanced fatigue assessment methods like the theory of critical distances (TCD) and the strain energy density (SED) are explored for predicting the corrosion fatigue life for corroded steel wires. A model utilizes an elastoplastic corrosion fatigue damage framework to comprehensively represent the complex interactions. The physics‐data‐driven method has garnered increasing attention due to its requirement of fewer sample data and good robustness. Moreover, the reliability method underscores its pivotal role in guaranteeing the longevity of suspenders and cables in practical settings.
... leading to a synergistic corrosion fatigue (CF) coupled deterioration (Zhang & Yuan 2014). This degradation poses significant risks, as evidenced by the reduced service life of hangers in suspended arch bridges, often ranging from 10 to 15 years, and in extreme cases, even less than 10 years (Yao et al. 2021). This issue calls for an intelligent maintenance strategy tailored to the current deterioration state and future evolution of hangers, emphasizing the urgent need for proactive and informed maintenance approaches to ensure the longevity and safety of steel bridge hangers. ...
Aging steel bridges constitute a significant portion of transportation infrastructure, requiring more efficient and intelligent maintenance to enhance their sustainability. This work presents a digital twin (DT) framework for the intelligent maintenance of aging steel bridges subject to time-dependent deterioration, by fully exploiting the prediction model and the data from monitoring and inspection. A tied-arch bridge, subjected to prominent corrosion fatigue (CF) in its hanger system, is selected as a case study. The DT framework comprises three modules: digital data perception, deterioration prognosis, and condition-based decision making. First, a finite element (FE) model of the bridge is developed as the mechanical backbone of the DT, based on the design document and updated with the latest inspection result. Then, the traffic data collected by the structural health monitoring (SHM) system are converted into fatigue stress spectra. Next, the stress spectra and site-specific environmental data are integrated to perform a hybrid deterioration prognosis using a time-variant probability-stress-life model. Finally, optimal maintenance actions are determined based on the prognosis results, by constructing a stochastic environment and adopting a customized deep learning-based solution algorithm. The research outcome demonstrates the value of incorporating SHM data in deterioration prognosis and maintenance planning, and provides a promising framework for the interoperable DT of aging structures at the mechanistic level. The result reveals the nonlinear evolution of C-F deterioration in steel bridge hangers, with increasing failure probability and dispersity. Consequently, different strategies are recommended by the proposed DT framework, such as regular repairs in the early life and frequent inspections and timely replacement in the late life. Furthermore, the present DT framework suggests that the appropriate use of SHM systems can effectively reduce the life-cycle costs and risks, with a value of information that exceeds the initial investment.
... During the design phase, it has been conventionally assumed that bridge cables exclusively bear axial tension loads. However, from many collapse cases of inservice cable-supported bridges (Yao et al. 2021), it has been noted that the failure of bridge cables often occurs at the anchorage part manifesting as fatigue fracture of steel wires under coupling tension and bending loads (Liu et al. 2019). The real-world experience underscores the critical need to develop an analytical method capable of investigating the stress response behaviors of steel wires at the anchorage part of bridge cables. ...
The stress response behaviors of steel wires at the anchorage part of bridge cables under tension and bending coupling loads play a
predominant role in determining their fatigue life and failure modes. The inherent complexity of the spiral geometry and the large diameter of
actual bridge cables made the stress response behaviors of steel wires at the anchorage part unclear up to now. An analytical method was
proposed for spiral steel wires at the anchorage part of semiparallel steel wire cables under tension and bending coupling loads. The corresponding
refined numerical modeling method was also developed for studying the local anchorage part. Both the analytical formulation and
numerical model agree well with the related experimental results in the literature. The presented analytical and numerical methods are thereby
efficient and accurate to simulate bridge cables under tension and bending coupling loads. The critical slip curvature of steel wires increases
linearly with the tensile strain of the bridge cable. The axial stresses of the steel wires of the bridge cable at a given longitudinal location
display a linear relation with the angular change at the anchorage end. For steel wires located at the guide deviator part of the bridge
cable, the axial stress behavior differs between the stick and slip states. It changes to a chord curve in the longitudinal direction in the
stick state, while it follows an exponential function with respect to the polar angle in the slip state. The axial stress range of the outermost
steel wire of the bridge cable increases linearly with the harmonic tension load range and the bending load range, separately. Regarding the
phase difference between harmonic tension and bending coupling loads, a phase difference of 0 represents the most unfavorable combination
for the bridge cable. By contrast, when the phase difference falls between 0 and π/2, the two harmonic loads tend to mutually inhibit each
other’s effects on the cable’s behavior.
... Suzumura [15,16] conducted accelerated corrosion tests on high-strength galvanized steel wires in different environments and comparatively analyzed the effects of temperature, relative humidity, and NaCl solution concentration on corrosion rate. Furthermore, the galvanized layer has variable degrees of effect on corrosion parameters such as corrosion potential and polarization resistance of steel wire [17][18][19][20]. Heying [21] discovered that corroded steel wires' elongation and fatigue strength dramatically decrease after corrosion, with the decline of elongation occurring primarily in the latter stages of corrosion [22]. ...
Corrosion factors enter the cable via diffusion and penetration from the defect position of the cable or the connection position between the anchoring system and the cable section, seriously affecting the cable’s durability. Exploring the transmission mechanism of corrosion factors in the cable structure is essential to reveal the durability and the long-term performance of the cable structure and to judge the corrosion damage of steel wires in the cable structure. Based on the machine learning (ML) method and the analytical solution of Fick’s second law, the laws between different temperatures, humidity, cable inclinations, cable defect areas, etc., and the diffusion coefficient of corrosion factors and the concentration of surface corrosion factors are obtained, also a spatial diffusion model of corrosion factors is established. According to the research, the optimum simulation result is achieved by employing the optimized back propagation (BP) neural network algorithm, which has a faster convergence speed and better robustness. Although ambient temperature, humidity, and corrosion time all impact the diffusion rate of corrosion factors, the tilt angle of the cable and the size of cable defects are the main factors influencing the diffusion coefficient of corrosion factors and the concentration of surface corrosion factors. The error between the concentration of corrosion factors calculated by the model in this article and the measured values at each spatial point of the cable is controlled within 15%, allowing for the spatial diffusion of corrosion factors to be effectively predicted and evaluated in practical engineering.
... After these events, the inclined hangers configuration of the bridge was replaced to a vertical hanger configuration [1]. In 2001, as a result of the failure of eight hangers on the Sichuan Yibin Southgate Arch Bridge, the deck piece supported by the hangers fell into the river, causing the death of two people [12]. As a result of the collision of a vehicle and an oil tanker on September 7, 2002, a hanger of the Guangzhou Haiyin Bridge broke [22]. ...
... When the protective system of the stay cable is damaged, the steel wire in the cable is directly exposed to the corrosive environment, which aggravates the corrosion of the highstrength steel wire in the stay cable [10][11][12]. Te fatigue test data of corroded steel strands under diferent stress conditions in reference [13] showed that the stress state (stress range and mean stress) had a signifcant efect on the fatigue properties of the steel strands. Li et al. [14] established a time-dependent depth model of uniform and pitting corrosion based on accelerated corrosion experiments. ...
... Yao et al. [13,15] concluded that the coupling of the stress state (stress amplitude and pretension), and the corrosive environment signifcantly afects the fatigue performance of high-tensile steel wires. Under the same corrosive environment, the corrosion of high-tensile steel wire under alternating and constant tensile stress conditions is more signifcant than that under no stress. ...
Fatigue and corrosion are the main reasons for the failure of stay cables. Traffic load also plays a significant role in cable fatigue. To study the fatigue life of stay cables under the combined action of traffic load and corrosion, this study originally deduced the fatigue probability model for steel wires, considering the stress range and average stress based on the nonlinear fatigue damage model. Then, the weight loss rate was introduced into the fatigue probability model for steel wires in order to obtain the fatigue life probability model for corroded steel wires. Subsequently, a Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) was conducted to predict the fatigue life of stay cables under different guaranteed probabilities. Finally, using a cable-stayed bridge on the Yangtze River in China as an example, the fatigue life of the stay cables in the bridge under the combined effects of different corrosive environments and measured traffic loads was evaluated. Results indicate that both the stress range and mean stress affect the fatigue life of the steel wire. The fatigue life of stay cables is determined by a few steel wires with shorter lives, and the stress redistribution accelerates the failure of the inner wire of the stay cables. The fatigue life of the stay cables on background engineering is much less than the design life of the bridge under the combined actions of a middle-level or high-level corrosive environment and traffic load.
... Specifically, the bridge hanger might accumulate damage inevitably with the increasing service time under cyclic and random loads such as wind, vehicle, pedestrian, and other types of load (Peng et al. 2022, Gobbato et al. 2014), due to a number of unforeseen reasons, such as material degradation, corrosion, overloading and fatigue, etc (Ding et al. 2020). Furthermore, the damage of bridge hangers includes anchor head damage, sheath damage and steel wire damage (Yao et al. 2021, Meng et al. 2019, Lin et al. 2017. Therefore, the evaluation of damage to the bridge hangers is necessary in hanger installation during bridge construction frequencies can be extracted. ...
Bridge hangers, such as those in suspension and cable-stayed bridges, suffer from cumulative fatigue damage caused by dynamic loads (e.g., cyclic traffic and wind loads) in their service condition. Thus, the identification of damage to hangers is important in preserving the service life of the bridge structure. This study develops a new method for condition assessment of bridge hangers. The tension force of the bridge and the damages in the element level can be identified using the Bayesian optimization method. To improve the number of observed data, the additional mass method is combined the Bayesian optimization method. Numerical studies are presented to verify the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method. The influence of different acquisition functions, which include expected improvement (EI), probability-of-improvement (PI), lower confidence bound (LCB), and expected improvement per second (EIPC), on the identification of damage to the bridge hanger is studied. Results show that the errors identified by the EI acquisition function are smaller than those identified by the other acquisition functions. The identification of the damage to the bridge hanger with various types of boundary conditions and different levels of measurement noise are also studied. Results show that both the severity of the damage and the tension force can be identified via the proposed method, thereby verifying the robustness of the proposed method. Compared to the genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and nonlinear least-square method (NLS), the Bayesian optimization (BO) performs best in identifying the structural damage and tension force.
... Considering the increased usage amount of UHSS, the localized corrosion caused by UHSS may reduce the fatigue performance. Hence, corrosion fatigue crack initiation and propagation could be greatly accelerated, resulting in a significant decline of fatigue life [21][22][23][24][25][26]. Therefore, the corrosion behavior of bridge steel in this environment must be studied, especially the synergy influence of the galvanic corrosion and fatigue behaviors to the welded joints. ...
The corrosion tendency and fatigue behavior of a SM480C welded joint in a sea-crossing suspension bridge after twenty-year exposure to a marine environment was investigated in this work. It was found that the corrosion product on the whole surface of the welded joint is loose, with many holes and cracks, which allowing corrosive media enter and reach the surface of the substrate. Localized corrosion occurred in the weld zone (WZ) and the heat-affected zone (HAZ), the maximum depth of localized corrosion in the HAZ reached 1.8 mm, and the maximum local corrosion rate is 0.082 mm/y. By using Bimetallic Conjugation Theory calculations, the galvanic effect of the welded joint was qualified, indicates that HAZ was the most corrosion susceptible area in the welded joint. The galvanic corrosion current on HAZ reached approximately 2 μA, which is much higher than the corrosion of isolated HAZ by about 6.5 times. The corrosion has an obvious influence on the fatigue performance, the elongation of the bridge deck decreases by 40%~70%, and the tensile strength decreases by 4.5%~31.33%. In order to ensure the service safety and avoid premature failure, the average thickness of the corroded bridge deck should not be less than 10 mm under the stress amplitude of 115 MPa.
... Since the 1960s, there have been several accidents involving the rupture of bridge hangers induced by wire corrosion. Many researchers have studied the failure mechanism, preventive measures and reinforcement methods of hangers [1][2][3]. For example, to avoid the rapture of in-service cable, the corroded hangers can be replaced according to regular visual inspections. ...
The hanger is one of the important components for through and half-through arch bridges. Conventional steel hangers are vulnerable to corrosion due to corrosive environments. Therefore, a new type of bridge hangers consisting of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) straps was developed recently. The CFRP straps are self-anchored, which is formed by layers-winding, and they have great advantages in corrosive environments such as high resistance to corrosion. In this study, the fatigue and fracture behavior of CFRP straps has been experimentally investigated. Firstly, the tensile testing of four CFRP strap specimens was conducted to investigate the static fracture behavior of CFRP straps, and three stages were observed, including delamination, cracking, and brittle rupture. Then, a fatigue test of thirty-nine specimens (four groups) was carried out to study the fatigue behavior of CFRP straps, where two types of pins, titanium alloy pin and CFRP pin, and two loading frequencies, 10 Hz and 15 Hz, were used. The number of cycles to failure, displacement, fatigue failure strain, outside surface temperature at the vertex of specimen, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) photographs were recorded and analyzed to investigate the fatigue behavior of CFRP straps. The experiment results show that the temperature development at the vertex of the CFRP strap varies obviously if different pins are used due to the different friction coefficients. In addition, the fatigue life of CFRP straps decreases significantly with the increase in loading rate for the titanium pin, while it only reduces slightly with the increase in loading rate for the CFRP pin.
