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CST simulation model of the designed antenna. (a) Proposed antenna design (b) partial ground design (c) radiating patch design
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In the present scenario, smart devices are using flexible wearable wireless technologies to enable interaction among people and their surrounding equipments. Due to the commercialization of these flexible electronic devices and systems, these systems require the integration of flexible antennas. The compactness and flexibility of the antenna are th...
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Citations
... Up to now, much effort has been made in the development of flexible/wearable antennas with notch properties, and a variety of notch techniques have been adopted, such as etching various shaped slot on the radiating patch [11][12][13][14][15][16][17] or ground plane incorporation of electric ring resonator (ERR) 18 , split ring resonators (SRRs) 11,[19][20][21][22] or complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs) [23][24][25][26] , using parasitic elements 27,28 , defected ground structures (DGS) [29][30][31] and EBG resonators [32][33][34][35] , etc. For instance, Geyikoglu et al. 29 demonstrated the design and implementation of a flexible UWB antenna with dual-band rejection capabilities for wearable biomedical devices. ...
The rapid development of ultrawideband (UWB) communication systems has resulted in increasing performance requirements for the antenna system. In addition to a wide bandwidth, fast propagation rates and compact dimensions, flexibility, wearability or portability are also desirable for UWB antennas, as are excellent notch characteristics. Although progress has been made in the development of flexible/wearable antennas desired notch properties are still rather limited. Moreover, most presently available flexible UWB antennas are fabricated using environmentally not attractive subtractive etching-based processes. The usage of facile additive sustainably inkjet printing processes also utilizing low temperature plasma-activated conductive inks is rarely reported. In addition, the currently used tri-notched flexible UWB antenna designs have a relatively large footprint, which poses difficulties when integrated into miniaturized and compact communication devices. In this work, a silver nano ink is used to fabricate the antenna via inkjet printing and an efficient plasma sintering procedure. For the targeted UWB applications miniaturized tri-notched flexible antenna is realized on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate with a compact size of 17.6 mm × 16 mm × 0.12 mm. The antenna operates in the UWB frequency band (2.9–10.61 GHz), and can shield interferences from WiMAX (3.3–3.6 GHz), WLAN (5.150–5.825 GHz) and X-uplink (7.9–8.4 GHz) bands, as well as exhibits a certain of bendability. Three nested "C" slots of different sizes were adopted to achieve notch features. The simulation and test results demonstrate that the proposed antenna can generate signal radiation in the desired UWB frequency band while retaining the desired notch properties and having acceptable SAR values on-body, making it a viable candidate for usage in flexible or wearable communication transmission devices. The research provides a facile and highly efficient method for fabricating flexible/wearable UWB antennas, that is, the effective combination of inkjet printing processing, flexible substrates, low temperature-activated conductive ink and antenna structure design.
... Flexible antenna, on the other hand, can be seamlessly integrated into clothing, completely fulfilling the requirements on wearing comfort and light weight. It can also withstand deformation caused by movements (Kavitha et al. 2019;Tiwari et al. 2020;Yang et al. 2021;Kaur et al. 2022). Therefore, flexible antennas have great potential in wearable applications, and their design and application are of great significance in promoting wearable technology. ...
Textile-based wearable electronics have drawn increasing attention in recent years, but stable and durable conductive mechanism on textiles has been the challenge. In this study, we propose to fabricate a liquid metal circuit on textile substrates for flexible antennas and wearable sensors via screen printing method. The breakage of liquid metal circuit on cotton/lycra elastic fabrics can be repaired by pressing or heating, and the patterned liquid metal circuits can be removed using sodium hydroxide solution. Furthermore, the liquid metal circuit was designed as a pressure switch for thermal management system with the temperature precisely controllable by tuning the applied pressure. The liquid metal circuit was further designed as a flexible near field communication (NFC) antenna, providing identification capacity such as replacing campus card and protecting children. The maximum bending angle and effective distance of the NFC tag are determined to be 150 and 17.8 mm, respectively. In addition, the as-prepared liquid metal-based fabric sensors can accurately human motion detection in real time, exhibiting great potential in flexible wearable electronics.
... Based on the literature review, the author according to the characteristics of the vibration signal of rotating machinery studies the principle of wavelet threshold denoizing, the lifting wavelet transform is applied to the purification and denoizing of the axis trajectory [22]. The survey of literature presents the decomposition of the existing wavelet filter into basic building blocks and completes the integer transformation of the wavelet step by step. ...
This article addresses the challenge of large error rate and low accuracy of the vibration signal collection of mechanical equipment failure, and proposes a mechanical equipment failure vibration signal collection and analysis based on computer simulation detection. Then, it uses the Kalman filter algorithm for data filtering, according to the mathematical model established by the system, thus choosing a suitable noise covariance calculation method. In the integration process after filtering, using a piecewise integration method between acceleration peaks, the integration calculation is optimized to obtain the vibration displacement. The simulation results of this article show the vibration data collected by the main controller, after Kalman filtering and piecewise trapezoidal integration method optimization. The error of the proposed method is 0.5% when the frequency is 80 Hz, relative to the displacement measurement method of the three-axis acceleration sensor at 8.3%, and the error of data calculation results is greatly reduced. The greater the amplitude of vibration, the smaller the error. This method significantly improves the accuracy of vibration signal collection of mechanical equipment.
... This facilitates enhancement of bandwidth and improvement in impedance matching, particularly at higher frequencies. For a particular dimension of the radiating patch, grooving notches/slots on the surface will be responsible for the variation of the current distribution that leads to variation in current path length and transfer of resonant frequencies [29]. The smaller bandwidth is the limitation of traditional antennas that can be overcome by utilizing slotted UWB antennas that show improvement in terms of bandwidth enhancement and size miniaturization [30]. ...
... The actual net power into the antenna is mitigated as some portion of electromagnetic energy got reflected back to the antenna due to mismatch between antenna and connecting feed source. Antenna gain can be expressed as sum of directivity and total efficiency in dB [29]. Figure 3 presents simulated radiation efficiency plot for FR4 based design. ...
The design and development of a small-sized, high gain ultra wide band (UWB) antenna based on different substrate materials are presented for on body wireless body area network (WBAN) applications. In the present scenario, on-body wearable antennas wave propagation and radiation pattern characteristics have been rigorously explored for study along with the growth of wireless body area networks. The major focus of the presented work is to perform comparative analysis of different substrate materials on performance of a novel, small sized, high gain UWB antenna design suitable for on body WBAN applications. The comparative investigation of the effect of different substrates materials i.e. FR4, Jeans, Rubber, Fleece, Polyester and Rogers RT 5880 on the designed antenna performance for has been performed. The FR4 substrate material found to optimum for proposed UWB antenna that has an overall measurement of 30 mm × 35 mm × 1.2 mm, possesses a large impedance bandwidth of 119.3%, and exhibits high gain and directivity. The peak measured gain and directivity are realized as 6.0 dB and 6.739 dBi respectively at 11.1 GHz. The performance parameters results of designed and fabricated antenna have been investigated and found to be in good compliance. The simulation and evaluation outcomes of the fabricated antenna demonstrate the suitability of the presented FR4 based antenna for WBAN utilization to be operable for communication in the UWB band.
... f H −f L f H +f L [5], is more than 0.20, ...
... here f H & f L are the higher and lower S 11 bandwidths. The FCC has approved the frequency spectrum ranging from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz for UWB networks for commercial usage [5]. There are two major methodologies to developing an UWB system: (1) Multi-band orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing ultra-wideband (MB-OFDM UWB) and (2) Impulse-radio ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) [6]. ...
This paper suggests the implementation of artificial neural networks (ANNs) as a tool to design and optimize antenna for WBAN applications. Substrate selection plays a crucial role in antenna design. The substrates used in this work are RT 5880, Quartz, Rubber, RT 6010, FR-4. Further, a dataset of 198 samples has been trained and validated using the scaled conjugate gradient algorithm. The geometry of antenna is obtained as the function of input variables which are height of dielectric substrate (Hs), dielectric constant of the substrates (εr), and width & height of feed. The impedance of the antenna is used as the output variable. To optimize the design attributes of the antenna, ANN is implemented, and the mean squared error value of 0.11123 is obtained for RT 5880 as substrate having dielectric constant of 2.2 with the substrate height 3.2 mm, the width of feed 1.7 mm, and feed thickness of 0.35 mm, which are used in designing the optimized antenna. The dimensions of the antenna are 34 × 34 × 3.65 mm³. The resonant frequency for the optimized design is obtained at 6.415 & 8.999 GHz, with a gain of 4.051 dBi & 4.457 dBi, respectively, and S11 of −25.8842 dB & −18.734 dB, respectively. S11 is the reflection coefficient of an antenna that quantifies how much power is an antenna reflects. When designing an antenna, the process of selecting the substrate material and design parameters can take a long time. With the help of ANN, as discussed in this research work, the design parameters and substrate material that can provide better performance can be selected in less time, which will benefit the design engineer.
... Microstrip patch antennas have concentrated in advanced wireless communication systems due to low-profile, low cost and integrate with MIC circuits [1]. These antennas are essential for wireless devices such as mobile phones, modem and biomedical devices. ...
A low-profile substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity-backed antenna loaded with slots is presented for multiband operations. This antenna is designed by loading a rectangular and square-shaped slot onto a rectangular SIW cavity for multiband radiation. The slots are created inside the rectangular cavity to induce a hybrid mode (i.e. \({\text{TE}}_{110} + {\text{TE}}_{120}\)), which supports to radiate a lower resonance frequency. The rectangular slot is used to excite \({\text{TE}}_{120}\) mode at 5.21 GHz, while square-shaped slot excites hybrid mode at 2.21 GHz. This hybrid mode is obtained by coupling the cavity modes \({\text{TE}}_{110}\) and \({\text{TE}}_{120}\) through the metallized via-holes. The designed antenna yields multiband response owing to resonant slots when governed by the inset microstrip feedline. The operating modes are explained with the help of mode theory mechanism. The fabricated antenna comprises with dimensions 30 \(\times\) 30 \(\times\) 1.6 mm3, which is printed on a low-cost Flame Retardant-4 dielectric substrate. To verify the simulated counterparts, the fabricated antenna has been tested, which offers a fractional bandwidth of 6.9% (2.10–2.25 GHz) in the hybrid mode at 2.18 GHz, 8.4% (3.35–3.64 GHz) in the \({\text{TE}}_{110}\) mode at 3.45 GHz and 10.8% (5.04–5.61 GHz) in the \({\text{TE}}_{120}\) mode at 5.26 GHz with suitable far-field pattern.
In this article, the antenna performance of a novel cavity-backed triangular slot-based substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) antenna is explored by gain, S-parameters, and radiation pattern. SIW approaches are low-cost, small-scale, and easy to integrate into a planer circuit. The planned antenna construction is built on a Roger RT 5880 substrate of 1.57 mm thickness, 2.2 dielectric constant, and 0.0009 as tangent loss. The suggested antenna is fed by a tapered, meandering-shaped CPW-to-SIW transition that has superior electrical performance. CST Microwave Studio was used to design this antenna. Simulated findings reveal that the suggested antenna may achieve gain and directivity of 3.107 dB and 8.316 dBi at 16.461 GHz center frequency, and 5.644 dB gain and 10.14 dBi directivity at 17.636 GHz, respectively. The proposed antenna is small, has a plain structure, and can be employed in a diversity of Ku band applications.
