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Wireless power transfer devices are becoming more relevant and widespread. Therefore, an article is devoted to a review, analysis and comparison of compensation topologies for an inductive power transfer. A new classification of topologies is developed. A lot of attention is paid to the problems of the physical fundamentals of compensation work, st...
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Context 1
... order to visualize and improve the perception of information, based on the results of the comparison Table 5, a petal diagram comparing the basic features of the basic topologies is constructed (Fig.12). The larger the number in the diagram (further from the center) and the larger the area of the figure is, the better will be the topology in comparison with others. ...Context 2
... effectiveness of the whole system increases with an increase in the coupling coefficient [94]. Table 5 presents a comparison of topologies based on the main parameters described in this section. For example, the table can be seen without an analysis of analytical expressions that if there is a parallel compensating capacitor on a certain side, then it depends on the change in the coupling coefficient and load. ...Similar publications
Recently, the magnetic coupling wireless power transfer technology has been attracting a lot of attention and is expected to have a wide range of applications in the electrical equipment around us. On the other hand, there have been reports on the application of metamaterials for the purpose of improving antenna gain and suppressing mutual coupling...
An original fully textile combiner is proposed to power supply sensors close to a body with only one centralized source of energy like a smartphone, for instance. A solution is provided for taking into account the requirements of an industrial production process that need to minimize needle movements during an embroidery process. Moreover, the pape...
The electric vehicle (EV) is the future of the modern automotive industry. However, the transmission performance of traditional wireless charging is highly influenced by the misalignment error between the transmitter and the receiver. This paper proposes a maximum power control method for the multiple transmitter coil wireless charging system, whic...
Laser‐based wireless power transmission (LWPT) systems are one of the most promising systems in the long‐range wireless power transfer field. However, few studies have focused on the efficiency characteristics of LWPT systems. Therefore, most LWPT systems are open‐loop systems, making it difficult to best utilise their lasers and photovoltaic cells...
![Figure 1: Mutual Inductive Principle [5].](profile/Liman-Goje/publication/351035500/figure/fig1/AS:1025845825114112@1621592112677/Mutual-Inductive-Principle-5_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 2: Configuration of magnetic resonant [3].](profile/Liman-Goje/publication/351035500/figure/fig2/AS:1025845825126413@1621592112717/Configuration-of-magnetic-resonant-3_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 3: An illustration of Radio frequency transmission [11].](profile/Liman-Goje/publication/351035500/figure/fig3/AS:1025845825114113@1621592112758/An-illustration-of-Radio-frequency-transmission-11_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 4: Simple inductive coupling transmission diagram [13].](profile/Liman-Goje/publication/351035500/figure/fig4/AS:1025845825126414@1621592112781/Simple-inductive-coupling-transmission-diagram-13_Q320.jpg)
Citations
... The PS and PP networks are not userfriendly due to their transmitter-side input current source requirement. The proper selection of the compensation elements ensures the soft switching of the inverters' semiconductor switches for complete charging and improves the power transfer efficiency of the charging coupler [9]. So, the high-frequency operation effectively utilizes the MOSFETs' low on-state resistance and reduces the conduction losses. ...
Recent developments in dynamic wireless charging (DWC) show suitable supportive technology to eliminate barriers to electric vehicle (EV) growth. However, the installation cost of DWC brings a significant hurdle for the implementation. Using multileg inverter topology at the transmitter reduces the number of switching devices and enables to sequentially energize the coil based on the vehicle position. However, the EV charging system requires a constant charging profile throughout the charging process. The existing systems are studied for the conventional full bridge inverter with different combinations of hybrid resonators to achieve constant charging. This article investigates and proposes the S-LCC/SP-compensated constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) system for multilegged inverter-fed DWC system. The compensated system achieves a load-independent constant charging profile with fewer components than the existing approaches. Also, the N-legged inverter reduces the power semiconductor switch count compared to a conventional H-bridge inverter. Moreover, the compensation system design considers the cross-coupling inductance of the transmitter pads to achieve resonance and single-resonant frequency-based CCCV charging without the need for receiver-side communication. The system is designed with a 350 V, 3.3 kW prototype to validate the charging process.
... Comparison between different fundamental second-order resonance architectures[14,50] ...
The resonance circuit's design has a major influence on the inductive electric vehicle (EV) charging system's performance and the distance between the primary and secondary inductive coils. If resonance circuitry is not included in an inductive power transfer (IPT) system, its performance suffers dramatically and its power transfer efficiency suffers significantly. Furthermore, the design of the resonance circuit has a major impact on the rating as well as the voltage and current strains on the semiconductor switches. The sequence, amplitude, and shape of the waveform are determined by the configuration of the energy storage components. The arrangement of these components is critical in defining how the inductive power transfer system behaves and operates. A few popular architectures play an important role in shaping how the system works. In this paper, the significance and effect of resonance circuits on the inductive charging of electric vehicles have been reviewed and discussed comprehensively. Furthermore, a detailed discussion was presented for the second-order resonance circuit, the higher-order resonance circuit, and the hybrid resonance circuit. Additionally, H-bridge resonant inverter topology was discussed and three main resonant architectures for the H-bridge inverter were studied inclusively. They include the inductor-capacitor-inductor (LCL) resonance architecture, switched inductor-capacitor (SLC) resonance architecture, and High-gain resonance architecture. Also, a comparison of these architectures was done and represented in tabular form. Lastly, an analysis of the effect of frequency variations in the resonant circuit architectures.
... The DC supply is obtained from the grid, which is supplied to the HF h-bridge inverter to convert it into AC. The primary and secondary capacitance act as a compensation network to improve the efficiency of power transfer [6,7]. ...
... The widespread integration of WPT technology requires careful consideration of various aspects and tradeoffs [7][8][9][10][11][12]. The first concern comes from the nature of WPT technology, which implies a gap between the receiver and the transmitter (usually the air gap) [13]. ...
... kHz, which is regulated by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Task Force's J2954 standard. It is recommended to set it to 85 kHz for electric vehicle (EV) applications [9]. ...
This study proposes an example of a wireless charging station design for a small-scale vehicle available on the market. The article analyzes basic transmitter inverter topologies and their compensation methods in terms of flexibility of control, tolerance to uncertainty in positioning, and the possibility of decreasing the integration price. Our comprehensive analysis focuses on the battery voltage range, energy capacity, cost, and travel distance. We evaluate the constraints of efficiency, transmitted power, amount of used material, and size of the energy delivery system based on our design example. The aim is to increase the penetration of wireless technology in terms of convenience and integration capabilities.
... Tā, piemē ram, TTA nosaka frekvenču diapazonu 19-21 kHz un 59-61 kHz BEP sistēmu lie tošanai smagā elektrotransporta (elektrotraktori, elektroautobusi utt.) statiskai vai dinamiskai bateriju bezvadu uzlādei. [25] Savukārt Japānā aktīvi darbojas Radio Industrijas un Biznesa asociācija (Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB)), kas izstrādāja standartu rezonanses induktīvām BEP sistēmām ar jau du līdz 7,7 kW un standartu kapacitīvām BEP sistēmām ar nominālo jaudu līdz 100 W. [25] ARIB pieļauj kapacitīvām BEP sistēmām darboties frekvenču diapa zonā 425-524 kHz. [25] Ņemot vērā, ka BEP sistēmu izstarotie EM lauki var būt kaitīgi cilvēka orga nismam, izstrādājot BEP sistēmas, jāņem vērā arī Starptautiskās komisijas aiz sardzībai pret nejonizējošo starojumu (SKANS) 18 ...
... Tā, piemē ram, TTA nosaka frekvenču diapazonu 19-21 kHz un 59-61 kHz BEP sistēmu lie tošanai smagā elektrotransporta (elektrotraktori, elektroautobusi utt.) statiskai vai dinamiskai bateriju bezvadu uzlādei. [25] Savukārt Japānā aktīvi darbojas Radio Industrijas un Biznesa asociācija (Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB)), kas izstrādāja standartu rezonanses induktīvām BEP sistēmām ar jau du līdz 7,7 kW un standartu kapacitīvām BEP sistēmām ar nominālo jaudu līdz 100 W. [25] ARIB pieļauj kapacitīvām BEP sistēmām darboties frekvenču diapa zonā 425-524 kHz. [25] Ņemot vērā, ka BEP sistēmu izstarotie EM lauki var būt kaitīgi cilvēka orga nismam, izstrādājot BEP sistēmas, jāņem vērā arī Starptautiskās komisijas aiz sardzībai pret nejonizējošo starojumu (SKANS) 18 ...
... [25] Savukārt Japānā aktīvi darbojas Radio Industrijas un Biznesa asociācija (Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB)), kas izstrādāja standartu rezonanses induktīvām BEP sistēmām ar jau du līdz 7,7 kW un standartu kapacitīvām BEP sistēmām ar nominālo jaudu līdz 100 W. [25] ARIB pieļauj kapacitīvām BEP sistēmām darboties frekvenču diapa zonā 425-524 kHz. [25] Ņemot vērā, ka BEP sistēmu izstarotie EM lauki var būt kaitīgi cilvēka orga nismam, izstrādājot BEP sistēmas, jāņem vērā arī Starptautiskās komisijas aiz sardzībai pret nejonizējošo starojumu (SKANS) 18 ...
Chapter 1 of this book presents standards, classification and history of wireless power transfer as well as a description of the parameters of wireless power transfer systems. Chapter 2 is devoted to an overview of wireless power transfer techniques. Major attention is focused on the resonant-inductive wireless power transfer. In Chapter 3, resonant-inductive wireless battery charging systems are discussed. The book can be useful for electronics, electrical and power engineering students. It may also be interesting to school students who study enhanced physics courses and to other people interested in power transfer and conversion.
... Modified compensation network topologies were suggested by researchers to attain constant current and voltage (CC and CV) [36,37]. These hybrid topologies ensure the CCCV charging modes with changes in the state of the battery parameters. ...
... The LCC-LCC network ensures the CC mode, whereas LCC-S ensures the CV mode [43]. The ASW controls mode shifting with respect to the battery parameters [37]. The optimal tuning of the compensation network ensures the soft-switching of the high-frequency high-power (HF-HP) inverter. ...
The surge in demand for eco-friendly transportation and electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure necessitates innovative solutions. This study proposed a novel approach to charging slow-moving vehicles, prioritizing efficiency and minimizing output pulsation. Central to the research is the development of a receiver-side power-regulated constant charging system, focusing on power regulation and maintaining consistent charging parameters. This system integrates a receiver-side pulse density-modulated active bridge rectifier, dynamically adjusting driving pulse density to regulate delivered power. Additionally, a receiver-side reconfigurable compensation network ensures constant current and voltage delivery to the charging device, eliminating the need for an additional D.C.-D.C. converter. A 3.3 kW charging structure employing a multi-leg inverter topology and energizing four ground-side transmitter pads exemplifies the proposed approach. The vertical air gap of charging pads is 150 mm, and the system achieves a maximal efficiency of 93.4%. This innovative strategy holds significant promise for advancing sustainable transportation infrastructure and meeting the evolving demands of the EV market.
... The resonant network primarily consists of reactive elements, with capacitors being the main component. Resonant networks are categorized into nine basic types based on the series or parallel connection of capacitors [6], with four (S-S, S-P, P-S and P-P) being extensively studied and considered to be mainstream topologies [7][8][9]. Adopting a closed-loop control strategy in prior studies has essentially solved the problem of frequency tracking. However, the coupling between the converter and the resonant network persists, requiring switching points at current zero crossings, which complicates system control. ...
The coupling of converters with resonant networks poses significant challenges for frequency tracking and power control in inductive power transfer (IPT) systems. This paper presents an implementation method that addresses these issues by dividing the system’s operation into two distinct states: self-oscillating and power-injecting. Based on these states, a phase-closed loop is constructed. Within this closed loop, the phase tracking unit detects and tracks frequency drift, while the power regulating unit incorporates an integrator and adopts a control variable to adjust the output power by modifying the duration of the power injecting state. Meanwhile, the oscillating unit operates in the self-oscillating state. Operating in this manner, the system achieves self-oscillation and demonstrates the capability to effectively track and compensate for system variations within a single cycle. A verification prototype has been constructed, and it demonstrates that the converter within it completely decoupled from the resonant network. Experimental results validate that altering the control variable solely affects the duration of the power-injecting state, allowing for independent control of the output power. When the control variable changes from 2.0 V to 3.5 V, the output power changes from 178 W to 519 W while the self-oscillating state remains unchanged. Furthermore, the system accurately tracks frequency changes, even under significant variations in the coupling coefficient or load, without compromising the power injection state. When the air gap changes from 3 cm to 12 cm, the duration of the self-oscillating state changes from 22.1 μs to 26.3 μs, while the power injecting state remains unchanged. This approach exhibits a robust performance, particularly suitable for dynamic IPT systems sensitive to parameter variations.
... The research is carried out for the wireless charging system with LC-series compensating topology as it provides the best power transfer ratio [26] and the resonant frequency is minimally sensitive to the mutual inductance [27][28][29][30] ...
The intensive development of electric vehicles contributes to advancing battery charging systems. One of the promising areas is wireless charging systems based on inductive power transfer. However, parameter optimization of the resonant circuit's inductances and capacitances can affect the wireless charging system's efficiency. This paper aims to optimize the constraint efficiency of wireless charging systems with LC-series compensating topology at a given resonant frequency and a given distance between transmitting and receiving coils. The constraints reflect dimensional restrictions on coils, ensuring transferred power is within an input voltage limit and limiting excess voltages on components. A mathematical model is used that assumes load as active resistance, no loss besides the ohm one, and the idealized inverter, rectifier, and power supply. The optimization criteria include four components: (1) the efficiency function ξ 1 to be maximized; (2) the constraint function ξ 2 determining the amount of transferred power to be lower limited; (3) and (4) the constraint functions ξ 3 and ξ 4 determining the excess voltage on the primary and secondary capacitors that to be upper limited. The dependencies are established using a frequency domain to describe each component of the optimization criteria on the resonant circuit parameters of the wireless charging systems. Due to complexity, some resonant circuit parameters are treated as constants in the given circumstance and discarded. Next, the dependencies between the rest of the parameters are obtained using Chebyshev polynomial approximation through the least-squares method, reducing the parameters to the coil inductance L. Moreover, the dependencies ξ 1 (L)～ ξ 4 (L) are compared with their boundary conditions. Thus, the resonant circuit parameters that fulfill optimization criteria are theoretically obtained. The presented constrained efficiency optimization is validated using the specially-made wireless charging system for the electric truck ET−20132. Addressing various sources of loss, including those caused by the skin effect, transistors in the high-frequency inverter, diodes in the high-voltage bridge rectifier, and control schemes, is considered. Comparison of experiments and theoretical analysis shows good convergence at the resonant frequency 91.3 kHz, with acceptable deviations beyond the frequency range (approximately below 88 kHz and beyond 96 kHz). The wireless charging system normally operates within the frequency range of 91.3 kHz to 92.5 kHz, where the experimental load current
... The selection of the S-S topology is based on its capacity to optimize power transfer, minimize energy losses, and improve charging efficiency [30,31]. This topology employs high-frequency resonant converters for efficient long-distance power transfer, reducing the size and weight of systems for compact EVs. ...
The current electric vehicles (EVs) market is experiencing significant expansion, underscoring the need to address challenges associated with the limited driving range of EVs. A primary focus in this context is the improvement of the wireless charging process. To contribute to this research area, this study introduces a circular spiral coil design that incorporates transceiver coils. First, an in-depth analysis is conducted using Ansys Maxwell software to assess the effectiveness of the proposed solution through the magnetic field distribution, inductance properties, and mutual inductance between receiver and transmitter coils. In the next step, a direct shielding technique is applied, integrating a ferrite core bar to reduce power leakage and enhance power transmission efficiency. The ferrite magnetic shielding guides magnetic field lines, resulting in a significant reduction in flux leakage and improved power transmission. Lastly, a magnetic resonance series (SS) compensation wireless system is developed to achieve high coupling efficiency and superior performance. The system's effectiveness is evaluated through co-simulation using Ansys Simplorer software. The results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed solution, showing its ability to transmit 3.6 kilowatts with a success rate approaching 99%. This contribution significantly advances the development of wireless charging systems for electric vehicles, addressing concerns and promoting global adoption.
... The goal is to use coils with the highest possible quality factor. The expression for the quality factor is given in the following expressions (11) & (12) with inductance of primary or transmitter pad (LTr), inductance of secondary or receiver pad (LRr), Source resistance (RS) and Load resistance (RL), Quality factor of primary coil (QT) and secondary or receiver coil (QR) [100,101]. ...
... To overcome these challenges, multiple elements can be used in series-parallel combinations to create more effective compensation methods. Which includes integrated basic topologies such as P-PS, SP-S, and S-SP [100]. In addition to this multiple component compensations were also used to improve the features like harmonic suppressing, constant voltage, constant current, voltage regulation, cost minimization, etc. ...
... However, the authors cautioned against the use of LCL-S in situations that may lead to a short circuit as it may result in a high level of secondary side current, which is undesirable. For the better understanding the characteristics of the fundamental compensation topologies, (SS, SP, PP, PS) a petal diagram Figure 18 has been constructed based on the results analyzed in [99,100,110]. In this article author analyzed all type of basic compensation topologies in WPT system which having weak coupling between transmitter and receiver coil with Class-E converter at 1 MHz frequency and suggested the SS topology offers highest efficiency. ...
The increasing Electric Vehicle (EV) market is driven by the desire for more efficient and reliable approaches to recharge EV batteries. Among various charging methodologies for EVs, Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) has gained more attention from EV users due to its features such as safety, low maintenance, comfort, automated operation, and reliability. The innovative WPT method replaces the conductive charging system while maintaining a similar power rating and efficiency. Numerous strategies have been devised to enhance the efficiency and reliability of the WPT model. The primary challenge in WPT is reduction in power transfer efficiency (PTE) as the gap between the coils is increased. Also, the improvement in the PTE depends on various design parameters of the WPT circuit. Therefore, this review article thoroughly investigates recent significant research literatures that explains WPT technology and tailored towards enhancement of PTE. The investigation is carried on various coil configurations, converter topologies and different critical factors to improve PTE such as impedance matching, compensation techniques. Moreover, the research gaps in WPT technology and future scope suitable for static, quasi-dynamic, and dynamic charging methods are presented. This research can play a crucial role in assisting developers in selecting an optimal design to enhance the WPT system.
