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Small Air Transport (SAT) is emerging as the most suitable transportation means in order to allow efficient travel over a regional range, in particular for commuters, based on the use of small airports. The vehicles that are comprised under the SAT domain are usually fixed wing aircraft with 5 to 19 seats or similar cargo vehicles, belonging to the...
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![Figure 2. AWAS high-level architecture [29].](profile/Vittorio-Di-Vito/publication/348897848/figure/fig2/AS:995818886676482@1614433132771/AWAS-high-level-architecture-29_Q320.jpg)
Small Air Transport (SAT) is emerging as suitable transportation means in order to allow efficient travel over a regional range, in particular for commuters, based on the use of small airports and fixed wing aircraft with 5 to 19 seats, belonging to the EASA CS-23 category. The affordability of the SAT industry needs to be supported by the availabi...
![Figure 2. AWAS high-level architecture [29].](profile/Vittorio-Di-Vito/publication/344563826/figure/fig2/AS:944718447919104@1602249838007/AWAS-high-level-architecture-29_Q320.jpg)
Small Air Transport (SAT) is emerging as suitable transportation means in order to allow efficient travel over a regional range, in particular for commuters, based on the use of small airports and fixed wing aircraft with 5 to 19 seats, belonging to the EASA CS-23 category. The affordability of the SAT industry needs to be supported by the availabi...
Citations
... The GNSS receiver achieves its remarkable capabilities by operating in dual-frequency mode, harnessing signals from internationally protected aeronautical radio navigation services (ARNS) bands, specifically L1 and L5. Additionally, it seamlessly processes signals from various satellite constellations, including but not limited to Galileo, BeiDou, and GLONASS [15]. ...
... As we delve deeper into this chapter, we will uncover the intricacies of HIE technology, exploring its potential to revolutionize aircraft systems and redefine the aviation landscape. From compact design to wireless connectivity, we will witness how HIE is poised to shape the future of aviation, bringing about a new era of smarter, more efficient aircraft operations [15]. ...
The paper describes research and development activities under Clean Sky 2 Cost optimized Avionic System (COAST) program. The main goal of this development was to deliver technology enablers at TRL 5 for affordable cockpit and avionics. The target segment for the technology enablers is aircraft with 1 to 19 passengers and small cargo aircraft belonging to CS-23 category. The main aim is to provide overall summer during the whole COAST program development per individual technology. Sections are divided per each technology with their results and overall contribution to the program. The Clean Sky 2 COAST program covered the development of following technologies: Cockpit Architecture SAT avionic system architecture, Flight Management Tactical Separation System (TSS), Advanced Weather Awareness System (AWAS), Flight Reconfiguration System (FRS), Navigation and Surveillance Dual Frequency Multi-Constellation GNSS Receiver (GNSS), Low-cost Integrated Navigation System (NAV), Affordable Integrated Surveillance System (SURV), Platform technologies Compact Computing Platform (CCP), High Integrity Electronics for health monitoring (HIE), Integrated Mission Management System Integrated Mission Management System (IMMS). These technologies were part of several flight test campaigns which took place in the Czech Republic with Evektor company using EV-55 aircraft.
... These benefits are particularly evident when considering the possibility of implementing regional transportation in countries where the economic development level and/or the geographical constraints prevent the use of other competitive transportation means, such as trains. lt has to be considered, indeed, that the construction of railways on a regional extent is far more expensive than the use of small even if remote airports, especially where the geographic morphology is an additional obstacle for the implementation of railways [1]. In the SAT framework, the COAST project develops both individual technologies (Tactical Separation System [2] [3], Flight Reconfiguration System [4] and Advanced Weather Awareness System [5] [6] [7]) and the Integrated Mission Management System enabling autonomous mission management in all flight phases for Small Air Transport (SAT). ...
This paper is focused on the design, implementation and validation, in the MATLAB/Simulink/Stateflow environment, of a software prototype, named Automation Logic Supervisor (ALS) module, for the internal execution logic automation of the various systems constituting an Integrated Mission Management System (IMMS). The Automation Logic Supervisor module has been developed by CIRA as a part of a thesis work within the international project COAST (Cost Optimized Avionics System), funded by the European Union in the framework of the Clean Sky 2 - Systems ITD Programme, in which CIRA is a core partner. In the paper, after an introduction about the operational framework and motivations of the ALS design, it is described the preliminary conceptual design of the module, emphasizing the various considered logical states and their connections and associated transition conditions. Then, the implementation of the ALS as preliminary software prototype in Matlab/Simulink/Stateflow environment is outlined. Finally, the numerical validation of the ALS model is described, by outlining the considered test scenarios, which have been on purpose defined to stimulate all the ALS finite state machine modelled transitions, and reporting the results of the numerical simulations that show the correct behavior of the ALS, whose development successfully reached TRL 3.
... The SAT concept is now addressed in terms of research and development of solutions allowing single pilot operations, having the potential to ease the introduction of this aviation transport paradigm as a relevant industry [4] [5]. In this framework, in order to reduce the single pilot workload, the Detect and Avoid technologies are fundamental and are also more relevant in case of delegation of the separation responsibility to the flight segment, as envisaged under specific circumstances by the SESAR ATM Target Concept [6]. ...
In this paper, an automatic ADS-B based system for Separation Assurance (at tactical level) and Collision Avoidance (at emergency level) and for enhanced Remote Pilot’s Situational Awareness is conceptually presented and the numerical results of the application of the designed system to conflict and collision scenarios with respect to surrounding traffic are presented and discussed. The test results address some numerical validation campaigns carried out by means of fast-time simulations in Matlab/Simulink software environment. In the paper, therefore, first the conceptual design of the proposed system is reported and, then, the description is provided of the numerical validation campaigns that have been carried out, with particular reference and specific details about some relevant test cases. The obtained results are reported and discussed, in order to emphasize the performances and limitations of the proposed system and to indicate the ideas for its further development and improvement. Both Collision Avoidance and Traffic Avoidance (Self-Separation) tests are considered in the paper, in order to provide an outline of the proposed system functionalities and of the overall coordination of the different functions that have been implemented in the system.
... The project, started in the year 2016, aims to tackle the SAT challenge and to deliver key technology enablers for the affordable cockpit and avionics, while also enabling the single pilot operations for small aircraft. In this project, the research and developments activities are carried out addressing some enabling technologies for the implementation of the SAT vehicles single pilot operations [9] [10] and, among these technologies, the Tactical Separation System (TSS) is considered [11] [12]. ...
This paper provides the conceptual description of the Tactical Separation System (TSS) which design is ongoing in the EU funded project COAST (Cost Optimized Avionics System), under the Clean Sky 2 research and development programme. The TSS is an ADS-B-based advanced self-separation system aimed to extend the traffic situational awareness and to provide the pilot with suggested manoeuvres aimed to maintain the required separation minima. It constitutes not only an enabler for single-pilot operations in SAT vehicles and for the implementation of the separation responsibility delegation to the flight segment in the future SESAR environment, but it also constitutes a step-forward in the framework of the development of Airborne Separation Assurance Systems (ASAS) for Small Aircraft. The TSS receives consolidated traffic picture (position and velocity of all tracks) from the ADS-B receiver and its own position and velocity from the GNSS receiver, all consolidated by dedicated traffic data processing application. Based on this overall information, the TSS perform its main assigned functions, i.e. Conflict Detection and Conflict Resolution. In the paper, a description is first reported of the overall TSS architecture and of its concept of operations. Based on that, an overview of each functionality implemented in the TSS is reported, namely with reference to: Coarse Filtering, Conflict Detection, Severity Assignment, Conflict Resolution and overall TSS Logic. Finally, the design process that is ongoing is outlined and the future developments are indicated.
... In such a situation, a solution to increase mobility capabilities would be to implement the extensive use of regional small airports, which are numerous in those areas, by wide number of SAT vehicles that would be piloted under single pilot operations to reduce flight costs and the needed number of qualified crew. In such a framework, research activities are ongoing under the transversal SAT work package in the Clean Sky 2 EU-funded program, including activities specifically devoted to design of enabling technologies for single pilot operations in SAT vehicles that are carried out in the Cost Optimized Avionic System (COAST) project [4,5]. In this framework, in order to reduce the single pilot workload, detect and avoid technologies are fundamental and also more relevant in the case of the delegation of the separation responsibility to the flight segment, as envisaged under specific circumstances by the SESAR (Single European Sky ATM Research) air traffic management (ATM) Target Concept [6]. ...
... Further improvements of the ASACAS are still ongoing in the framework of the EATS project [25,26], benefitting from the additional experience and know-how gained by CIRA in several international projects both completed (e.g., the EDA-funded project MIDCAS: Mid-Air Collision Avoidance System [27,28]) and currently ongoing (e.g., the Clean Sky 2-funded project COAST [4,5,7,8]). Such improvements were focused on the improvement of the algorithms for detection and resolution and not on any change of the sensor for traffic detection, which remains the ADS-B IN to address cooperative traffic detection. ...
Remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS) are increasingly becoming relevant actors that are flying through the airspace and will gain much more importance in the future. In order to allow for their safe integration with manned conventional traffic in non-segregated airspaces, in accordance with the overall air traffic management (ATM) paradigm, specific enabling technologies are needed. As is well known, the detect and avoid (DAA) technology is fundamental among the enabling technologies identified as crucial for RPAS integration into the overall ATM system. In the meantime, to support extended surveillance, the universal introduction of cooperative automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) on-board aircraft is being increasingly implemented because it has the potential to allow for the coverage of the entire airspaces in remote areas not usually covered by conventional radar surveillance. In this paper, experimental results that were obtained through the real-time validation, with hardware and human in the loop (RTS-HIL) simulations, of an automatic ADS-B based separation assurance and collision avoidance system aimed to support RPAS automatic operations (as well as remote pilot decision making) are presented and discussed. In the paper, after an introductory outline of the concept of operations (ConOps) of the system and its architectural organization, in addition to basic information about the main system functionalities, a description of the tests that were carried out is reported, and the obtained results are described and discussed in order to emphasize the performance and limitations of the proposed system. In particular, the obtained quantitative performances are reported and commented on, and the feedback presented by pilots in order to improve the system, e.g., in terms of preferred typology of conflict resolution maneuver elaborated by the system, is described.
... In such a situation, a solution to increase the mobility capabilities in such areas would be the one of implementing extensive use of regional small airports, which in those areas are numerous, by wide number of SAT vehicles, which would be piloted under single pilot operations to reduce the flight costs and the needed number of qualified crew. In such framework, research activities are ongoing under the transversal SAT work package in Clean Sky 2 EU funded programme, such as the ones specifically devoted to design of enabling technologies for single pilot operations in SAT vehicles that are carried out in the COAST project [4][5]. In this framework, in order to reduce the single pilot workload the Detect and Avoid technologies are fundamental and are also more relevant in case of delegation of the separation responsibility to the flight segment, as envisaged under specific circumstances by the SESAR ATM Target Concept [6]. ...
... The ASACAS system, therefore, provides the RPAS with the following automatic capabilities: assistance to Separation Assurance, to perform separation maneuver, when required, to remain well clear of other traffic aircraft; Collision Avoidance; enhanced Situational Awareness, providing Traffic information to allow the RPAS pilot to build his situational awareness related to the surrounding traffic, as enhancement of the Remote Pilot traffic supervision; provision of compatibility information between the ASACAS system and the TCAS operations foreseen in case of proximity between the ownship and a TCAS-equipped aircraft; provision of an automation logic that coordinates and sequences all the functionalities, based on the risk associated to the surrounding aircraft, and processes the possible remote pilot inputs received through the dedicated HMI implemented in the Remote Pilot Station (RPS). Further improvements of the ASACAS system are still ongoing in the framework of the EATS project [25][26], benefitting, in addition, from the additional experience and know-how gained by CIRA in several international projects, both completed (as for instance the EDA funded project MIDCAS, Mid-Air Collision Avoidance System [27][28]) and currently ongoing (as for instance the Clean Sky 2 funded project COAST, Cost Optimized Avionic System [4][5][7][8]). ...
Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) are increasingly becoming relevant actors flying through the airspace and will assume much more importance in the future perspective. In order to allow their safe integration with manned conventional traffic in non-segregated airspaces, in accordance with the overall Air Traffic Management (ATM) paradigm, specific enabling technologies are needed. As well known, among the enabling technologies identified as crucial for RPAS integration into the overall ATM system, the Detect and Avoid (DAA) technology is fundamental. In the meantime, to support extended surveillance, the universal introduction on-board of aircraft of cooperative Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast (ADS-B) is increasingly implemented, having the potential to allow coverage of the whole airspace also in remote areas not usually covered by conventional radar surveillance. In this paper, the experimental results are presented and discussed that have been obtained through the real-time validation, with hardware and human in the loop (RTS-HIL) simulations, of an automatic ADS-B based Separation Assurance and Collision Avoidance System aimed to support RPAS automatic operations as well as remote pilot decision making. In the paper, after an introductory outline of the Concept of Operations (ConOps) of the system and of its architectural organization, while also providing basic information about the main system functionalities, the description is reported of the tests that have been carried out and the obtained results are described and discussed, in order to emphasize the performances and limitations of the proposed system. In particular, not only the quantitative performances obtained are reported and commented but also the feedbacks received by the pilots in order to improve the system are described, for instance in terms of preferred typology of conflict resolution manoeuver elaborated by the system.
... In such a situation, a solution to increase the mobility capabilities in such areas would be the one of implementing extensive use of regional small airports, which in those areas are numerous, by wide number of SAT vehicles, which would be piloted under single pilot operations to reduce the flight costs and the needed number of qualified crew. In such framework, research activities are ongoing under the transversal SAT work package in Clean Sky 2 EU funded programme, such as the ones specifically devoted to design of enabling technologies for single pilot operations in SAT vehicles that are carried out in the COAST project [4][5]. In this framework, in order to reduce the single pilot workload the Detect and Avoid technologies are fundamental and are also more relevant in case of delegation of the separation responsibility to the flight segment, as envisaged under specific circumstances by the SESAR ATM Target Concept [6]. ...
... assistance to Separation Assurance, to perform separation maneuver, when required, to remain well clear of other traffic aircraft; Collision Avoidance; enhanced Situational Awareness, providing Traffic information to allow the RPAS pilot to build his situational awareness related to the surrounding traffic, as enhancement of the Remote Pilot traffic supervision; provision of compatibility information between the ASACAS system and the TCAS operations foreseen in case of proximity between the ownship and a TCAS-equipped aircraft; provision of an automation logic that coordinates and sequences all the functionalities, based on the risk associated to the surrounding aircraft, and processes the possible remote pilot inputs received through the dedicated HMI implemented in the Remote Pilot Station (RPS). Further improvements of the ASACAS system are still ongoing in the framework of the EATS project [25][26], benefitting, in addition, from the additional experience and know-how gained by CIRA in several international projects, both completed (as for instance the EDA funded project MIDCAS, Mid-Air Collision Avoidance System [27][28]) and currently ongoing (as for instance the Clean Sky 2 funded project COAST, Cost Optimized Avionic System [4][5][7][8]). ...
Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) are increasingly becoming relevant actors flying through the airspace and will assume much more importance in the future perspective. In order to allow their safe integration with manned conventional traffic in non-segregated airspaces, in accordance with the overall Air Traffic Management (ATM) paradigm, specific enabling technologies are needed. As well known, among the enabling technologies identified as crucial for RPAS integration into the overall ATM system, the Detect and Avoid (DAA) technology is fundamental. In the meantime, to support extended surveillance, the universal introduction on-board of aircraft of cooperative Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) is increasingly implemented, having the potential to allow coverage of the whole airspace also in remote areas not usually covered by conventional radar surveillance. In this paper, the experimental results are presented and discussed that have been obtained through the real-time validation, with hardware and human in the loop (RTS-HIL) simulations, of an automatic ADS-B based Separation Assurance and Collision Avoidance System aimed to support RPAS automatic operations as well as remote pilot decision making. In the paper, after an introductory outline of the Concept of Operations (ConOps) of the system and of its architectural organization, while also providing basic information about the main system functionalities, the description is reported of the tests that have been carried out and the obtained results are described and discussed, in order to emphasize the performances and limitations of the proposed system. In particular, not only the quantitative performances obtained are reported and commented but also the feedbacks received by the pilots in order to improve the system are described, for instance in terms of preferred typology of conflict resolution manoeuver elaborated by the system.
... Some additional details about the COAST project can be found in the dedicated introductory paper by Di Vito et al.(2017a), whereas a preliminary description of another of the COAST proposed technologies, namely the Tactical Separation System (TSS), can be found in the dedicated paper by Di Vito et al.(2017b). ...
... The COAST consortium worked on the identification of the most relevant enabling technologies for the design of affordable avionic system for the SAT vehicles cockpit. A detailed overview of all technologies addressed by COAST project are reported in Di Vito et al.(2017a). This paper focuses on one of the technologies under development: the Advanced Weather Awareness System (AWAS). ...
Small aircraft are the ideal transport mode for operations from regional airports. The project COAST (Cost Optimized Avionics SysTem), funded from the Clean Sky 2 Joint Undertaking in the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No CS2-SYS-ITD-GAM-2004-2015-01, has the aim to develop key technology enablers for the affordable cockpit and avionics in the area of small aircraft. In the framework of this project, an Advanced Weather Awareness System (AWAS) is under development: its main function is to present weather conditions to improve the pilot awareness when airborne. More specifically, it provides observed and forecasted data concerning meteorological hazards having potentially not negligible impact on the aircraft. The ambition of the system is to provide weather conditions along the path, integrating multiple data sources also including an advanced and user-friendly visualization. AWAS consists of different functional blocks. The Meteo Service Centre (MSC) is the ground segment and the core of the entire system: it gathers and consolidates observational data and forecasts provided by different data sources, such as in-situ and remote sensing measurements, output of numerical weather prediction models and websites. Data are transferred on board thanks to low-cost satellite communication. An On-Board Subsystem is used to manage these data and to visualize in an appropriate way the available weather data. The Satellite Communication System provides a bidirectional link between the ground segment and the on-board segment also permitting to provide to MSC the position and velocity vector of the aircraft. Hence, MSC can provide more targeted information pertinent to the real trajectory, reducing data volume. Extended functionality to be considered is transmission of weather data measured on-board back to the ground segment to increase its accuracy.
