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... makes use of various graphics to assist with its application of the livelihoods approach. Its core programming principles are shown in Figure 1. This graphic stresses the dynamic and iterative nature of the programming process as well as the importance of learning so that the household livelihood security focus ensures better overall programme quality. ...
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... Guided by theoretical frameworks of sustainable livelihoods [41], telecoupling [8] and socialecological systems [35], we hypothesize that the decision of sending remittance and the amount of remittance sent by an individual migrant are determined by factors across multiple levels. Personal attributes at the individual level include gender, age, education, and whether the migrant lives in cities outside the province, indicating the person's capability of pursuing economic opportunities. ...
Forests play a key role in the mitigation of global warming and provide many other vital ecosystem goods and services. However, as forest continues to vanish at an alarming rate from the surface of the planet, the world desperately needs knowledge on what contributes to forest preservation and restoration. Migration, a hallmark of globalization, is widely recognized as a main driver of forest recovery and poverty alleviation. Here, we show that remittance from migrants reinforces forest recovery that would otherwise be unlikely with mere migration, realizing the additionality of payments for ecosystem services for China’s largest reforestation policy, the Conversion of Cropland to Forest Program (CCFP). Guided by the framework that integrates telecoupling and coupled natural and human systems, we investigate forest-livelihood dynamics under the CCFP through the lens of rural out-migration and remittance using both satellite remote sensing imagery and household survey data in two representative sites of rural China. Results show that payments from the CCFP significantly increases the probability of sending remittance by out-migrants to their origin households. We observe substantial forest regeneration and greening surrounding households receiving remittance but forest decline and browning in proximity to households with migrants but not receiving remittance, as measured by forest coverage and the Enhanced Vegetation Index derived from space-borne remotely sensed data. The primary mechanism is that remittance reduces the reliance of households on natural capital from forests, particularly fuelwood, allowing forests near the households to recover. The shares of the estimated ecological and economic additionality induced by remittance are 2.0% (1.4%∼3.8%) and 9.7% (5.0%∼15.2%), respectively, to the baseline of the reforested areas enrolled in CCFP and the payments received by the participating households. Remittance-facilitated forest regeneration amounts to 12.7% (6.0%∼18.0%) of the total new forest gained during the 2003–2013 in China. Our results demonstrate that remittance constitutes a telecoupling mechanism between rural areas and cities over long distances, influencing the local social-ecological gains that the forest policy intended to stimulate. Thus, supporting remittance-sending migrants in cities can be an effective global warming mitigation strategy.
... The sustainable livelihood definition by Robert Chambers and Gordon Conway is the most acceptable for household livelihood definitions. Though they defined sustainable rural livelihood, this is the basis of the sustainable livelihood concept and illustration (Carney, 1999). Chambers & Conway (1991) described livelihood as the combination of capabilities, activities, and assets (stores, resources, claims, and access) essential for living. ...
... These agencies provided an SLA framework to implement their project and program according to their organization's goals and objectives (Lewins, 2004). But there is a slight difference among these agencies' approaches (Carney, 1999). Finally, DFID adopted SLA based on its acquired practical experience from the project management of three agencies. ...
In this time of pandemic, the teaching community is admirably and desperately
trying to avoid the crisis ‘tragedy of not earning’ in order to preserve their livelihood.
This article explored the non-government honours and master’s college teachers’
livelihoods from different perspectives during the COVID-19 to answer the four
research questions. Some reports published in the mass media were influenced by
the background of the study. Newspapers and TV channel reports mention that
teachers, especially non-government college teachers, in Bangladesh struggled a
lot in the COVID-19 pandemic due to their salary irregularities and termination.
These reports inspired researchers to conduct this study to explore the authentic
condition of their livelihood. This study employs a theoretical framework from
the DFID’s Sustainable Livelihood Approach in order to illustrate the livelihood
condition of teachers. This study employs a qualitative research paradigm based
on phenomonological case study methodology, with the theoretical framework
providing guidelines for in-depth interviews. Eight teachers from the eight�division of Bangladesh were interviewed. Due to the COVID-19 crisis, interviews
were conducted through mobile phones. An interpretative thematic analysis was
applied in this study. The study results show that teachers are in poor financial,
physical, social, natural, and human conditions, and COVID-19 has destroyed
their normalcy of life by causing insecurity, instability, and precarity. They are
compelled to struggle to meet their basic demands, concentrating on different
income-generating tasks rather than conducting classes. The government should
take the initiative to provide soft loans to teachers as an incentive to survive
in these emergencies. But the government should find sustainable solutions for
the betterment of these college teachers, such as nationalisation of the college
teachers or including them in the Monthly Payment Order (MPO) list
... The origins of livelihood capital can be traced back to the 1980s, when development economists began to realize that traditional economic indicators could not fully explain the complexity of poverty and development, and therefore proposed more comprehensive concepts (Drinkwater et al., 1999). The British Department for International Development (DFID) has included natural capital, physical capital, human capital, financial capital and social capital into the research category of livelihood capital (Drinkwater et al., 1999). ...
... The origins of livelihood capital can be traced back to the 1980s, when development economists began to realize that traditional economic indicators could not fully explain the complexity of poverty and development, and therefore proposed more comprehensive concepts (Drinkwater et al., 1999). The British Department for International Development (DFID) has included natural capital, physical capital, human capital, financial capital and social capital into the research category of livelihood capital (Drinkwater et al., 1999). Livelihood capital is the basis of sustainable livelihood analysis and the core of farm households' livelihood structure (Drinkwater et al., 1999). ...
... The British Department for International Development (DFID) has included natural capital, physical capital, human capital, financial capital and social capital into the research category of livelihood capital (Drinkwater et al., 1999). Livelihood capital is the basis of sustainable livelihood analysis and the core of farm households' livelihood structure (Drinkwater et al., 1999). ...
Tourism livelihood has become an essential livelihood decision for people to get rid of poverty. Under the background of the internet era, it is of great significance to study how ethnic village farm households can participate in tourism livelihood with the help of information capacity. Applying the Resource Orchestration Theory and taking Guolan Yao Village in Jiangyong County of Hunan Province as an example, this paper uses binary logistic regression model and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis method to explore the mechanism of farm households’ information capacity affecting their tourism livelihood. The findings are as follows: Firstly, in addition to financial capital, other livelihood capital and information capacity have a significant impact on farm households’ participation in tourism livelihood. Secondly, when financial capital is lacking, farm households in ethnic villages with information capacity can unite with human capital, social capital, natural capital or physical capital to make up for the non-existent defect of financial capital and help realize tourism livelihood. Thirdly, when human capital is lacking, farm households in ethnic villages with information capacity can make up for the absence of human capital by combining natural capital, financial capital and social capital to help realize tourism livelihood.
... The study adapted the Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF) developed by Carney et al. (1999) to understand climate change impacts and local community adaptation strategies in the Juaboso-Bia and Sefwi Wiawso (JBSW) landscape (Fig. 1). The SLF allows a holistic analysis of socio-economic and environmental factors affecting farming communities' vulnerability and adaptive capacities. ...
... Fig. 1Conceptual framework (adapted fromCarney et al., 1999) Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved. ...
Climate change is causing various impacts worldwide, including heat waves, droughts, floods, and pest infestations. Understanding how communities cope with predicted impacts and reduce vulnerability is crucial for designing effective policies that enhance their adaptive capacities. This study presents empirical evidence on how climate change manifests in cocoa-forest-dominated landscapes, its impacts, and the mechanisms communities in the Sefwi-Wiawso, Juaboso, and Bia West adopt to reduce their vulnerabilities. Data were collected through focus group discussions and face-to-face interview involving 97 respondents within the landscape. The results indicate that the most common climate change hazards in the area are drought, floods, wildfires, wind/rainstorms, excessive heat, and pest infestations. Women, who are primarily responsible for water fetching and fuelwood collection, were found to be particularly vulnerable. The study identifies various coping strategies and adaptation practices adopted by these communities. The integration of trees into farming practices was found to be the most prevalent coping strategy for both men and women. Other strategies include diversification into alternative livelihood activities, the establishment of early warning systems, and the cultivation of cash crops. The research highlights that adaptation strategies vary depending on the economic opportunities and priorities within different landscapes. While adaptive capacities already exist, they need to be further strengthened, and policies should support, rather than hinder, these capacities and strategies. Existing adaptation strategies also need to be recognized and reinforced through policies.
... The Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA), the functional name for the region, has a population of about 5.4 million, which makes it the most populated metropolitan area in Ghana (GSS 2021a, b, c, p. 35). Characterised by widening socio-spatial inequalities, poor planning, urban sprawl, and urban environmental problems (Okyere et al. 2021, p. 266), the region has become the centre of discussion on health and socio-economic issues Fig. 1 A conceptualisation of the differential Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic within the Sustainable Urban Livelihood Framework Source: Developed with inspiration from the DFID's Sustainable Livelihood Framework (see Carney et al. 1999;DFID 1999) Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved. ...
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a debilitating socio-economic impact on livelihoods across the world. Extant studies show that livelihood capitals in developing countries have been hard hit due to their vulnerability and the minimal support system available to help people respond to the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet the extent of the pandemic’s impact on livelihood capitals may not be the same for the various socio-demographic groups. Using quantitative techniques, this study examines the differential impact of the pandemic on the livelihood capitals of different socio-demographic groups in suburban Accra, Ghana. The study found significant differences in the pandemic’s impact on the livelihood capitals for various socio-demographic groups, such as gender, income, household sizes, and age groups. The findings show how framing the pandemic’s impacts through an urban livelihood capital-socio-demographic nexus lens enables a more complex, socially conscious, and locally placed understanding of the health risks. Furthermore, findings provide impetus for disaster interventions to transcend normative policies and practices that oversimplify disaster risks from a single vulnerability context and focus on at-risk groups.
... 'I can get a loan from any moneylender' recorded the highest positively correlated coefficient of 0.934 with increase rice output after the adoption. These findings are consistent with Carney et al. (1999) assertion that financial livelihood assets provide an individual with the necessary access to a range of livelihood options that are important for basic survival. ...
Livelihood assets which are considered and recognised for their life-supporting role contribute significantly and basically to the standard of living of people. These contributions as deemed more meaningful are considered necessary to farmers whenever an opportunity exists to diversify their investment. This study looked at how the benefits from increase in farmers' rice yield contribute to farmers ability to acquire livelihood assets to enhance their standard of living. A sample size of 265 from a population of 880 farmers trained by Japan International Cooperation Agency on sustainable rainfed low-land rice production technology was used. The objective was to establish how proceeds from rice sale influenced the acquisition of livelihood assets by farmers to support their standard of living. Using spearman rho correlation, it was found that a strong positive correlation exists between increase rice output and livelihood assets acquisition. It is recommended that the technology should be disseminated nationwide specially in low-land rice farming areas so that all farmers in the country could benefit. Int. J. Train. Dev. 2023;1-18. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ijtd | 1
... The independent variable in this study was livelihood capital. Livelihood capital is measured based on the five dimensions of the Sustainable Livelihood Analysis Framework developed by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) [51]. It categorizes livelihood capital into five distinct dimensions. ...
Enhancing the subjective well-being of new professional farmers is a crucial issue in China’s rural revitalization for modernization. This study was based on sample survey data collected in August 2020 by the Industrial Development Research Group at Xi’an Jiaotong University in the southern part of Shaanxi Province, China. It focused on exploring the influence of livelihood capital and income fairness on the subjective well-being of new professional farmers. The findings revealed the following: (1) Livelihood capital has a significant positive impact on subjective well-being among new professional farmers. The greater the accumulation of livelihood capital, the stronger their subjective well-being. (2) Income fairness significantly contributes to subjective well-being among new professional farmers. However, when comparing different social groups, variations exist in their subjective well-being. (3) Income fairness serves as a mediating factor between livelihood capital and subjective well-being. In other words, the accumulation of livelihood capital among new professional farmers affects their perception of income fairness, which subsequently influences their subjective well-being. These results have important implications for enhancing the well-being of new professional farmers, promoting the modernization of Chinese agriculture, and advancing the implementation of rural revitalization strategies.
... These findings agree also with some past studies on household vulnerability to environmental hazards, human capital, and social capital in the context of diverse livelihood frameworks (Uy et al., 2011;Dorward et al., 2009). The findings also showed that smallholder farming household were vulnerable to the main features of Carney's (1999) livelihood vulnerability framework. Climate variability and natural hazards, livelihood methods, food, water, socio-demographic profile, health, and social network are the major elements of Carney's (1999) livelihood frameworks. ...
... The findings also showed that smallholder farming household were vulnerable to the main features of Carney's (1999) livelihood vulnerability framework. Climate variability and natural hazards, livelihood methods, food, water, socio-demographic profile, health, and social network are the major elements of Carney's (1999) livelihood frameworks. For the North, Central, and Southern Thaba Nchu, the overall livelihood indices of the seven key elements were 0.430, 0.418, and 0.425, respectively. ...
As a result of climatically regulated water sources, smallholder farming households in South Africa are severely impacted by climate change. Using the Livelihood Vulnerability Index, we assessed the vulnerability of smallholder farming households to climate change in Thaba Nchu, Mangaung District of the Free State Province of
South Africa. Primary data from 301 smallholder farming households were collected and augmented with secondary data on temperature and rainfall from 2010 to 2020. The study found that farming households in Central Thaba Nchu are more vulnerable than those in North and South Thaba Nchu in terms of adaptive capacity: social network, livelihoods strategies, and socio-demographic structure. The Central Thaba Nchu were likewise more vulnerable to water resources than the Northern and Southern Thaba Nchu. However, Northern Thaba Nchu is more exposed and sensitive to health-related difficulties than Central and Southern Thaba Nchu. The study recommends that non-government and government institutions in the province should employ a pragmatic method to evaluate vulnerability using climate service information while prioritizing vulnerable households for adaptation support to improve adaptive capacity and resilience. The findings also imply that weather forecasters, in partnership with agricultural extension agents, must provide farmers with timely and adequate climate information reports to prepare them for climatic shocks. Moreover, it is important to deliver climate service information that is genuine, significant, and reliable.
... Livelihoods thus enable residents to recover from varied forms of stress and shocks and support them to maintain or improve their capabilities and assets in the present and future. This understanding has inspired several sustainable livelihood approaches ( Carney et al., 1999 ). One of these approaches, employed with some variation by this paper, is the UK's Department for International Development (DFID) sustainable livelihood framework, which was modeled after Chambers and Conway's conceptualization of a livelihood ( Carney et al. 1999 ). ...
... This understanding has inspired several sustainable livelihood approaches ( Carney et al., 1999 ). One of these approaches, employed with some variation by this paper, is the UK's Department for International Development (DFID) sustainable livelihood framework, which was modeled after Chambers and Conway's conceptualization of a livelihood ( Carney et al. 1999 ). While the DFID's framework emphasizes five livelihood capitals ( DFID, 1999 ), this paper emphasizes four capitals namely: financial, social, human, and physical capital -excluding natural capital because of the urban context of this study. ...
... Financial capital is the financial resources such as savings, credits, remittances, income, etc. that are available to and enable residents to acquire and provide different goods and services ( DFID, 1999, Carney et al., 1999. Health pandemics often stifle economic activities that enable residents to develop their financial capital. ...
In the Global South, the COVID-19 crisis has compelled varied efforts to quickly address the pandemic's impact on urban livelihoods. Families, friends as well as public, private, and civil society organizations have mobilized various resources to avert the pandemic's onslaught on the survival of the urban vulnerable. Indeed, there is a burgeoning ‗pandemic urban scholarship' that shed insights on COVID-19 risks, local responses, and impacts on everyday urban life. Yet, it is unclear how many of these responses are affecting urban livelihoods. This paper thus investigates the impact of COVID-19 on urban livelihood capitals (financial, human, social, and physical) and analyses the moderating role of COVID-19-related support (from families, friends, government agencies, faith-based and non-governmental organizations) to address the pandemic's impact on these capitals. Drawing on a quantitative study in Adenta Municipality of the Greater Accra Region, Ghana, the study finds a negative association between COVID-19 impacts and all urban livelihood capitals. Crucially, COVID-19-related support only reduced the negative impact of the pandemic on financial capital, and not on the other forms of capital. The study suggests that building post-pandemic community resilience warrants the need to transition from the usual reactive, fragmented support to integrated, holistic, and contextually embedded long-term strategies that consider the multi-dimensionality of everyday urban life.
... Social capital means social resources such as networks, membership in groups, relationships of trust, and access to broad societal institutions, affiliations, and associations. And last, the physical capital referred to is basic infrastructure such as transportation, energy, buildings needed for communication, as well as the production equipment and facilities that enable people to earn a living (Carney et al., 1999;Scoones, 2015). ...
This study aims to explain how a peasant community makes decisions in response to recurring crises in order to maintain their farms, and the extent to which vulnerability contexts and (external) institutions influence peasants’ decision-making regarding their livelihoods. In doing so, we present a case study of the Village of Ranga, in the South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, where data collected through semi-structured interviews, observation, and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Data regarding farmers' livelihood strategies in responding to the crises, in the form of commodity booms and busts, is analyzed by employing a sustainable rural livelihoods framework, while a Chayanovian “balance” approach is used to understand peasants’ decision making and the extent to which they retain operations as ‘peasant farms’. We found that the most critical vulnerability that directly contributes to changes in the peasants' livelihood trajectories is successive shocks in the form of physical disturbances to plants and land. In making decisions regarding changes in livelihood strategies when facing crises, farmers seem to be pushed to abandon various balances they previously upheld, except to some extent the labor-consumption balance. This change potentially deepens the vulnerability of the Ranga Village peasants by adding more exposure to volatile markets and environmental pressure (such climate-induced hazards, pests, disease, and water crisis). This research can help us to understand the nature of the peasant responses in times of crises, and therefore help to inform the scanning of potential strategic measures for rural agricultural development in order to increase agricultural resilience.
