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Surfaces with robust and healable superhydrophobicity have attracted much attention in recent years due to an improved life-time. Herein, flower-like nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)2) micro-nanoparticles are prepared and used as reservoirs to load octadecylamine (ODA). Superhydrophobic cotton fabric is fabricated by dip-coating ODA modified Ni(OH)2 partic...
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Self-assembling films typically used for colloidal lithography have been applied to pine wood substrates to change the surface wettability. Therefore, monodisperse polystyrene (PS) spheres have been deposited onto a rough pine wood substrate via dip coating. The resulting PS sphere film resembled a polycrystalline face centered cubic (FCC)-like str...
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... For example, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and polymethyltrimethoxysilane (PMTMS) were introduced into AZ31 Mg alloys via layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly and siloxane self-condensation reaction to obtain an antibacterial coating against S. aureus [80]. PDMS was also used as a hydrophobic binder for coating octadecylamine (ODA)-modified flower-like Ni(OH)2 particles (Ni(OH)2@ODA) that were applied for the modification of cotton fabric [91]. Excellent antifouling and self-cleaning performances, as well as durable superhydrophobicity, were achieved in this system. ...
Organosilicon polymers (silicones) are an important part of material chemistry and a well-established commercial product segment with a wide range of applications. Silicones are of enduring interest due to their unique properties and utility. Recently, new application areas for silicone-based materials have emerged, such as stretchable electronics, wearable stress sensors, smart coatings, and soft robotics. For this reason, research interest over the past decade has been directed towards new methods of crosslinking and increasing the mechanical strength of polyorganosiloxanes. The introduction of self-healing mechanisms may be a promising alternative for such high-value materials. This approach has gained both growing research interest and a rapidly expanding range of applications. Inherent extrinsic and intrinsic self-healing methods have been used in the self-healing of silicones and have resulted in significant advances in polymer composites and coatings, including multicomponent systems. In this review, we present a summary of research work dedicated to the synthesis and applications of self-healing hybrid materials containing polysiloxane segments, with a focus on antimicrobial and antifouling coatings.
... The superhydrophobic PDMS coatings with in-situ grown particles were developed in the past decade, like ZnO [52], Cu 2 S/Cu 2 O [57], flower-like Ni(OH) 2 @ODA particles [58] and MOFs [59][60][61], etc. Lai et al. deposited a thin layer of PDMS on the fabric surface at first [52]. The fabric was then immersed into a mixed solution of zinc acetate, vitamin C and NaOH, and kept at 100°C for 6 h to ensure the growth of ZnO nanoparticles on the substrate surface. ...
In recent years, a great many wonderful works on fluorine-free superhydrophobic coatings have been reported. However, the detailed review is rare. Herein, the research progress on superhydrophobic coatings from non-fluorinated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was summarized, including fabrication methods and their applications. The methods were compared in terms of instruments, handling, and substrates, etc. Moreover, advantages and disadvantages were summarized. It should be noticed that these methods are not only suitable for fabrication of PDMS based superhydrophobic coatings, but also useful in coatings composed from the other non-fluorinated compounds, such as wax, long-chain alkane, and carbon nanomaterials. The various methods and their combination provide researchers and engineers a vast array of choices to fabricate fluorine-free superhydrophobic coatings. It is believed that this review is a good reference to those devoting in development of fluorine-free superhy-drophobic coatings of excellent performances.
Owing to its hydrophobic nature, polymers are more commonly employed to impart superhydrophobicity over different surfaces. This review gives a brief account on the theories behind superhydrophobicity and techniques employed to develop superhydrophobic coatings over metal, fabrics, papers, sponges, foam, glass, wood, mesh, concrete and ceramic surfaces. Fine‐tuning of superhydrophobic polymeric surfaces is much required to enhance corrosion control, oil‐water separation, self‐cleaning, drag reduction, anti‐microbial, anti‐bio‐fouling, anti‐icing and desalination properties. Methodology and current developments in the designing such superhydrophobic polymeric surfaces are highlighted. To conclude, the challenges to be addressed by the scientific world to solve the problems associated with mass production, stability and durability of the coatings, development of hierarchical micro‐nanostructures are detailed.
The research on superwetting surfaces with a self-healing function against various damages has progressed rapidly in the recent decade. They are expected to be an effective approach to increasing the durability and application robustness of superwetting materials. Various methods and material systems have been developed to prepare self-healing superwetting surfaces, some of which mimic natural superwetting surfaces. However, they still face challenges, such as being workable only for specific damages, external stimulation to trigger the healing process, and poor self-healing ability in the water, marine, or biological systems. There is a lack of fundamental understanding as well. This article comprehensively reviews self-healing superwetting surfaces, including their fabrication strategies, essential rules for materials design, and self-healing properties. Self-healing triggered by different external stimuli is summarized. The potential applications of self-healing superwetting surfaces are highlighted. This article consists of four main sections: (1) the functional surfaces with various superwetting properties, (2) natural self-healing superwetting surfaces (i.e., plants, insects, and creatures) and their healing mechanism, (3) recent research development in various self-healing superwetting surfaces, their preparation, wetting properties in the air or liquid media, and healing mechanism, and (4) the prospects including existing challenges, our views and potential solutions to the challenges, and future research directions.
Improving the surface roughness of fabric is one of the main strategies to construct the superhydrophobic surface of cotton fabric. To enhance surface roughness, two ways are used: immobilized inorganic/organic particles on the fabric or etching the fabric using chemical reagents. However, the simple shedding of inorganic/organic particles on the fabric surface leads to limited durability, and the obvious degradation of mechanical properties of finished fabrics caused by etching hinders the application of superhydrophobic cotton fabrics. To address these issues, the current study described a novel technique for etching the surface of cotton fibers using a moderate deep eutectic solvent (DES) comprising choline chloride and oxalic acid. The treated fabric was then covered with epoxidized soybean oil (ESO)-derived thermoset and subsequently modified with stearic acid (STA). Therefore, the modified coatings endow the cotton fabric with durably superhydrophobic properties, good self-cleaning characteristics, and excellent oil-water separation properties. These remarkable characteristics make modified cotton textiles ideal for self-cleaning and oil-water separation.
Self-healing fabrics respond to chemical and physical damage by restoring functional, structural, and morphological features. We present a comprehensive review of textile hybrids or composites capable of self-healing and repairing fabrics against damages across the micro- (µm), meso- (µm – mm), and macro-scale (>mm). The reviewed literature is organized in three sections presenting (i) the chemistry and fabrication principles of designing self-healing fabrics against increasing size scales of repair, (ii) stimuli-driven and autonomous healing, and (iii) the methods to characterize the recovery of wettability, barrier, morphological, mechanical, and other properties. The discussion of mainstream methods for developing self-healing fabrics focuses on coatings, composites, and specialized fabrication techniques required as the damage size grows from µm to mm to >mm. The section on stimuli-driven repair and autonomous recovery discusses the time scales associated with different damage repair, showing how external stimuli provide a higher driving force towards healing and accelerate material restoration than autonomous recovery. Finally, an array of optical, mechanical, and functional characterization techniques is discussed to evaluate the recovery yield and understand the repair mechanisms of the various fabrics. This review demonstrates the virtually limitless uses of next-generation self-healing systems, from separations to protective clothing, anti-fouling, and self-cleaning.
A durable superhydrophobic photocatalytic cotton fabric was prepared by titanium composite bamboo charcoal (BC) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Through comparative experiments, the TiO2-BC composite particles proved to significantly improve the hydrophobic finishing effect of PDMS. The contact angle of cotton modified with TiO2-BC/PDMS reaches 155 °. The results show that the consumption of TiO2 particles achieves a reduction of 87.5 %, without affecting the hydrophobic effect. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were employed to determine the surface physical morphology and chemical properties of the cotton fabrics correspondingly. Based on the results showed in the experiment, it was confirmed that on the one hand, the increased fiber roughness plays an important role in providing a superhydrophobic surface of cotton fabric. On the other hand, the methyl (CH3) and siloxane (SiOSi) in PDMS provided for water repellency. Furthermore, the CC/CH component was found to increase by 39 %, while the CO bond was dramatically reduced by 88 %. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) suggests that the thermal stability of the treated fabric was improved, and the thermal mass residue increased from 12 % to 16 %. A degradation of 85.12 % of Rhodamine B (RhB) was obtained when the photocatalysis experiment was performed under the visible light, while the contact angle can still reach above 150 ° after the test. The durability experiment proves that the TiO2-BC/PDMS modified fabric maintained a contact angle of 140 ° even after 25 times of regular soaping. Given the above, the fluorine-free hydrophobic silicone materials with porous nanocomposites develop a cost-effect and eco-friendly approach for preparing durable superhydrophobic photocatalytic textile under the circumstance of reducing chemical consumption.
Superhydrophobic coatings have large application potential in self‐cleaning textiles. Low durability, high cost of fabrication, and environmental concerns over the usage of chemicals such as fluorocarbons limit the utilization of superhydrophobic coatings. This study reports a convenient and inexpensive approach to fabricate robust and fluorine‐free superhydrophobic fabrics based on the transfer of structured polymer films and hydrophobic nanoparticles. In this approach, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is infused between sheets of fabric and paper, followed by curing and removal of the paper. This process results in a fabric infused with PDMS whose structure is a negative replica of the paper surface. Then, hydrophobic nanoparticles are sprayed onto the structured PDMS side of the fabric. The infusion of PDMS and subsequent deposition of the hydrophobic nanoparticles enables strong bonding, as shown by the excellent solvent stability of the superhydrophobic fabric under ultrasonication. The proposed approach is universal in that it can be applied to almost any textiles, which upon coating, exhibited superhydrophobicity with a water contact angle of 172° and a sliding angle of 3°. Furthermore, the superhydrophobic fabric showed robust durability against water spray impact and mechanical bending where it can keep superhydrophobicity for at least 200 cycles of each test.
