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Some processes have been widely applied to biomass in order to take advantage of its energy potential. In particular, these processes are based on pyrolysis or gasification. In this study, briquetting was applied to olive refuse and paper mill waste to form fuel briquettes. For this purpose, the particle sizes of both biomass samples were decreased...
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... under 200 MPa pressure. Shatter index of this briquette was calculated as 4813, and compressive strength was measured as 319 kgrcm 2 . Water resistance time was determined as 27 min. Differential thermogravimetry technique was also applied to the mixture and the shape Ž . of the curve was seen as the average of the two parent biomass samples Fig. 3 . ...
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... water resistance. However, the lowest mechanical strength results belonged to the experiments carried out at 250 MPa. The effect of the briquetting pressure on the mechanical strength of the briquettes is highly complex. Pressure provides the approach of the biomass particles, decreasing the distance between them. Consequently, the contact of the surfaces of the particles becomes augmented and gaps between them are filled. However, in order to obtain firm briquettes, briquetting pressure should be selected at the optimum value. As the briquetting pressure increases, first, mechanical strength of the briquettes increases as a result of the plastic deformation. On the other hand, related to the reversible nature of the plastic deformation above an optimum briquetting pressure, a sudden dilatation takes place and consequently, some fractures and splits appear in the briquette w 6 x . Results in Table 2 confirmed this fact for 250 MPa. Minimum shatter index and compressive strength values were measured under 250 MPa. The highest results of shatter index and compressive strength were determined for 200 and 150 MPa, respectively. It is apparent that the selection of the optimum briquetting pressure should be done between 200 and 150 MPa. Since, the water resistance time for 200 MPa was longer than that for 150 MPa, 200 MPa was selected as the optimum briquetting pressure. Then, briquetting pressure was fixed at 200 MPa, and moisture content of the olive refuse was changed between 5% and 15%. Results of these experiments are given in Table 3. These results designated that decreasing moisture content to 5% led to a serious reduce in the shatter index, compared with that for 7.5% of moisture content. Likewise, compressive strength and water resistance also decreased. When moisture content increased to 15%, some increase took place in the compressive strength. Although shatter index for 15% moisture content was higher than that for 5% moisture content, it was considerably lower than the result of the experiment in which moisture content was 7.5%. On the other hand, the lowest water resistance time was observed when the moisture content increased to 15%. On the basis of the results of these experiments, 200 MPa briquetting pressure and 7.5% of moisture content were allowed as the optimum values of these parameters. In order to obtain more firm briquettes from the olive refuse, mechanical strengths of the briquettes must be increased. For this purpose, into olive refuse, addition of a more fibrous biomass sample having similar combustion behaviour, moisture, and volatile matter contents should be investigated. In fact, moisture and volatile matter contents of the paper mill waste and the olive refuse are very close to each other. However, since the ash content of the paper mill waste was higher, its calorific value was lower. Burning profile of the paper mill waste is illustrated in Fig. 2. It can be seen from Fig. 2 that there is a good similarity in the burning characteristics of both biomass samples. After release of the moisture content, a sudden loss in the mass occurred and following this, some small losses appeared. The main peak began at 510 K and finished at 689 K. Maximum rate of loss was 11 mg r min at 577 K. On the dry-ash free basis, 70.6% of the combustible part burned during rapid burning region and only 29.4% burned in the slow burning region. The own briquetting capacity of the paper mill waste was investigated under different conditions. The results of these experiments are tabulated in Table 4. Paper mill waste having 9% of moisture content was briquetted under 150, 200, and 250 MPa pressures. These results showed that at fixed moisture content, increasing briquetting pressure so improved mechanical strength that very strong briquette having a shatter index of 155 802 can be produced under 250 MPa. Likewise, the compressive strength of these briquettes was very high. However, when the moisture content of the paper mill waste was changed to 15%, some increase in the shatter index and some reduction in the compressive strength were determined, whereas when the moisture content decreased to 5%, both of the parameters were affected negatively. On the other hand, water resistance times were shorter than those of the olive refuse. Nevertheless, it can be concluded from these results that addition of the paper mill waste into the olive refuse can give rise to the mechanical strengths of the briquettes to be produced. Olive refuse and paper mill waste samples having their own original moisture contents were blended in equal ratios and then this blend was briquetted under 200 MPa pressure. Shatter index of this briquette was calculated as 4813, and compressive strength was measured as 319 kg r cm 2 . Water resistance time was determined as 27 min. Differential thermogravimetry technique was also applied to the mixture and the shape of the curve was seen as the average of the two parent biomass samples Ž Fig. 3 . . Of the biomass samples, olive refuse and paper mill waste can be used in the production of durable fuel briquettes. The mechanical strength of the briquettes obtained from only olive refuse was quite low. However, strong briquettes can be produced using fibrous paper mill waste by itself or adding it to the olive refuse. When olive refuse and paper mill waste were blended and then this blend was briquetted, both strong and good quality briquettes can be produced. Therefore, these abundant and cheap biomass samples can be used as an alternative energy ...
Citations
... Similar findings were reported by Refs. [63,64]. They found that SWDF made from mixed paper had low calorific value due to high ash content. ...
Wood waste and waste Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottles are two of the solid wastes posing severe challenges to waste management facilities and constituting nuisance to humans and the environment in Nigeria due to poor management. These wastes could be utilized to produce solid biofuels for various energy applications to reduce CO2 emissions. This study, therefore, aims to investigate the potential of converting these wastes locally into solid waste-derived fuels (SWDF) briquettes in a bid to present an alternative approach to managing them. Four types of SWDF briquettes were produced from mixed wood waste and waste PET bottles in blend ratios of 100:0, 60:40, 50:50, and 40:60 using a screw press briquetting machine with single extrusion die. The effect of PET plastic amount on different properties, such as net calorific value, ash content, durability, and density, of the produced briquettes was investigated. In addition, obtained results were compared with the quality standards of densified fuels specified by the European Pellet Council. to ascertain the quality of the produced SWDF briquettes. The results revealed that the SWDF briquettes made only from mixed wood waste exhibited the lowest calorific value (17.15 MJ/kg) and highest ash content (2.74 %), while the SWDFs made from blends of mixed wood waste and PET bottles had higher calorific values (17.85–20.77 MJ/kg) and lower ash contents (1.05–1.37 %). Moreover, except for density and chlorine content (<750 kg/m³ and <0.03 wt% respectively), all the produced SWDFs complied with the quality standards of densified fuels specified by the European Pellet Council. These results suggest that these blends could yield SWDFs with improved quality and combustion properties, and could present a new way of managing these solid wastes.
... The authors reported an increase in calorific value compared to mono-resource briquettes. Paper and cardboard mixed with green waste, blended biomass from post-harvest agricultural waste and sawdust from different wood species have also been explored previous authors (Pradhan et al. 2018;Yaman et al. 2000;Lela et al. 2016). Subsequently, it is important to note that none of the studies, including those by Adu-Poku et al. (2022) and Yustas et al. (2022a, b), on blending charred palm kernel shell with other binding agents for briquette production, has considered the physio-chemical properties of palm kernel decanter cake in any of the blends. ...
In the age of circular economy, improving the physicochemical characteristics of waste-based briquettes will aid in the development of high-quality and reasonably priced briquettes. In the current study, composite briquettes are made by mixing decanter cake and oil palm kernel shell in different ratios. The physicochemical characteristics of the composite briquette that will produce the best calorific values (CV) were identified using response surface methodology (RSM). At 0.3 wt% moisture content (MC), 10 wt% fixed carbon (FC), 0.5 wt% ash content (AC) and 80 wt% volatile matter (VM), the briquette with 20 wt% cardboard waste binder registered an optimal CV of 30.35 MJ/kg. The CV for the bentonite clay binder was also 29.40 MJ/kg, and the corresponding MC, AC, VM, and FC values were 0.3 wt%, 0.5 wt%, 60 wt%, and 40 wt%. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have been conducted that compare the physicochemical properties of the binary mixture of palm kernel shells (PKS) and decanter cake (PKDC) while using bentonite and cardboard waste as binders in the RSM optimisation model.
... The density ratio was calculated as the ratio of the relaxed density of the briquettes to the maximum density which was obtained immediately after the compression of briquettes from the briquetting machine [21]. ...
... The exothermic peak, endothermic peak and glass transition temperature were identified for the Gloriosa superba waste and turmeric leaf waste. The maximum compacting temperature was also found with respect to the glass transition temperature identified for these briquettes [21]. ...
The production chain of Gloriosa superba trimming (G) and turmeric leaf trimming (T) is a potential source of biomass residue, leading to high productivity and value-added product generation. Gloriosa superva waste and residues from turmeric leaf production are incinerated, which can lead to potential environmental problems. However, briquetting this waste would serve as an alternative process to produce a relatively high-energy fuel. In this study, Gloriosa superba waste and turmeric leaves were mixed in different ratios such as 0:100 (GT1), 25:75 (GT2), 50:50 (GT3), 75:25 (GT4) and 100:0 (GT5) with 20% cassava starch added as a binder. The produced briquettes were analysed for close-up analysis, physical properties, SEM analysis, elemental analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis and XRD analysis. The densities of the GT briquettes ranged from 840.33 to 1176.5 kg/m³. EDAX analysis revealed that the major elements in the briquettes samples of gloriosa superva waste and turmeric leaf waste were carbon and oxygen, 56.56% and 36.062%, respectively. The spontaneous combustion properties were reconfirmed by TGA and DSC analyses of the briquettes. The total calorific value of the briquettes produced varies between 11.66 and 15.64 MJ/kg. The briquettes had an ignition time of 3.3–4.0 s and a burning time of 20–28 min. Thus, briquettes made from Gloriosa superba waste and turmeric leaves containing 20% cassava starch proved to be an alternative energy source due to their low moisture and ash content and associated high calorific value.
... While in batch 3, oil 4% and Mechanical strength is (17.76) less than batch 4 as shown in Fig. 8. The similar behavior was observed by using the olive refuse in briquetting (Debdoubi, Colacio, and Colacio 2005;Yaman et al. 2000Yaman et al. , 2001. Youngwoo has used the palm oil residue to upgrade the quality of coal briquetting and observed that with increased in amount of oil the mechanical strength of briquette was increased (Yi and Cho 2021). ...
Non-hazardous coal briquettes were prepared from the blend of indigenous Lakhra coal containing high sulfur, slaked lime, used engine oil and bentonite clay. Briquettes were prepared with different compositions to observe the respective behavior of components. Raw coal and coal briquettes were characterized with ultimate and proximate analysis, TGA, emission gas analysis, mechanical strength, and smoke number. The optimized briquetting composition was observed as 72% raw coal, 16% bentonite clay as binder, 6% slaked lime and 6% used engine oil. Ignition time of this composition was reduced from 12 minutes to 6 minutes. Testo smoke number of coal briquette was much lower than that of raw coal, and higher amount of smoke in raw coal was reduced by briquetting. The heating value in optimized briquette batch 4 was higher as compared to other briquetting batches. TGA test showed that temperature rise per unit time was similar for both in raw coal as well as in coal briquettes, while the weight reduced per unit time was less for coal briquettes as compared to raw coal. Also the mechanical Strength was achieved up to 17.96 MPa. It was observed that mechanical strength was increased in coal briquettes with increase in amount of oil.
... Finally, paper and cardboard-based briquettes are investigated mixed with sawdust (Lela et al., 2016), residues from agriculture (Demirbaş, 1999;Yaman et al., 2000), and green waste (Pradhan et al., 2018) since paper waste is available in large quantities in urban surroundings, and can be mixed with any other biomass (Romallosa & Kraft, 2017). Another promising biomass investigated for briquettes production is algae from lakes and rivers (Amarasekara et al., 2017). ...
Solid waste management and the increasing energy demand are a global concern. Waste can play the role of alternative fuel, partly reducing the environmental footprint in the waste management sector. Waste briquetting is used as a treatment option for improving waste combustion efficiency, as well as its management and handling. This critical review aims at evaluating the potentialities of this method as a possible solution to introduce alternative fuels in developing countries. Totally, 85 scientific articles available from 1999 to 2021 from international databases were reviewed, and a SWOT analysis has been conducted following the indications underlined in the scientific literature. The outcomes of the review highlight that agricultural waste-based and wood-based briquettes are the most investigated, followed by plastics-based briquettes and paper & cardboard-based briquettes. Waste-based briquettes can be divided into three categories, function of the calorific value: biomass-based (16.22 ± 1.65 MJ kg⁻¹), wood-based (19.03 ± 2.46 MJ kg⁻¹), and plastics and charcoal-based briquettes (24.64 ± 5.29 MJ kg⁻¹). Review findings underline that in-door emissions analysis is lacking, as well as research related to the water boiling test for the valorisation of waste briquetting for cooking and heating systems in developing countries. The current review contributes to highlighting the importance in implementing appropriate technologies for energy production and waste management in developing countries.
... Due to of its excellent energy content, low cost, and easily obtained, briquettes from biomass are widely used as a renewable fuel for electricity generation [2,3]. However, the performance of briquettes depends on the types of pyrolysis and the nature of binders used during the preparation. ...
... Their performances are related problems such as low yield and energy content that are significantly improved with the use of adhesives in the right compositions. Some researchers have been reported the production of briquettes from some kinds of materials including corn cobs [4], rice husks, olive refuse [2], wheat straw [5], bagasse [4], and palm kernel shell [6]. ...
Briquettes are widely used as a renewable energy to solve the problems of excessive use of wood as fuel. However, the performance of briquettes depends on the types of pyrolysis and the nature of binders used during the preparation. Their performances are related to problems such as low yield and energy content, but can be significantly improved with the use of adhesives in the right compositions. In this work, we investigated the effect starch binders compositions on the quality of briquettes from the pyrolysis of Durian lai peel (Durio kutejensis Becc). The briquettes were prepared from Durian peel charcoal by adding starch as a binder at various concentrations of 3%, 4%,5%, and 6% (w/w). Subsequently, analysis of moisture content, volatile matter ash content, and calorific value were found that the best quality obtained was form the briquette with binder concentration of 3 % (w/w).
... e DSL/CD showed some resistance to impact and DSL/BD and DSL/PM disintegrated after the drops, as shown in Table 4. e SR is useful for loading and unloading the briquettes from trucks as well as storing in silos and bins [28]. e increase in the TR is due to the binder percentage in the briquettes and application of a high load during briquette making [41,42]. e percentage of the binder and load applied to make DSL/CD were 20.55% and 18 kN, higher than those of DSL/BD and DSL/PM. ...
The world’s population is increasing rapidly. This means that energy consumption and demand for energy are also increasing at the same rate. It is estimated that energy will need to be provided to 9 to 10 billion people by 2040. India is a leading consumer of energy in the world. In particular, it consumes a large amount of oil and natural gas to fulfil its energy demand. Due to uncertainty in the supply of oil and natural gas and their prices as well as environmental pollution, there is a need to shift towards other energy sources. Biomass is one of the first energy sources with specific properties and abundant availability. Today, 10% to 14% of the world’s energy supply is provided by biomass sources. Using agricultural waste (biomass) to make briquettes to generate power can be an alternative solution to the problems related to their disposal and pollution. The present work investigates the optimum ratio of dry sugarcane leaves to binders and optimum load and selects the best binder (cow dung, buffalo dung, and press mud) for making high-quality briquettes. The physical parameters and proximate analysis of the dry sugarcane leaf briquettes with the cow dung, buffalo dung, and press mud binders are investigated. The dry sugarcane leaf briquettes with the cow dung binder have the highest gross calorific value, net calorific value, split tensile strength, tumbling resistance, shatter resistance, and energy density ratio (16262.31 kJ/kg, 15362.1 kJ/kg, 7.164 kN/m2, 87.84%, 12.75%, and 0.9296, respectively). The estimated results show that cow dung is a better binder for making high-quality dry sugarcane leaf briquettes than the buffalo dung and press mud binders.
... The name 'pellet' is usually used for products less than 15 mm in diameter, while 'briquette' generally refers to larger dimensions. Several researchers examined the compression process of different raw materials such as wood, wood waste and bark (Chin and Siddiqui 2000; Demirbaş et al. 2004;Lehtikangas 2001;Li and Liu 2000;Rhén et al. 2005Rhén et al. , 2007, forest residues (Lehtikangas 1999; Acda and Devera 2014), straws, grasses (wheat, barley, corn etc.) (Smith et al. 1977;Wamukonya and Jenkins 1995;Demirbaş 1999;Kaliyan and Morey 2006;Mani et al. 2004Mani et al. ,2006aNdiema et al. 2002;Olsson 2006;Shaw 2008;Gilbert et al. 2009;Lehmann et al. 2012;Stelte et al. 2012;Lee et al. 2013), alfalfa (Adapa et al. 2002Sokhansanj 1996a, b, 1997;Fasina and Sokhansanj 1995), olive cake (waste) (Al-Widyan et al. 2002;Yaman et al. 2000), palm fiber and shell (Husain et al. 2002;Tenorio et al. 2016;Wattana et al. 2017). Since pellet production has been studied most frequently and in many detail, this is described further below. ...
The lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses in wood are polymers that behave similarly to the artificial polymers and are bonded together in wood. Lignin differs from the other two substances by its highly branched, amorphous, three-dimensional structure. Under appropriate conditions, the moist lignin incorporated in the wood softens at about 100 °C and allows the molecules of it to deform in the cell walls. There are many advantages and disadvantages to this phenomenon. If we know this process accurately and the industrial areas where it matters, we may be able to improve these industrial processes. This article provides a brief theoretical summary of lignin softening and the woodworking processes where it plays a role: wood welding, pellet manufacturing, manufacturing binderless boards, solid wood bending, veneer manufacturing, and solid wood surface densification.
... The resultant volume of fertilizers can enable the farmer establish 60 mushroom gardens of 4*4 square meters that can fetch a daily income of USD 15. It was noted that this innovation is a technological transfer from India and other parts of the world, where the some processes have been widely applied to biomass in order to take advantage of its energy potential (Yaman et al. 2000;Stolarski et al. 2013). ...
The need to merge scientific with societal knowledge in addressing global sustainability challenges has deepened research on a methodology known as co-producing knowledge. It differs from participatory approaches by holding potential for solution-oriented research through sustained relationships with actors across disciplines and sectors. Although there is growing recognition that power shapes interactions in co-producing knowledge, few studies have empirically grounded articulations of power in the context of urban sustainability. This paper draws on case study projects in Africa to discern the forms of power that are navigated by actors when co-producing locally grounded knowledge and solutions for urban sustainability. The projects include: localizing norms on sustainable energy in Kampala city Uganda; confronting coastal vulnerability in Durban South Africa; and upgrading informal settlements in Stellenbosch South Africa. The forms of power across the projects are: expert power by academics; statutory power for policy-makers; and the power of locally-embedded knowledge by city residents. Navigating these forms of power is possible, if boundary objects are used in dialogues on scalable solutions to sustainability challenges. The boundary objects in the case studies are: briquettes from organic waste as alternative cooking energy for households in Kampala; a locally-appropriate costal vulnerability index for visioning sustainable climate action in Durban; and an improved Shack dwelling for improving living conditions in Stellenbosch. These boundary objects interrupted the reproduction of unequal power relations, while demonstrating how hierarchies in co-producing knowledge can be flattened.
... Researches related to various of raw materials and specification parameters have been carried out. Demirbas (1999) and Yaman et al. (2000) examined the types of paper waste materials with variable particle size and the addition of organic wheat wheat material [4] and olive pulp [5]. Chiemchaisri et al. (2010) examined the types of plastic waste materials with the addition of binding agents [6]. ...
... Researches related to various of raw materials and specification parameters have been carried out. Demirbas (1999) and Yaman et al. (2000) examined the types of paper waste materials with variable particle size and the addition of organic wheat wheat material [4] and olive pulp [5]. Chiemchaisri et al. (2010) examined the types of plastic waste materials with the addition of binding agents [6]. ...
Abstract. The process of waste to energy can solve the problem of waste and produce energy
as a by-product. The waste can be used as a raw material in pelletization process which then
used as a fuel in the thermal processing technology. In the pelletization process there are
operational variables that influence the characteristics and quality of the pellets. Variation of
waste composition (food waste, garden waste, plastic and paper), die temperature (ambient,
60°C, 80°C, 100°C, and 150°C) and particle size (mixed, <0.5 mm, and 0.5-5 mm) are done in
this study. The waste was processed through natural drying, crushing, and pelletizing using the
single pellet press method. The pellet pressure and dimensions of the pellet mold are fixed at
288 MPa and 6 mm in diameter. Density measured by vernier caliper and precision analytical
balance. Calorific value measured by bomb calorimeter PARR 6400. The results showed that
there was a simultaneous influence of die temperature on the density and calorific value of the
pellet.
Keywords: Die Temperature, Pelletization, Municipal Solid Waste, Single Pellet Press
