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Constructing roads and buildings often involves removal of topsoil, grading, and traffic from heavy machinery. The result is exposed, compacted subsoil with low infiltration rate (IR), which hinders post-construction vegetation establishment and generates significant runoff, similar to impervious surfaces. Our goal was to assess tillage and adding...
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Context 1
... alone lowered BD by a minimum of 17% at every site at the first measurement after tillage treatment. At the Sandhills site, the average value of BD with tillage (ST and DT) was always less than C at all sample intervals (Table 5). Neither compost nor lime had any impact on BD (data not shown separately). ...Context 2
... the Mountain site, the average value of BD with tillage treatments was less than C until the last sampling performed 30 months after site establishment (Table 5). Over the course of sampling, BD of the tilled treatments increased while that of C decreased until all treatments converged at around 1.2 g cm À3 after 30 months. ...Context 3
... Piedmont 1, the average value of BD with tillage treatments was lower than C during the entire 32 months of monitoring (Table 5). Unlike the Mountain site, we observed no reduction in BD for C with time as grass became established. ...Context 4
... 2 had no ST treatment and included only C, DT, and DT þ compost treatments. DT reduced BD compared to C at all sampling intervals, and adding compost further reduced BD (Table 5). This differed from results in both the Sandhills and Mountain sites, where soil textures were relatively coarser and compost had no effect compared to tillage alone. ...Context 5
... 3 had no ST treatment and was the only site that consisted of fill material. Tillage reduced BD at all sampling intervals up to 24 months (Table 5), with no clear pattern of increase or decrease over time. Neither the addition of the xPAM nor gypsum had any effect on BD. ...Context 6
... BD of the DT þ compost remained very low right up until the last sampling at 26 months, which is the likely explanation for the continued high IR. While there was no distinction in BD between DT with or without traffic (hence combined in Table 5), it is possible that the effect of traffic on BD was most pronounced near the soil surface, which was not distinguishable by our sampling approach that integrated a larger depth increment. Mower traffic did not affect IR at the Mountain and Piedmont 1 sites, the other sites where traffic was tested. ...Context 7
... depending on the location and treatments, the correlation between BD and IR might not be significant (Olson et al., 2013). In fact, there was little correlation (r 2 ¼ 0.20) between the BD and IR values in Tables 5 and 6. ...Context 8
... three sites, Sandhills, Mountain, and Piedmont 3, tillage did not affect shoot mass, measured 8 months or less after establishment (Table 7). We also note that amongst these sites, the Sandhills site, which demonstrated the greatest increase in BD over time after tillage (Table 5), had the least shoot mass, though this comparison has to be made conservatively in the context of differences in establishment date, sampling time after establishment, seed mixture, weather, and overall soil productivity. At Piedmont 1, both ST and DT increased shoot mass compared to C, while at Piedmont 2 shoot mass was only increased with DT plus compost. ...Similar publications
In ground-based harvesting, machine traffic can cause soil physical disturbances including excessive compaction, the displacement of the soil surface and topsoil, and rutting. These impacts can indirectly hamper seedling survival and tree growth because of reduced soil permeability and root growth. However, the extent of soil disturbance in mechani...
Agricultural areas in the region of Turuçu, on the Southeast Hillside in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil present many examples of soil physical degradation. Accordingly, strategies aimed at evaluating and ameliorating the structural quality of soils should be developed to ensure the sustainable use of these areas. This study aimed to ev...
Removing sugarcane straw to increase bioenergy production can generate significant income to the industry. However, straw contributes to the regulation of soil functions and consequently supports the provision of ecosystem services, such as water flow regulation. Thus, straw removal may hinder the provision of these services, especially in mechaniz...
Soil compaction is a major problem for no-tillage managed areas in Brazil, since it has limited the productivity of commercial crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of mechanical soil scarification and the application of poultry litter on soil physical properties, subsequently to soybean and corn cultivation. The experimenta...
Application of mulch on compacted soil is a common engineering measure to suppress runoff and soil loss during ground-based mechanized forest operations. Despite the expanded use, efficacy of these rehabilitation treatments on soil quality as well as seedling survival and growth rate are crucial issues that require further attention. This study aim...
Citations
... Compost application at a 20 cm depth more effectively lowers the bulk density than surface application [21]. Compost enriches clay and loam soils with organic matter, enhances porosity, and reduces bulk density more significantly than tilling [22]. Although compost does not always correlate with higher plant yields in clay loam soils [23] compost has improved soil infiltration rates [20][21][22] and hydraulic conductivity, thus increasing soil carbon and aggregate formation [24,25]. ...
... Compost enriches clay and loam soils with organic matter, enhances porosity, and reduces bulk density more significantly than tilling [22]. Although compost does not always correlate with higher plant yields in clay loam soils [23] compost has improved soil infiltration rates [20][21][22] and hydraulic conductivity, thus increasing soil carbon and aggregate formation [24,25]. ...
Increasing soil salinity and degraded irrigation water quality are major challenges for agriculture. This study investigated the effects of irrigation water quality and incorporating compost (3% dry mass in soil) on minimizing soil salinization and promoting sustainable cropping systems. A greenhouse study used brackish water (electrical conductivity of 2010 µS/cm) and agricultural water (792 µS/cm) to irrigate Dundale pea and clay loam soil. Compost treatment enhanced soil water retention with soil moisture content above 0.280 m3/m3, increased plant carbon assimilation by ~30%, improved plant growth by >50%, and reduced NO3− leaching from the soil by 16% and 23.5% for agricultural and brackish water irrigation, respectively. Compared to no compost treatment, the compost-incorporated soil irrigated with brackish water showed the highest plant growth by increasing plant fresh weight by 64%, dry weight by 50%, root length by 121%, and plant height by 16%. Compost treatment reduced soil sodicity during brackish water irrigation by promoting the leaching of Cl− and Na+ from the soil. Compost treatment provides an environmentally sustainable approach to managing soil salinity, remediating the impact of brackish water irrigation, improving soil organic matter, enhancing the availability of water and nutrients to plants, and increasing plant growth and carbon sequestration potential.
... In 2021, there were no treatment differences for Bd, possibly due to the decomposition of materials and settling of soil. Coarse materials readily settle, which may contribute to Bd being similar among all treatments (Mohammadshirazi et al., 2017). ...
In the Williston Basin, land‐preparation treatments have not been compared in side‐by‐side trials to evaluate performance for parameters such as runoff, erosion, and vegetation establishment. Thus, four treatments of wheat‐straw crimping, land imprinting, wood‐fiber hydromulch, and the combination of land imprinting and hydromulch were evaluated against a bare soil control in a replicated and randomized completed block field experiment near Williston, ND. Rainfall simulations were performed in September 2020 and June 2021 to examine the effectiveness of the treatments to reduce runoff and sediment losses. Vegetation establishment was also evaluated in August 2021. The wheat straw treatment reduced the equivalent depth of runoff by 60% as compared to the bare soil control in 2021. By 2021, the imprinted area had largely become similar in roughness as the control plots and thus sediment losses were not different between these treatments. However, relic effects of the straw and hydromulch treatments reduced sediment loss by 50% or more. Vegetation establishment was not significantly different among treatments and the bare soil control using broadcast seeding, which may have been due to drought conditions causing low establishment in all plots. All the land‐preparation practices evaluated in this study may have limitations in assisting plant establishment during severe or persistent droughts.
... Low-impact development (LID) practices are commonly used to reduce stormwater runoff and treat stormwater on-site, soil conditions for infiltration, plant growth, and pollutant filtration (Davis, 2005;Dietz, 2007). Compost has the potential to increase the infiltration rate of stormwater (Mohammadshirazi et al., 2017;Rivers et al., 2021), provide nutrients to vegetation, and retain metals and organic pollutants (Hinman, 2009;NCDOT, 2014;Pitt et al., 1999). However, compost can also be a source of nutrients and heavy metals depending on hydrologic conditions and compost source (Chahal et al., 2016;Mullane et al., 2015;Tirpak et al., 2021). ...
... The lack of detection of heavy metals in the desorption measurements suggests that compost-soil blends can retain sorbed metals. Most LID practices use compost-soil blends (USEPA, 2016), and compost is typically mixed with soil at a rate of ≤50% by volume (Kranz et al., 2020;Mohammadshirazi et al., 2017;USEPA, 2016). Compost rates ≤50% by volume may be acceptable to filter stormwater without adding to heavy metal loads. ...
Amending soils with compost has become increasingly common in stormwater management practices. Compost can be a source and sink for nutrients and heavy metals, and it is important to understand the effect of compost on pollutant leaching under different hydrologic conditions. The objectives of this study were (a) to quantify the distribution coefficient (Kd) of PO4–P and metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) for compost–soil blends and (b) to examine how compost rate alters leaching patterns of nutrients (NH4–N, NO3–N, PO4–P) and metals from compost–soil blends. Material consisted of a sandy loam subsoil, a yard‐waste compost, and compost–soil blends at 20 or 50% compost by volume. Materials were tested in sorption–desorption experiments using simulated stormwater (SW); columns with the materials were also leached with either SW or deionized (DI) water. As compost rate increased, the Kd decreased for PO4–P and Cr but increased for Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn. The addition of compost reduced the sorption of PO4–P and Cr, potentially making it a source of these pollutants. Simulated stormwater did not increase the amount of pollutants retained compared with DI water for compost blends, except for 100% compost columns. Nitrate was the only constituent that had a negative removal efficiency, suggesting the compost was a source of NO3–N. Column media retained >70% of the metals from the added stormwater solution. These results suggest that yard‐waste compost blends at ≤50% have the potential to retain certain pollutants from infiltrating stormwater, but this effect may decline after several storm events.
... Thus, development affects both soil physical properties and vegetation establishment [3,4]. Many studies have reported that compacted soils have reduced porosity [5][6][7], infiltration rate [8][9][10][11], and vegetation establishment [11][12][13], which, in turn, leads to increased runoff and erosion [3,14]. Runoff from compacted soils are often directed into overloaded stormwater systems and streams channels [14]. ...
... Thus, development affects both soil physical properties and vegetation establishment [3,4]. Many studies have reported that compacted soils have reduced porosity [5][6][7], infiltration rate [8][9][10][11], and vegetation establishment [11][12][13], which, in turn, leads to increased runoff and erosion [3,14]. Runoff from compacted soils are often directed into overloaded stormwater systems and streams channels [14]. ...
... Establishing vegetation helps to create pathways in the soil for infiltration, which is necessary for erosion and sediment control [4,11,15]. One method of improving the soil environment is to till or incorporate compost into the compacted subsoils. ...
Urban development exposes and compacts the subsoil, resulting in reduced infiltration, which often leads to problems with establishing vegetation, increased erosion, and increased runoff volumes. Compost incorporation into these soils can potentially enhance soil physical properties, vegetation establishment, and pollutant removal. The goal of this field study was to determine the efficacy of compost as a soil improvement measure to reduce runoff volume, improve runoff quality, and increase vegetation establishment on a disturbed sandy clay subsoil representing post-development conditions. Two sources of compost were tested: (1) a certified yard waste product at 10%, 30%, and 50% by volume, and (2) an uncertified yard waste product at 30% by volume, both compared to a tilled, no-compost control. Treatment plots were established at Lake Wheeler Road Field Laboratory in Raleigh, NC, and observed for one year. Tilling alone may have been sufficient to reduce runoff quantity as few differences were found between tilled and compost amended plots. Runoff water quality also did not differ according to compost addition. However, the certified compost increased biomass production proportionally to the amount added and compared to the uncertified compost at the same rate. The improved vegetation establishment with compost is important for long-term erosion control and ecosystem services. The results of this study suggest (1) tilling is a viable option to achieve high infiltration rates and reduce runoff volumes, (2) compost incorporation does not reduce nor improve water quality, and (3) compost may yield more robust vegetation establishment.
... applications (Carvalho et al., 2003;Keesstra et al., 2016;Montzka et al., 2011). For instance, tillage can manipulate soil physical and hydraulic properties like water holding capacity (WHC), plant available water, hydraulic conductivity, soil bulk density (BD) and particle size distribution (González et al., 2015;Mohammadshirazi et al., 2017;Pires et al., 2017;Pöhlitz et al., 2018). These properties have direct interactions with plant available nutrients dynamics and soil-plant-water relationships (Bogunovic et al., 2018;Breland and Hansen, 1996;Gomez et al., 2002;Lipiec and St e pniewski, 1995;Mouazen and Ramon, 2006;Rosolem et al., 2002;Tracy and Zhang, 2008). ...
Traditional agronomic management applies a uniform rate seeding (URS) density throughout the field assuming that the entire field is equally productive. This is a misconception since most agricultural soils are spatially and temporally heterogeneous, and hence a unique seed rate never be optimal throughout a field. Consequently, the URS allows to grow an improper number of plant populations in differently fertile zones in a field, which raises inter-crop competitions and reduces crop yield and thus production profit. Planting density also is linked with the application rate of other farming inputs, and therefore, the non-optimal seeding rates may increase production costs associated with fertilizer and pesticide application, and affect the soil-water environment. Ideally, in-field heterogeneity should be managed properly by implementing precision farming technology. Site-specific seeding (SSS) is such a precision agricultural operation that can ensure an optimized application of seeding rate for each fertility zone by considering the in-field soil variations. The aim of this study is to develop an optimized SSS approach based on the fusion of multiple soil and crop quality indicators estimated with state-of-the-art proximal and remote sensing technologies for maximizing crop yield and production margin. In the literature, there are two methods for implementing SSS i.e., map-based and sensor-based. The map-based SSS system allows adjusting seeding rates depending on the management zone (MZ) map delineated with reference soil and/or crop information. The sensor-based system adjusts seed rates based on an on-line measured soil fertility index (SFI), which is then used as input for real-time calculation and implementation of the recommended seeding rate. The SSS has been often practiced using map-based technology, frequently relying on yield or soil electrical conductivity (EC) data while ignoring many other important soil-related information. Hence, this study intended to move forward the map-based SSS using MZ map delineated with the fusion of multiple soil and crop data layers. It also focuses on identifying the key yield-limiting factors and thus proposing a set of proxies in the delineation of the MZ map accurately as well as in the development of an effective SFI. As the traditional laboratory-based analytical methods are slow and limited to low-resolution estimation of MZ proxies, this study intends to propose the best sensor and/or a combination of sensing technologies for estimating the key yield-limiting factors for delineating the MZ map. Moreover, the early works did not follow a systematic approach to optimize seed rate and they assigned the seed rate per MZ arbitrarily. Therefore, this research proposes an approach of SSS rate optimization. Most importantly, to date no research about sensor-based SSS is available, and hence this thesis will develop, for the first time, a sensor-based SSS technology. As a very limited studies evaluated SSS, the agronomic and economic benefits of SSS have not been largely explored. They showed inconsistent economic profits, which hinder the SSS adoption by end-users. Therefore, this study also focuses on evaluating the agronomic and economic performance of SSS in comparison with the URS for two major crops i.e., maize and potato. Multiple field experiments were conducted for evaluating the agronomic and economic benefits of map-based SSS for potato and maize in two cropping seasons. An on-line visible and near-infrared spectroscopy (vis-NIRS), electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensor, and Sentinel-2 image data were used for delineating three types of MZ maps, which are used for designing SSS treatments: 1)SSS based on apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) measured with an EMI sensor(EMI-SSS), 2) fusion of on-line vis-NIRS estimated soil properties with normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) retrieved from Sentinel-2 based SSS (visNIRSen-SSS), and 3) another fusion-based SSS integrating data from EMI, on-line vis-NIRS, and Sentinel-2 retrieved NDVI data (EvisNIRSen-SSS). Five treatments of seed rate distributed over the MZ maps were tested to compare the performance of the “Kings” and “Robin Hood” methods for recommending the seed-to-seed spacing for both seed and consumption potatoes and seed rates for maize. The “Kings” method recommends the highest seeding rate for the highest fertile MZ and vice-versa while the “Robin Hood” follows the opposite principle by feeding most to the least fertile MZ. After all, the agro-economic performance of these five treatments was compared with those of URS. Results showed that the “Kings” approach outperformed the “Robin Hood” method both for potatoes and maize production. The SSS resulted in higher yield and gross margin by up to 597 € ha-1 in contrast to URS. The enhanced gross margin mainly emerged from increased crop yield instead of savings on the seed costs. The ECa-based SSS and the visNIRSen-SSS performed equally with a mild variation over the test sites. Since the EvisNIRSen-SSS revealed the highest gross margin for potato, the fusion of data obtained from EMI, vis-NIRS and Sentinel-2 seemed to be the most effective approach for MZ delineation in designing and implementing of the map-based SSS. Higher improvement in yield and the gross margin was observed in potato (380 to 597 € ha-1) than maize production (93 € ha-1). The highest profitability of SSS of up to 56.50 % was observed in the field with the lowest productivity. Despite increasing, crop yield and gross margin by SSS were statistically insignificant except in one test field with consumption potatoes. Since crop yields frequently illustrated high-positive correlations with soil pH, OC, P, K, Mg and MC, these were identified as key fertility indicators in developing the SFI that was used as input for the sensor-based SSS. They were also considered as the key yield-limiting factors and used as proxies for MZ delineation needed for map-based SSS. The on-line vis-NIRS sensor can estimate all these MZ proxies accurately with high-spatial resolution, hence is highly recommended for realizing the two methods of SSS. A fully automated sensor-based SSS system was developed and validated. It consists of hardware and software integrating an on-line vis-NIRS soil sensor, an on-line SFI prediction model, a seed rate calculation algorithm, and a variable rate planter machine. While the on-line soil sensor was set on the front end of a tractor, the maize planter actuates the seed rate according to the SFI measured by the on-line sensor. The system was tested in one field with silage maize when it revealed its potential for increasing yield by 1.4 t ha-1 and thus the gross margin by 91 € ha-1, compared to the URS. The study proved that the vis-NIRS sensor was the ideal sensing technology to assess soil fertility and MC for accurate calculations of seeding rate recommendations. In conclusion, SSS is found to be a promising precision agriculture solution to increase crop productivity and thus the economic margin by scientifically managing in-field heterogeneity through optimizing the input seeding rates according to the yield potential of different zones of a field. To succeed in SSS application, soil pH, OC, P, K, Mg and MC should be included in the MZ delineation for map-based SSS and in SFI determination for sensor-based application. This will allow for a correct seed rate calculation, which should then be implemented according to the “Kings” method (e.g., feeding the rich). It is highly suggested in future works to include soil clay and elevation data as MZ proxies and in the SFI derivation. The study shows interesting economic and agronomic benefits that could be harvested when SSS is adopted by farmers. It is therefore recommended to adopt SSS in the commercial farming system. This study has become a reference and thus opened a window for further development and implementation of SSS for other crops.
... Cornell Sprinkle Infiltrometer and DRI measurements were made at four sites to capture i S over a range of soil conditions with differing management practices. Three of the sites were The SECREF plots consisted of fill material transported from offsite, overlain atop exposed subsoil, and compacted (Mohammadshirazi et al., 2017). The other three sites included combinations of native soils or soils that had been in place since construction activities several years prior to the present work. ...
... Tillage was the primary management practice at all sites. Additionally, a subset of plots at three sites had amendments: compost was incorporated with tillage at SECREF, JS, and LP; and amendments including polyacrylamide and gypsum were incorporated with tillage at SECREF as part of another ongoing study (Mohammadshirazi et al., 2017). Control conditions included no tillage practice in the time preceding field measurements. ...
Infiltration rate measurements are used to assess soil health and develop land management practices to address runoff from precipitation and irrigation. Differences in observed infiltration rates determined by available methods can be attributed to both the technique and soil property differences. The primary objective of this study was to compare two methods for measuring steady infiltration rate: the Cornell sprinkle infiltrometer (single‐ring) method (CSI), and the double‐ring infiltrometer method (DRI). Measurements were made at four sites using four replications of 13 sets of conditions (52 total paired measurements). The relationship between CSI and DRI measurements was significant (p < .001) and strong (R² = .71). For 8 of 13 conditions, there was no difference between CSI and DRI steady infiltration rates. Variability in measurements was high (CVs ranged from 0.04 to 1.18) but similar for both methods. Both CSI and DRI results were strongly related to saturated hydraulic conductivity of the surface soil layer determined using a laboratory constant head method on intact soil cores. Overall, results suggest that estimates of steady infiltration rate determined by the CSI and standard DRI methods are comparable.
... The appropriate decision of P5 should be an adjustable depth between the two categories (Mohammadshirazi et al., 2017). • Field Efficiency (P6): Agriculturalists express P6 as the percentage of a machine's Theoretical Field Capacity (TFC) actually achieved under real conditions. ...
Mechanization in agriculture involves all stages of cultivating and preparing innovations, from basic and
essential hand devices and tools to more complex and mechanized implements. Fundamentally, such devices and
tools enable agricultural activities to initiate different crop yields in many different neighborhoods in the world’s
ecological system. Due to the unstable nature of fuel prices, market demands, and damaging effects of tillage
machinery vibrations on the operator, exploring efficient methods of preventing these situations has become
indispensable. There are many existing methods related to tillage optimization, including fast, high quality, and
cost-effective tilling. However, none of the existing methods perform real-time and dynamic recommendations
due to the inability to provide real-time tillage data. Another issue is the unavailability of a tillage recommen-dation model that acts based on the changes of a fixed set of tillage parameters and provides the necessary
guidance to the tractor driver during the tillage operation. This paper proposes a Tillage Operations Quality
Optimization (TOQO) model that aims to improve the efficiency of tillage operations. The model provides real-
time tillage data through integrating the Internet of Things (IoT) technology and a dynamic Decision Support
System (DSS) for tillage machinery operation and process optimization. The proposed model has been success-fully implemented, tested, and evaluated in real-world tillage operations. The results of this TOQO study clearly
show improvements in the tillage operations. This is because the TOQO gives online recommendations in real-
time based on dynamic measurements of six tillage performance evaluation parameters. The parameters are
vibration, bulk density, slippage ratio, fuel consumption, real tillage depth, and field efficiency. The TOQO model
successfully handles more than one tillage machinery tractor by using cloud computing services. Vibration in-creases when using the system on the X-axis at 46.63843 rms, Y-axis at 23.23612 rms, and the Z-axis at 51.47240
rms. Vibration fractures the soil, reducing soil cohesiveness when using an oscillating tillage tool and producing
smaller soil aggregates than a non-oscillating one. When using the system, the value of the virtual density in-
creases by 0.23821 g/cm3. Most of the bulk density values for the optimized phase are within the recommended
or required growth range. There is a slight increase in depth by 0.4279 cm and a decrease in slippage ratio by
0.64364%. Tractor fuel consumption decreases by 1.2169 L per hour, indicating a reduction in tractor wheel
slippage. Reduced fuel consumption and wheel slippage of tillage operation are essential parameters to increase
field efficiency and reduce tillage operation costs.
... From all of the above, the P5 in the knowledge base is divided into two categories: shallow PF (10-15 cm) and deep P5 (15-30 cm). The appropriate decision of P5 should be an adjustable depth between the two categories (Mohammadshirazi et al., 2017). Field Efficiency (P6): Agriculturalists express P6 as the percentage of a machine's Theoretical Field Capacity (TFC) actually achieved under real conditions. ...
Mechanization in agriculture involves all stages of cultivating and preparing innovations, from basic and essential hand devices and tools to more complex and mechanized implements. Fundamentally, such devices and tools enable agricultural activities to initiate different crop yields in many different neighborhoods in the world's ecological system. Due to the unstable nature of fuel prices, market demands, and damaging effects of tillage machinery vibrations on the operator, exploring efficient methods of preventing these situations has become indispensable. There are many existing methods related to tillage optimization, including fast, high quality, and cost-effective tilling. However, none of the existing methods perform real-time and dynamic recommendations due to the inability to provide real-time tillage data. Another issue is the unavailability of a tillage recommendation model that acts based on the changes of a fixed set of tillage parameters and provides the necessary guidance to the tractor driver during the tillage operation. This paper proposes a Tillage Operations Quality Optimization (TOQO) model that aims to improve the efficiency of tillage operations. The model provides real-time tillage data through integrating the Internet of Things (IoT) technology and a dynamic Decision Support System (DSS) for tillage machinery operation and process optimization. The proposed model has been successfully implemented, tested, and evaluated in real-world tillage operations. The results of this TOQO study clearly show improvements in the tillage operations. This is because the TOQO gives online recommendations in real-time based on dynamic measurements of six tillage performance evaluation parameters. The parameters are vibration, bulk density, slippage ratio, fuel consumption, real tillage depth, and field efficiency. The TOQO model successfully handles more than one tillage machinery tractor by using cloud computing services. Vibration increases when using the system on the X-axis at 46.63843 rms, Y-axis at 23.23612 rms, and the Z-axis at 51.47240 rms. Vibration fractures the soil, reducing soil cohesiveness when using an oscillating tillage tool and producing smaller soil aggregates than a non-oscillating one. When using the system, the value of the virtual density increases by 0.23821 g/cm3. Most of the bulk density values for the optimized phase are within the recommended or required growth range. There is a slight increase in depth by 0.4279 cm and a decrease in slippage ratio by 0.64364%. Tractor fuel consumption decreases by 1.2169 L per hour, indicating a reduction in tractor wheel slippage. Reduced fuel consumption and wheel slippage of tillage operation are essential parameters to increase field efficiency and reduce tillage operation costs.
... In this study, we will be more focused on effective pressures influencing the porosity, void ratio, and permeability of water in the soil. Researchers have investigated infiltration of water in compacted soils (Oh and Vanapalli, 2010;Mohammadshirazi et al., 2017;Chen et al., 2019a). Chen et al. (2020) analyzed shear deformation and failure of unsaturated sandy soils in surface layers of slopes during rainwater infiltration, found a unique relationship between the deformation and moisture content, and suggested a relationship for predicting the time and moisture content of onset of landslides. ...
The waste dump is a giant artificial loose pile body composed of fine, medium, and coarse particle sizes. Rising incidents of landslides caused by overburden pressure and effective pressure are of increasing concern in the open-pit waste dump and, if not well-controlled, are a dangerous threat to the workers, the environment, and the equipment. The purpose of this research is to investigate the connection between effective pressure, porosity, void ratio, and coefficient of permeability and to find their influence in the open-pit waste dump. This study analyzed the mechanical and physical changes of seven different soil samples using consolidation and permeability under consolidation laboratory test. The test samples were subject to a pressure ranging from 100 to 1600 kPa. The effective pressure was found to play a major role in influencing void ratio, porosity, and coefficient of permeability, and waste dump height management and control are of great importance. This study answers the question regarding the correlation between effective pressure, void ratio, porosity, and coefficient of permeability in the open-pit waste dump. Further studies are needed to establish profound relationships and develop preventative measures to keep the waste dump slope stable and safe.
... TNT refers to the method of cultivating the crops without sowing before planting, and sowing directly on the previous stubble field, without using agricultural machinery during the crop growth period (Liu et al. 2013b;Wang et al. 2020a). The damage to soil particles during sowing and harvesting is the most important human factor affecting soil erosion, and long-term TNT may increase bulk density and decrease macroporosity, thereby decreasing sorptivity and hydraulic conductivity (Mohammadshirazi et al. 2017;Jia et al. 2019). Also, precipitation as the erosion power and soil texture as the infiltration power have a dominant role in the spatial distribution of TNT values. ...
Accurate assessment of soil erosion is an important prerequisite for controlling soil erosion. The engineering-control (E) and tillage (T) factors are the keys for Chinese Soil Loss Equation (CSLE) to accurately evaluate water erosion in China. Besides, the E and T factors can reflect the water and soil conservation effects of engineering-control and tillage practices. But in the current full coverage of soil erosion surveys in China (such as soil erosion dynamic monitoring), for the same practice, the E or T factors are assigned the same value across the country. We selected 469 E and T factors data based on runoff plots from 73 publications, and they came from six soil and water conservation regions. Correlation analysis, regression analysis, and nonparametric tests were used to determine the comparability of the data, and it was proved that the runoff plots dimensions are consistent with the local topography. The results of one-way ANOVA and nonparametric tests for E and T factors in different regions showed that the engineering-control practices have good soil and water conservation effects and weaken the regional differences of other environmental factors, so there were no significant differences in E factors between different regions. However, there were significant differences in T factors between different regions, and the geodetector was applied to explore the intrinsic driving force of the spatial distribution of T factors. The results of the geodetector showed that the dominant driving forces of the spatial distribution of different types of tillage practices were not completely the same. When using CSLE to calculate water erosion, the E factor of the same practice can be used uniformly throughout the country, and the T factor needs to be considered and selected according to regional differences. At the same time, when choosing tillage practices in each water and soil conservation region, practices with better sediment reduction benefits should also be selected according to the regional environmental conditions.
