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Pozzolanic materials have long demonstrated their effectiveness in producing high-performance concrete. Artificial pozzolanas such as rice husk ash have gained acceptance as supplementary cementing materials in many parts of the world. This work evaluates the potentials of groundnut shell ash (GSA) as a partial replacement for ordinary Portland cem...
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... results are shown in Table 3 and Fig. 1. From the results it can be seen that for the control (0% ash content) and for each cement: ash ratio, the bulk density decreases with age of curing. This is expected because as the concrete hardens it uses up water in hydration, and the products of hydration occupy less space than the original water and cement (Neville, ...
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... Groundnut shell ash is the name given to the ash that is produced when groundnut shells are burned (GSA). The burned ash would be put through a BS filter (75 microns), and the portion that made it through the sieve would meet the specified degree of fineness of 0.063mm or less [23]. ...
... The optimal ratio of GSA to soil varies between 4% and 12%, depending on the specific soil type [4,5,35]. According to Mujedu and Adebara [13], it has been observed that groundnut shell ash can be used as a substitute for up to 30% of regular Portland cement in concrete, as stated by Albert et al. in 2015 and reiterated by Mujedu and Adebara [13,23]. Furthermore, it has been employed as a supplementary component in conjunction with another additive, as indicated by Adetayo et al. [36] in 2021, and Ikumapayi [12]. ...
... A variety of pozzolans are used to supplement or even replace Portland cement in concrete production across the globe. Pozzolana is a siliceous and a luminous material that, when finely divided and combined with moisture at room temperature, undergoes a chemical reaction with calcium hydroxide, resulting in the formation of compounds with cementite characteristics, as described by ASTM C618 [3,[9][10][11]. To be used as a cement mixer in concrete, a pozzolana must have at least 70% silica, alumina, and ferric oxide, and no more than 80% of these ingredients, as specified by (ASTM) C 618-05 [10,12]. Additionally, the LOI and alkali content of the pozzolana may be no higher than 12% and 1.5%, respectively [13,14]. ...
... Cement and pozzolanas, as reported by FAO (1986), would cause concrete to harden to between 65 and 95% OPC in only 28 days. They also noted that the strength of pozzolanas often increases with age, despite the fact that due to their different composition, they tend to react at a slower pace compared to cement and acquire almost the same strength after one year [9]. Pozzolan is well-known for its ability to increase the compressive strength of concrete through the filler effect and the pozzolanic reaction; it is made up of pumice, calcined clay, volcanic ash, diatomaceous earth, tuffa, shales, and pulverized fuel ash (PFA) [9]. ...
... They also noted that the strength of pozzolanas often increases with age, despite the fact that due to their different composition, they tend to react at a slower pace compared to cement and acquire almost the same strength after one year [9]. Pozzolan is well-known for its ability to increase the compressive strength of concrete through the filler effect and the pozzolanic reaction; it is made up of pumice, calcined clay, volcanic ash, diatomaceous earth, tuffa, shales, and pulverized fuel ash (PFA) [9]. Pozzolanic materials available at the time will reduce cement use. ...
Concrete is an artificial composite material made up of four main components: cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates, and water. Because of its adaptability, durability, and economic issues, it has rapidly gained popularity as a construction material around the globe. The manufacturing process of cement leads to the release of significant quantities of greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. Finding alternatives to cement and natural aggregates is becoming more necessary and important. The ash that is produced when agricultural waste is burned as a fuel presents a few problems, such as the contamination of the soil, but it also has the potential to be used as a cement substitute because of its pozzolanic qualities. This research paper explores the utilization of agro-waste ashes, including Corn cob ash (CCA), Rice husk ash (RHA), Palm oil fuel ash (POFA), wood waste ash (WWA), bamboo leaf ash (BLA), Coconut husk ash (CHA), Groundnut shell ash (GSA), and sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA),
as substitutes for cement in concrete mixtures. Additionally, it delves into a comprehensive examination of various chemical admixtures such as water-reducing, corrosion-inhibiting, and shrinkage reducing which are commonly employed to improve concrete performance. The use of agricultural waste in cement and concrete could lead to a range of benefits which include reduced CO2 emissions, and improved strength and durability properties of concrete resulting in lower production costs of concrete. Chemical admixtures help to attain stronger and more durable concrete.
... Also Kreiker et al. [63] reports that the use of ash from peanut shells up to 15% of the mass of cement improves the compressive strength of composites. Alabadan et al. [64] also investigated the possibility of using groundnut shell fly ash as a partial replacement for Portland cement in concrete. It turned out that the strength of concrete with such fly ash is higher than that of classic concrete and it has been shown that it is possible to replace up to 30% of the cement weight with fly ash. ...
The agri-food industry is a source of various substrates – plants as well as plant and animal residues or waste,
which can be recycled. Determining the yield of agri-food waste processing products that can be obtained from
them, as well as estimating the local availability of a given raw material allows for the selection of appropriate
substrates that guarantee both their effective production and their continuous supply. The presented article includes
a review of scientific reports on the acquisition of bioactive substances, substrates for the production of activated
carbon and materials for use in construction from waste from the agri-food industry. Moreover, the article discusses the economic aspects of agri-food waste in terms of bioeconomy.
... Certain proportion of cement in concrete can be replaced with agro-industrial wastes as cementitous binders to improve concrete affordability in developing countries such as Nigeria ( Adole et al., 2011 ;Mahmoud et al., 2012 ;Katare et al., 2020 ;Samuel, 2020 ). A major property of GHA which makes it suitable for application in concrete as partial replacement for cement is its composition of about 8.66% calcium oxide (CaO), 1.93% iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ), 6.12% magnesium oxide (MgO), 15.92% silicon oxide (SiO 2 ) and 6.73% aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) ( Alabadan et al., 2006 ). ...
Waste biorefinery concept is gaining attention in converting wastes to industrial products. This is of paramount importance within sustainability paradigm of utilization of resources and contribution to emerging circular bioeconomy and responsible consumption. Among the vast resources that can be up-graded through value-addition are agrowastes that are generated through processing of crops. Agrowastes contain rich compounds, but the presence of complex molecules such as cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin and anti-nutritional compounds that include cyanogenic glycosides, oxalates, phytates and trypsin inhibitors limits their utilization. Thus, they are often disposed in large quantities in the environment in manners that contribute to pollution. However, with increased awareness about detrimental effects of burning and burying of agrowastes, coupled with developments in circular bioeconomy that focus on ‘no waste’ generation mantra, various technologies have been developed to valorize these wastes into useful products. Among such wastes are melon seed shell, groundnut shell and groundnut peel. This review documents valorization of aforementioned agrowastes through various biotechnological routes to create different products. Until now, there is no review on their valorization unlike vast reviews on the utilization of melon and groundnut cakes. The report addresses issues that can ensure better utilization of these wastes for the attainment of some sustainable development goals (SDGs) of the United Nations, particularly good health and well-being (SDG 3), clean water and sanitation (SDG 6), industry, innovation and infrastructure (SDG 9), responsible consumption and production (SDG 12) and action against climate change (SDG 13).
... Another breakthrough from this study is successful utilization of GSA as SCM and thereby reduces cement consumption in the development of SCHPC and reduces emissions of CO 2 to atmosphere from large production of cement. It is also a means of proper wastes management in reducing environmental pollution as a result of continuous dumping of groundnut shells in producing areas (Alabadan et al., 2006;Tirimisiyu et al., 2020;Buari et al., 2021;Grandawa & Musa, 2014;Hadil & Dinesh, 2017;Hossain et al., 2017;Navaneethan & Mohamed, 2016;Olutoge et al, 2013). ...
The focus of this study is the prediction of Elasticity Modulus (ME) of Self-Consolidating High-Performance Concrete (SCHPC) incorporated with Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA) with Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). The present research utilized GSA as a SCM in the development of SCHPC with GSA (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%) to produce concrete (SCHPC0, SCHPC10, SCHPC20, SCHPC30 and SCHPC40) and a designed concrete mix of 41 N/mm² was employed in accordance with ACI and EFNARC guidelines. The design of SCC/SCHPC is majorly guided by EFNARC 2002 and 2005. The ACI 363 is a guide for preparation and testing of High strength concrete. The compressive strength, tensile strength, Elasticity Modulus and microstructure densifications of SCHPC were the major parameters measured. The Elasticity Modulus was modeled with curing age, percentage substitution of GSA, tensile strength and compressive strength as input, while output layer has only one neuron which represents modulus rupture as the target value; in this case, the Elasticity Modulus of GSA Blended SCHPC. Adequacy of adopted models was determined using coefficient of determination (R²) and Mean Square Error (MSE). Phase transformation and micro-structural analysis of SCHPC showed microstructure densification with an improved interface obtained from SCHPC10 and SCHPC20. The adopted model (back-propagation 4–8-4–1) adequately predicted the EM properties of SCHPC (R²: 0.67–0.96; MSE: 0.28–4.81).
... The GSA is a suitable pozzolanic substance that can replace industrial soil stabilizer additives more effectively. Pozzolana has been produced from GSA, which contains about 8.66% calcium oxide (CaO), 1.93% iron oxide (Fe2O3), 6.12% magnesium oxide (MgO), 15.92% silicon oxide (SiO2), and 6.73% aluminum oxide (Al2O3) (Alabadan, 2006). ASTM C168 stipulates GSA major oxides (Al2O3 + Fe2O3 + SiO2) to be 70% and above for class F pozzolan. ...
The effects of cement and groundnut shell ash (GSA) in stabilizing clayey soil were investigated in this study. Cement, GSA and their combinations were used as soil stabilizers at various percentages (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%) to improve the strength of locally available highly compressible clayey soil obtained within the premises of Federal Polytechnic Ede. The laboratory tests carried out on soil samples were Sieve analysis, atterberg limit test, compaction, and california bearing ratio tests. The experiment was performed using only GSA, only cement and using combination of cement and GSA. The test results show that the combination of GSA and Cement reduced the liquid and plastic limits. It increased the shrinkage limit, MDD and OMC. Also, GSA and Cement (at 20% optimum replacement level) increased the values of CBR of the clayey soils at 2.50 and 5.00 penetrations respectively. It is concluded that Cement-GSA combination can be used as alternative to modify and stabilize problematic soil to bring about soil with improved geotechnical properties, and also mitigate the environmental pollution of groundnut shell.
... Groundnut shell ash, like ordinary Portland cement, contains calcium oxide (CaO), but in a lower percentage than ordinary Portland cement, which makes it beneficial to both soil and concrete. In an investigation [27] to determine the potential of GSA as a concrete admixture, ash was generated by burning groundnut shells on an iron sheet in the open air under normal temperatures. The ash was then mixed in proportions with cement in concrete cube production. ...
This research considered the viability of groundnut shell ash (GSA) on lime-stabilized lateritic soil for highway structural works. Three samples of lateritic soil, named samples A, B, and C, were gathered from Idita-Mokuro, NTA-Mokuro, and ETF burrow pits, respectively, in Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria. Preliminary tests were completed on the samples in their natural states and when stabilized with optimum lime. Engineering properties were performed while 2, 4, and 6 % GSA contents were added to the soil samples at optimum lime. The Atterberg limit tests showed a significant reduction in the plasticity index for samples A and C when stabilized with lime. Compaction test showed a decrease in the maximum dry density from 1,685 to 1,590 kg/m3 for sample A, 1,599 to 1,512 kg/m3 for sample B, and 1,396 to 1,270 kg/m3 for sample C on stabilizing with lime; the introduction of GSA to stabilized lime soil diminished the maximum dry density for all the soil samples, with sample A reduced to 1,435 and 1,385 kg/m3 at 2 and 4 GSA contents, respectively. The addition of GSA improved the engineering properties of lime-stabilized soils as the unsoaked CBR esteems expanded for all soil samples. At an optimum lime dosage, the addition of 2 % GSA expanded the triaxial shear strength from 60.43 to 188.36 kN/m2 for sample A and, at 4 % GSA content, both soil samples B and C increased from 19.19 to 201.48 kN/m2 and 30.62 to 111.65 kN/m2, respectively. Conclusively, GSA improved the toughness and strength of lime-stabilized lateritic soil for highway structural works.
... Researchers have investigated the possibilities of utilizing this and other agricultural residues for civil/structural engineering works. In concrete production, Corn Cob Ash (CCA), Acha Husk Ash (AHA), Bambara Groundnut Shell Ash (BGSA), Peanut Shell Ash (PSA), Rice Husk Ash (RHA), Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA), Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA), Bagasse Ash (BA) and Wood Ash (WA) were used as a partial replacement for cement or fine aggregate (Alabadan et al., 2006;Chatveera and Lertwattanaruk, 2014;Ige et al., 2017;Joel, 2010;Oyedepo and Olukanni, 2015;Sokolova et al., 2018). In a study carried out by Batari et al. (2017), the authors investigated the possibilities of using BA to improve the strength of cement stabilized black cotton soil. ...
... Onakunle et al., (2019) used ceramic waste dust up to 30% to reduce to the barest minimal the liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, optimum moisture content as well as to increase the maximum dry density and California bearing ratio of lateritic soil from Agbara, located in South-west zone of Nigeria. Alabadan et al., (2006), Alhassan (2008), Chittaranjan et al., (2011), Edeh et al., (2012, Okafor andOkonkwo, (2009) andYadu et al., (2011) concluded that reactive pozzolanic properties of these agricultural residues were responsible for the role they played either as a partial replacement of cement in concrete or as stabilizing agents in weak soils. This research will serve dual purposes of significantly reducing pollution associated with indiscrimate disposal of agro-residue wastes and utilization of GSA as soils strength enhancer. ...
... The result of oxides composition/pozzolanic properties of GSA is as presented in Table 3. It was observed that the values obtained for oxides composition of GSA support those that was obtained by Alabadan et al., (2006). Alabadan et al., (2006) classified GSA as pozzolan after studied later strength gain in partially replaced concrete with GSA. ...
This research investigates the potential use of groundnut shell ash (GSA) as soils strength enhancer. The GSA was used as admixture on selected soil samples from four different locations and samples were named T1, T2, T3 & T4. The tests carried out on the samples include Atterberg limit, sieve size analysis, soil hydrometer, compaction and California bearing ratio (CBR), X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Sieve size analysis, soil hydrometer test, Atterberg limit test were used to classify soil samples’ properties and classification was done as per AASHTO soil classification system. Sample T1 was classified as A-6, samples T2, T3 and T4 were classified as A-4. GSA was added to the soil samples; 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 15% of GSA by weight of soil samples. Compaction test and California bearing ratio (CBR) were carried out on soil samples with added GSA. Results from XRF showed that SiO2 + Al2O3+ Fe2O3 = 25.61%. For GSA to be classified as pozzolan, SiO2 + Al2O3+ Fe2O3 ≥ 70% as per ASTM C618 – 08. Therefore, GSA cannot be classified as pozzolan as it does not meet requirement stipulated in ASTM C618 but rather as inert pores filler. Based on the results from compaction and CBR, the study showed that 4-8% of GSA was found to have improved and enhanced the strength of the soil samples.
... Researchers have investigated the possibilities of utilizing this and other agricultural residues for civil/structural engineering works. In concrete production, Corn Cob Ash (CCA), Acha Husk Ash (AHA), Bambara Groundnut Shell Ash (BGSA), Peanut Shell Ash (PSA), Rice Husk Ash (RHA), Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA), Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA), Bagasse Ash (BA) and Wood Ash (WA) were used as a partial replacement for cement or fine aggregate (Alabadan et al., 2006;Chatveera and Lertwattanaruk, 2014;Ige et al., 2017;Joel, 2010;Oyedepo and Olukanni, 2015;Sokolova et al., 2018). In a study carried out by Batari et al. (2017), the authors investigated the possibilities of using BA to improve the strength of cement stabilized black cotton soil. ...
... Onakunle et al., (2019) used ceramic waste dust up to 30% to reduce to the barest minimal the liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, optimum moisture content as well as to increase the maximum dry density and California bearing ratio of lateritic soil from Agbara, located in South-west zone of Nigeria. Alabadan et al., (2006), Alhassan (2008), Chittaranjan et al., (2011), Edeh et al., (2012, Okafor andOkonkwo, (2009) andYadu et al., (2011) concluded that reactive pozzolanic properties of these agricultural residues were responsible for the role they played either as a partial replacement of cement in concrete or as stabilizing agents in weak soils. This research will serve dual purposes of significantly reducing pollution associated with indiscrimate disposal of agro-residue wastes and utilization of GSA as soils strength enhancer. ...
... The result of oxides composition/pozzolanic properties of GSA is as presented in Table 3. It was observed that the values obtained for oxides composition of GSA support those that was obtained by Alabadan et al., (2006). Alabadan et al., (2006) classified GSA as pozzolan after studied later strength gain in partially replaced concrete with GSA. ...
This research investigates the potential use of groundnut shell ash (GSA) as soils strength enhancer. The GSA was used as admixture on selected soil samples from four different locations and samples were named T1, T2, T3 & T4. The tests carried out on the samples include Atterberg limit, sieve size analysis, soil hydrometer, compaction and California bearing ratio (CBR), X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Sieve size analysis, soil hydrometer test, Atterberg limit test were used to classify soil samples’ properties and classification was done as per AASHTO soil classification system. Sample T1 was classified as A-6, samples T2, T3 and T4 were classified as A-4. GSA was added to the soil samples; 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 15% of GSA by weight of soil samples. Compaction test and California bearing ratio (CBR) were carried out on soil samples with added GSA. Results from XRF showed that SiO2 + Al2O3+ Fe2O3 = 25.61%. For GSA to be classified as pozzolan, SiO2 + Al2O3+ Fe2O3 ≥ 70% as per ASTM C618 – 08. Therefore, GSA cannot be classified as pozzolan as it does not meet requirement stipulated in ASTM C618 but rather as inert pores filler. Based on the results from compaction and CBR, the study showed that 4-8% of GSA was found to have improved and enhanced the strength of the soil samples.
... Researchers have investigated the possibilities of utilizing this and other agricultural residues for civil/structural engineering works. In concrete production, Corn Cob Ash (CCA), Acha Husk Ash (AHA), Bambara Groundnut Shell Ash (BGSA), Peanut Shell Ash (PSA), Rice Husk Ash (RHA), Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA), Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA), Bagasse Ash (BA) and Wood Ash (WA) were used as a partial replacement for cement or fine aggregate (Alabadan et al., 2006;Chatveera and Lertwattanaruk, 2014;Ige et al., 2017;Joel, 2010;Oyedepo and Olukanni, 2015;Sokolova et al., 2018). In a study carried out by Batari et al. (2017), the authors investigated the possibilities of using BA to improve the strength of cement stabilized black cotton soil. ...
... Onakunle et al., (2019) used ceramic waste dust up to 30% to reduce to the barest minimal the liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, optimum moisture content as well as to increase the maximum dry density and California bearing ratio of lateritic soil from Agbara, located in South-west zone of Nigeria. Alabadan et al., (2006), Alhassan (2008), Chittaranjan et al., (2011), Edeh et al., (2012, Okafor andOkonkwo, (2009) andYadu et al., (2011) concluded that reactive pozzolanic properties of these agricultural residues were responsible for the role they played either as a partial replacement of cement in concrete or as stabilizing agents in weak soils. This research will serve dual purposes of significantly reducing pollution associated with indiscrimate disposal of agro-residue wastes and utilization of GSA as soils strength enhancer. ...
... The result of oxides composition/pozzolanic properties of GSA is as presented in Table 3. It was observed that the values obtained for oxides composition of GSA support those that was obtained by Alabadan et al., (2006). Alabadan et al., (2006) classified GSA as pozzolan after studied later strength gain in partially replaced concrete with GSA. ...
This research investigates the potential use of groundnut shell ash (GSA) as soils strength enhancer. The GSA was used as admixture on selected soil samples from four different locations and samples were named T1, T2, T3 & T4. The tests carried out on the samples include Atterberg limit, sieve size analysis, soil hydrometer, compaction and California bearing ratio (CBR), X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Sieve size analysis, soil hydrometer test, Atterberg limit test were used to classify soil samples' properties and classification was done as per AASHTO soil classification system. Sample T1 was classified as A-6, samples T2, T3 and T4 were classified as A-4. GSA was added to the soil samples; 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 15% of GSA by weight of soil samples. Compaction test and California bearing ratio (CBR) were carried out on soil samples with added GSA. Results from XRF showed that SiO2 + Al2O3+ Fe2O3 = 25.61%. For GSA to be classified as pozzolan, SiO2 + Al2O3+ Fe2O3 ≥ 70% as per ASTM C618-08. Therefore, GSA cannot be classified as pozzolan as it does not meet requirement stipulated in ASTM C618 but rather as inert pores filler. Based on the results from compaction and CBR, the study showed that 4-8% of GSA was found to have improved and enhanced the strength of the soil samples.
