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Democratic design is an attitude about a force for change in the creation and
management of environments for people. Its strength lies in being a movement
that cuts across traditional professional boundaries and cultures. Its roots lie in
the ideals of a participatory democracy where collective decision-making is highly
decentralized throughout all...
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Considering the scenarios of cities as results of spatial production forms, especially of its streets, the general objective of the investigation is to evaluate relations between guidelines determined by the public administration and perception of urban road axis by the population. Supported byspecific theoretical background and multiple methodolog...
While ward committees and Integrated Development Planning (IDP) representative forums constitute formal participatory mechanisms in South Africa’s local government, little is known about the potential of local approaches in enhancing participation in municipal planning. This paper examines alternative approaches to participation based on research c...
Citations
... Informing / Consultation 'citizens may indeed hear and be heard (…) but they lack the power to ensure that their views will be heeded by the powerful' (Arnstein, 1969, p. 217) Pseudo-participation (Sanoff, 2010) Residents' consultation Minor participation Residual participation of the residents with no influence on the overall project (e.g., decisions on furniture or functions of common spaces) Placation 'allow citizens to advise or plan ad infinitum but retain for powerholders the right to judge the legitimacy or feasibility of the advice.' (Arnstein, 1969, p. 220) Medium participation Punctual involvement of the residents, so it influences the overall project, but the project is mainly designed by professionals Partnership 'power is redistributed through negociation between citizens and powerholders' (Arnstein, 1969, p. 221) Co-design High participation (codesign) ...
This thesis brings forward the design dimension, and, more specifically, co-design, to the study of housing affordability. Co-design occurs when end-users and professionals work together towards a common goal. It is a process often applied in collaborative housing, an umbrella concept encompassing different housing forms based on collective self-organisation and collaboration, where residents choose to share certain spaces. The aim of this research is to assess if and how co-design processes applied in collaborative housing may reduce building costs, thereby making these housing projects not only affordable, but even more affordable than mainstream housing. It does so by combining a case study approach with a building costs simulation. Findings indicate that co-design decisions based on a collective self-redefinition of Existenzminimum (minimum dwelling) affect the housing layout and contribute to reduce building costs. By conceptualising housing design through the lenses of affordability, this thesis highlights the understated role of architectural design and building costs as key components in the study and provision of affordable housing solutions; and enriches the existing body of knowledge on affordable collaborative housing. Moreover, it draws attention to the way some outdated building regulations and standards hamper design innovation in housing. This research ends up with a set of general principles for the co-design of affordable collaborative housing. These design principles may assist professionals supporting co-design and, more importantly, people who want to design, build and live in a collaborative manner.
... «Культурная эстетика» города уничтожается и унифицируется под наступающей глобализацией [Ibid.]. Вовлечение горожан в разработку проектов, то есть соучастие в городском планировании, может способствовать сохранению «культурной эстетики» города [Sanoff, 2000;Sanoff, 2010]. ...
... Функциональный модернизм Ле Корбюзье противопоставляется индивидуально-ориентированным (individual-oriented) подходам к городскому планированию, развиваемым в трудах Геддеса, Говарда, Мамфорда, Джекобс и Гейла [Абагеро, 2021]. В своем исследовании особенно важным направлением внедрения соучаствующего проектирования Генри Санофф выделяет ревитализацию малых городов, исторически обладающих богатым культурным потенциалом [Sanoff, 2010]. ...
Создание комфортного пространства становится все более распространенной практикой в российских городах, на что в значительной степени повлиял Федеральный проект «Формирование комфортной городской среды» и, в частности, конкурс лучших проектов в малых городах и исторических поселениях. Вместе с тем на местном уровне присутствует запрос на уникальность: оригинальные проекты преобразований пространства и среды могут выгодно выделить город среди остальных, способствуя привлечению внимания общественности и туристов. Рыбинск — город, прославившийся исключительным опытом обновления исторического центра. В этой работе такой комплексный объект исследования, как городские преобразования, метафорично представлен в виде конструктора, который включает набор инструментов средств, а также практик — активных действий. Для выявления составляющих конструктора были проведены интервью с основными участниками преобразований Рыбинска, а также экспертами в области развития территорий. Результаты показали, что, даже при относительной устойчивости инструментов, практики как подвижные категории во многом зависят от местных условий. Именно поэтому универсального или лучшего экземпляра конструктора не существует, что подчеркивает важность углубленного качественного изучения случаев для формирования более обширной базы знаний о моделях преобразований городов для возможности их сопоставления.
... Participatory design relates to equalising power relations-empowering marginalised members in community, situation-based actions-relating to peoples' needs, mutual learning-finding common ground of working, techniques-generating ideas about equality, and democratic practices-representing role models for equality among participants (Luck, 2018). These categories derive from an attitude about a force for change in the design and construction of incremental housing (Sanoff, 2010). Although participation is time-and cost-demanding, it "strengthens the role of the citizens and therefore directs democratic decisions" (Muellera et al., 2018). ...
Incremental housing signifies a solution for low-income households, one in which the government creates shell dwellings favourable to adjustments by the owners, defined as nuclear families receiving state support. The shell house represents an unfinished unit as the envelope of the building whose interior completion depends on the low-income families' investment. It constitutes the permanent structure with the service parts, particularly pipes, cable, and basic features of the kitchen and toilet, as a point of departure for the occupants' customisation. The author used descriptive observation, questionnaires, and semi-structured interviews to examine dwellings' infill and attachments in Villa Verde, Lo Espejo condominium, and Las Higueras. The hypothesis holds that low-income families' efforts to complete the unfinished house cultivate the sense of home embodiment spawned by their collective creativity. Interpreting collected data for the firework, the author used critical phenomenology to argue for households' embodiment within their shell houses. This embodiment designates social bonding between families during units' adjustment that fosters occupants' alliances. The article concludes with three terms—readymade, habits, and measurement—as attitude of families’ transformation of houses. It underlines how the building knowledge is acquired from familiarity with their neighbours, the importance of intimacy that progresses from frequent and repetitive interaction between residents, and the significance of cohabiting as a family's awareness of belonging to the house embedded through being stationary in a place.
... Most recently, Rebernik et al. (2019) and Lock et al. (2020) have referred to a new role of citizens beyond citizens as users, i.e., as innovators and decision-makers and even participants in a participatory design process. According to Sanoff (2010), participatory design is based on the principle of democracy, where collective decisionmaking is highly decentralized throughout all sectors of society. In this way, people learn how to interact with other stakeholders, which in turn can lead to more democratic cities. ...
Cities and public spaces should be regarded as the most valuable achievements of mankind in recent centuries. Nowadays, in some cases, we see a decline in quality of the public sphere, which diminishes the liberty and the voluntary presence of people, who feel no desire to visit certain public spaces. In this paper, we critically review existing knowledge and attitudes applied within the broadly defined field of democratic public spaces and develop a new, more comprehensive framework that better reflects contemporary social challenges in the city of Tehran, Iran. We systemized and unified a broad range of urban democracy-based concepts in an integrated model, i.e., the right to the city, social justice, civil society and citizen’s rights, inclusive design and cities friendly for women, children, the elderly, the disabled, tourists, and minority groups within the city. Data collection was conducted based on the crowdsourcing method through analysis of social networking applications, i.e., Twitter, Instagram, and Foursquare as well as in-depth and semi-structured interviews with experts and the public. As a result, we systematically distinguish five key terms for assessing democratic public spaces, i.e., socio-spatial diversity, social justice, social inclusion, comfort, and public participation. This conceptual framework can be used as a guideline for policy makers and urban designers to create and evaluate public spaces to achieve the most democratic spaces. Our framework was applied to Tehran’s 30Tir street.
... Most recently, Rebernik et al. (2019) and Lock et al. (2020) have referred to a new role of citizens beyond citizens as users, i.e., as innovators and decision-makers and even participants in a participatory design process. According to Sanoff (2010), participatory design is based on the principle of democracy, where collective decisionmaking is highly decentralized throughout all sectors of society. In this way, people learn how to interact with other stakeholders, which in turn can lead to more democratic cities. ...
Cities and public spaces should be regarded as the most valuable achievements of mankind in recent centuries. Nowadays, in some cases, we see a decline in quality of the public sphere, which diminishes the liberty and the voluntary presence of people, who feel no desire to visit certain public spaces. In this paper, we critically review existing knowledge and attitudes applied within the broadly defined field of democratic public spaces and develop a new, more comprehensive framework that better reflects contemporary social challenges in the city of Tehran, Iran. We systemized and unified a broad range of urban democracy-based concepts in an integrated model, i.e., the right to the city, social justice, civil society and citizen's rights, inclusive design and cities friendly for women, children, the elderly, the disabled, tourists, and minority groups within the city. Data collection was conducted based on the crowdsourcing method through analysis of social networking applications, i.e., Twitter, Instagram, and Foursquare as well as in-depth and semi-structured interviews with experts and the public. As a result, we systematically distinguish five key terms for assessing democratic public spaces, i.e., socio-spatial diversity, social justice, social inclusion, comfort, and public participation. This conceptual framework can be used as a guideline for policy makers and urban designers to create and evaluate public spaces to achieve the most democratic spaces. Our framework was applied to Tehran's 30Tir street. Abstract. Kota dan ruang publik harus dianggap sebagai pencapaian manusia paling bernilai dalam beberapa abad terakhir. Saat ini, dalam beberapa kasus, kita melihat penurunan kualitas ruang publik, yang mengurangi kebebasan dan kehadiran sukarela orang-orang yang tidak memiliki keinginan untuk mengunjungi ruang publik tertentu. Dalam makalah ini, kami secara kritis meninjau pengetahuan dan sikap yang ada yang diterapkan dalam bidang ruang publik demokratis yang didefinisikan secara luas dan mengembangkan kerangka kerja baru yang lebih komprehensif yang lebih mencerminkan tantangan sosial kontemporer di kota Teheran, Iran. Kami merumuskan dan menyatukan berbagai konsep berbasis demokrasi perkotaan dalam model yang terintegrasi, yaitu, hak atas kota, keadilan sosial, masyarakat sipil dan hak warga negara, desain inklusif dan kota yang ramah bagi perempuan, anak-anak, orang tua, orang cacat, turis, dan kelompok minoritas di dalam kota. Pengumpulan data dilakukan berdasarkan metode crowdsourcing melalui analisis aplikasi jejaring sosial yaitu Twitter, Instagram, dan Foursquare serta wawancara mendalam dan semi terstruktur dengan pakar dan masyarakat umum. Dengan hal ini, kami dapat membedakan secara sistematis lima istilah kunci untuk menilai ruang publik yang demokratis, yaitu keragaman sosio-spasial, keadilan sosial, inklusi sosial, kenyamanan, dan 25 partisipasi publik. Kerangka konseptual ini dapat digunakan sebagai pedoman bagi pembuat kebijakan dan perancang kota untuk menciptakan dan mengevaluasi ruang publik untuk mencapai ruang yang paling demokratis. Kerangka kerja kami diterapkan ke jalan 30Tir Teheran.
... The intense debate developed on the paramount significance of introducing real life issues in architecture education has pointed to a "field-experience approach to education" as needed complement of the share of learning devoted to abstract contents [65]. The conceptual framework of this approach refers to critical pedagogy, that Freire defined as a learning process in which the learner can develop connections between their own experiences and the social contexts, thanks to education activities embodying interactions with the reality [37]. ...
The sense of uncertainty and fragility due to the effects and magnitude of global challenges we are facing (from the circumstances of the pandemic to the impacts of climate change) requires—much more than in the past—the capacity to generate a visionary and forefront design approach in the young generation, with an aim to stimulate their reaction attitude rather than providing consolidated tools from past conditions that no longer exist or will rapidly evolve. Within this general framework, we have investigated the effectiveness and impacts of experienced-based methods of learning and innovative educational tools in architecture that are aimed at shaping expertise that addresses the aspects of environment and climate change in the context of socio-cultural dynamics, real potentialities and constraints, and their transdisciplinary trajectories. We analyzed five international pioneering teaching experiences that provided the opportunity to understand the outcomes of collaborative and experiential learning processes by which the educational activities leverage dialogue between diverse communities (including academia, citizens, policymakers, and practitioners). The study outcomes show that shifting the pedagogical paradigm towards experience-based models can improve the awareness of future practitioners for the climate implications of architectural design, implement their analysis and project skills, and trigger processes of knowledge transfer and co-production at the community level. Experience-based models also allow them to better address the societal and cultural issues involved in decision making.
... For people, natural relations, cultural, and interest-based interaction provides meaning to life and is definitive to social development (Ikerd, 2013;Shah, 2012;Zohar, 1991). It has been shown that when societies face challenges and fruits of endeavours together, it enhances socio-economic structures and cohesion and helps to avoid ills of massive defection (ibid; Dayton-Johnson, 2001;OECD, 2011;Sanoff, 2010). ...
Such a universal term, prosperity, derived from the Latin word ‘prosperus’, middle English ‘prosperite’, and French ‘prosperitas’, meaning favourable or fortunate. Recent and intensive engagement with prosperity has denounced the economic monopoly over it to integrate dimensions that are social, environmental, ecological, and physical. This movement, further catalysed by the UN-Habitat (see UN-Habitat, 2015, 2013), has helped re-focus governments’ interests towards maintaining prosperity, and as an avenue for fulfilling the SDGs. Both Developed and Developing Region cities are characterized by their unique geo-political, market and economic, institutional and policy dynamics that sometimes drive societal vulnerabilities. Some of these in the form of physically and environmentally, socially, and economically declining communities that are more prevalent in Developing Regions. With growing focus on conditions or indicators for prosperity for people, research has not paid much attention to prosperity as an operative term. Such a question can be challenging and require a re-examination of what it means to prosper. This paper proposes three practical rules to help in this regard, providing guides for stakeholders set on managing and delivering place improvement (in any context) to enhance prosperity.
... Democratic design implies participation in decision making not only for traditional stakeholders, such as the administration, businesses, and architects, but also local inhabitants as future users of the territory, as they are the experts in their living space and behavioral patterns. Moreover, the results of the project would influence the people directly, so they should have an opportunity to influence the decision (Sanoff, 2010). ...
... One of the most widespread ways of realizing this approach is adopting participatory practices -e.g. participatory budgeting (Cabannes, 2004) and participatory design (Sanoff 2010). In the next section, the details of a certain case of the democratic design of a public space in a residential area of Gatchina are provided. ...
... The idea of democratic urban design is thoroughly discussed in the literature (King, 1983;Sanoff, 2010;Frisk et al., 2015, etc.). It appeared in the 1970s (Brenner, 2009) and nowadays is a widespread approach of urban planning all over the world. ...
In the paper, a case of a Russian town, Gatchina, is examined to find the reasonable balance between international smart city practice, governmental requirements, historical identity preservation, and human-oriented approach. The article focuses on the democratic urban design of a public space. The project included qualitative and quantitative research, three project sessions with local inhabitants, and preparation of an architectural project based on the collected data. During the design process, organizers faced two types of challenges—economic (shortage of funding) and communication issues (difficulties with informing and recruiting the citizens for the project sessions, under representativeness of some target groups, etc.)—whereby the latter dominate. Nevertheless, the project was effective; it showed that such towns can afford smart city (though by separate projects only) and that collaboration with the citizens contributes to both history and culture preservation and effective competition in federal grants for smart city development.
... Aligning with the notion of collaboration in design, researchers focused on the development of arguments, models, methods, and tools (Hester, 1990) that could support client/user engagement in the design process. While Sanoff continues to pursue his quest for collaborative design research practices following his previously established approach (Sanoff, 2000(Sanoff, & 2010, other scholars, in other contexts, attempt to unfold social and political aspects of the built environment and the way that the future users may shape it (Blundell-Jones et al., 2005) interrogating issues that pertain to how architects can best enhance their partnership with users and the wider society to deliver responsive environments (Jenkins and Forsyth, 2009). In essence, underpinned by the belief that reality for an individual is socially and politically constructed and is primarily determined by social and cultural norms-what is unique in the collaborative approach is the sharing of values and acting collectively on knowledge about how requirements can be achieved and how needs can be met. ...
The purpose of this invited editorial article is to contribute an inclusive insight into some of the key aspects of arts-based research and methodological approaches in architectural and spatial design research. Following ontological and epistemological interpretations, the article is conceptual and involves critical analysis which is based on reviewing and categorizing classical literature while highlighting substantial number of contributions in relevant research developed over the past five decades. Premised on three philosophical positions—positivism, anti-positivism, and emancipationist— a discussion on arts-based research as a form of qualitative inquiry and the associated trilogy of art, craft, and knowledge making was instigated. Six frames of reference were identified: systematic, computational, managerial, psychological, person-environment type-a and person-environment type-b. Technically oriented research (TOR) and conceptually driven research (CDR) were categorized as perspectives of inquiry and were scrutinized together with their developmental aspects. Whilst the article is a brief reflection on some of the key contributions in this edition of JAARS, it captures an understanding of arts-based research, architectural and spatial design research, and their essential qualities. and can be viewed as an enabling mechanism by which researchers can identify the unique particularities of their research and the way in which it is pursued.
... The design fields, when developing models for engagement, seek to satisfy many of the desired goals of servicelearning: building capacity for student learning and leadership; providing experiences that highlight and strengthen inclusive communities; creating authentic experiences for community members and students in collaborative projects; and promoting principles of democracy, compassion and cultural diversity through civic engagement (Butler, 2019). Participatory planning and design includes working with disenfranchised and underserved populations (Hester, 2006;Thering, 2007;Sanoff, 2010) through service-learning (Angotti et al., 2012;Bose et al., 2014). In underserved communities, service-learning builds partnerships with the academy and capacity in moving society toward positive alternative futures. ...
Purpose
This paper aims to describe the transdisciplinary, multiphase, mixed methods, generative design research, participatory planning and social design activities developed and implemented by the West Virginia University Rural Tourism Design Team and associated outcomes.
Design/methodology/approach
The multiphase methodology included quantitative and qualitative research in initial stages of the study (key informant interviews, resident attitudes toward tourism survey, visitor preferences survey, economic impact analysis) which informed social design activities at latter stages (asset mapping, landscape design/visualization of opportunities and sites targeted for development and cultural identity design) using generative design tools facilitating co-design with the communities and helping the destination take sequential steps toward achieving their goals and objectives.
Findings
Opportunities and challenges identified through multiple methods were triangulated and pointed to the same conclusions including the need for long term planning and managed growth; protecting community values; underutilized natural, cultural and historic assets; the opportunity to develop nature-based, cultural and historical attractions; and the need for a common vision and collective identity.
Research limitations/implications
This study makes a unique contribution to literature on sustainable tourism planning by incorporating social design activities to visualize findings of more traditional planning methods and provide tangible, visible outcomes of planning activities which can guide local stakeholders in rural destinations more directly to funding for planning recommendations and project implementation.
Practical implications
The transdisciplinary and social/generative/participatory approach provided a scaffolding of outputs to the community with citizen control and active involvement throughout the planning and design process. The incorporation of social design provided tangible outcomes including site designs and a cultural identity. Generative design research gives people a language with which they can imagine and express their ideas and dreams for future experiences.
Originality/value
This paper investigates the role of social design in a transdisciplinary, multiphase project to support sustainable tourism planning.
