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Brunneosphaerella jonkershoekensis (CBS H-20333). a, b. Leaf spots; c. globose ascomata visible on lesion surface; d. substomatal ascoma with central ostiole; e. vertical section through ascoma wall of textura angularis; f. germinating ascospore; g-i. asci; j. ascospores.-Scale bars = 10 µm.
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Species of Leucadendron, Leucospermum and Protea (Proteaceae) are in high demand for the international floriculture market due to their brightly coloured and textured flowers or bracts. Fungal pathogens, however, create a serious problem in cultivating flawless blooms. The aim of the present study was to characterise several of these pathogens usin...
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Citations
... by P. telopea Maharachch., K.D. Hyde & Crous in Australia (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2014, Peng et al. 2022 (Ge et al. 2009, Feng et al. 2014. Neopestalotiopsis protearum (Crous & L. Swart) Maharachch., K.D. Hyde & Crous was identified as a pathogen causing widely distributed leaf spot and blight on several Protea and Leucospermum hosts in Australia, South Africa and Zimbabwe (Swart et al. 1999, Crous et al. 2011. Similarly, Pseudopestalotiopsis is mainly recognized as a leaf spot-causing foliar pathogenic genus on many hosts (Peng et al. 2022). ...
Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze var. assamica (Miang tea) is widely distributed in northern Thailand due to its traditional and industrial attributes, including black tea and Miang production. In this study, two Pestalotioid taxa associated with C. sinensis leaf spots were collected in Mae Taeng district, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. Species delineation was based on the evidence from morphological and multi-locus phylogenies using ITS, tub2 and tef1-α. Neopestalotiopsis saprophytica is herein reported as a new record on Camellia sinensis, while Pseudopestalotiopsis chinensis is recorded as a new geographical record from Thailand. The findings of this research have the potential to offer fresh insights into the two previously documented species within the existing fungal community associated with C. sinensis in Thailand. This, in turn, could enhance our comprehension of their interactions with the host plant in the times ahead.
... Currently, 32 DNA-identified Aureobasidium species are known (Table 1). These species include the best known Aureobasidium species, Aureobasidium pullulans, as well as the most recently identified species Aureobasidium insectorum, Aureobasidium planticola, Aureobasidium motuoense, and Aureobasidium intercalariosporum (Arnaud 1918;Arzanlou and Khodaei 2012;Ashish and Pratibha 2018;Barr 2001;Bills et al. 2012;Ciferri et al. 1957;Cooke 1962;Crous et al. 2021Crous et al. , 2011Hermanides-Nijhof 1977a, 1977b;Gostinčar et al. 2014;Inamdar et al. 2019;Jia et al. 2019;Jiang et al. 2021Jiang et al. , 2019Lee et al. 2021;Nasr et al. 2018;Onetto et al. 2020;Peterson et al. 2013;Ramaley 1992;Wang et al. 2022a;Wu et al. 2023). An additional 15 species have been identified based on morphology (Table 2) (Cooke 1962;Crisan and Hodisan 1964;Della Torre 1963;de Hoog and Hermanides-Nijhof 1977a;Pande and Ghate 1985;Richardson and Pitkäranta 2011). ...
... An additional 15 species have been identified based on morphology (Table 2) (Cooke 1962;Crisan and Hodisan 1964;Della Torre 1963;de Hoog and Hermanides-Nijhof 1977a;Pande and Ghate 1985;Richardson and Pitkäranta 2011). Various loci (i.e., the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA, intergenic spacer 1, translation elongation factor-1α, β-tubulin, large ribosomal subunit (LSU), and RNA polymerase II) have been used for the phylogeny of Aureobasidium (Crous et al. 2011;Gostinčar et al. 2014;Manitchotpisit et al. 2009;Peterson et al. 2013;Wang et al. 2022a;Zalar et al. 2008). Kabatiella and Aureobasidium are closely related based on morphology and DNA sequences, which makes them difficult to distinguish (Bills et al. 2012;Crous et al. 2011). ...
... Various loci (i.e., the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA, intergenic spacer 1, translation elongation factor-1α, β-tubulin, large ribosomal subunit (LSU), and RNA polymerase II) have been used for the phylogeny of Aureobasidium (Crous et al. 2011;Gostinčar et al. 2014;Manitchotpisit et al. 2009;Peterson et al. 2013;Wang et al. 2022a;Zalar et al. 2008). Kabatiella and Aureobasidium are closely related based on morphology and DNA sequences, which makes them difficult to distinguish (Bills et al. 2012;Crous et al. 2011). In fact, Kabatiella lini is now proposed to be part of the Aureobasidium clade (Thambugala et al. 2014). ...
Aureobasidium is omnipresent and can be isolated from air, water bodies, soil, wood, and other plant materials, as well as inorganic materials such as rocks and marble. A total of 32 species of this fungal genus have been identified at the level of DNA, of which Aureobasidium pullulans is best known. Aureobasidium is of interest for a sustainable economy because it can be used to produce a wide variety of compounds, including enzymes, polysaccharides, and biosurfactants. Moreover, it can be used to promote plant growth and protect wood and crops. To this end, Aureobasidium cells adhere to wood or plants by producing extracellular polysaccharides, thereby forming a biofilm. This biofilm provides a sustainable alternative to petrol-based coatings and toxic chemicals. This and the fact that Aureobasidium biofilms have the potential of self-repair make them a potential engineered living material avant la lettre.
Key points
•Aureobasidium produces products of interest to the industry
•Aureobasidium can stimulate plant growth and protect crops
•Biofinish of A. pullulans is a sustainable alternative to petrol-based coatings
•Aureobasidium biofilms have the potential to function as engineered living materials
... Notes: Microsphaeropsis rafniae is phylogenetically close to M. proteae and M. fusca. However, it can be distinguished from those species by its smaller conidia (3-5 × 2-3 µm in vivo); M. fusca (5-10.5 × 3.5-6.5 μm in vitro) (Hou et al. 2020) and M. proteae (5-8 × 3.5-4 µm in vivo) (Swart et al. 1998, Crous et al. 2011. Microsphaeropsis fusca was originally isolated from twig lesions of Sarothamnus scoparius (Fabaceae) in the Netherlands, and M. proteae from leaves of Protea nitida (Proteaceae) in Hermanus, Western Cape Province, South Africa (Swart et al. 1998, Hou et al. 2020. ...
Cankers leading to branch, stem and plant death were observed on the South African endemic Rafnia amplexicaulis ( Fabaceae ) in the Cederberg Wilderness Area, South Africa, during September 2021. Conidiomatal pycnidia were found developing on the cankers, and isolations consistently yielded a Microsphaeropsis species. Phylogenetic analysis based on partial nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS), the nuclear large subunit (LSU) and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit ( RPB2 ) regions showed that the fungus represented an undescribed species. Based on the multigene phylogeny and morphological characteristics, we describe the species here as M. rafniae sp. nov. Pathogenicity tests and the fulfilment of Koch’s postulates confirmed that M. rafniae sp. nov. is the cause of the cankers of R. amplexicaulis . Presently, this disease is known from a single location in South Africa, and further surveys are required to determine its distribution and relative importance.
... They cause disease in a variety of cultivars, such as apple, coconut, chestnut, grapevine, guava, and mango trees [8][9][10]. Signs and symptoms include canker lesions, shoot death, leaf spot, needle rust, tip rust, gray rust, itchy canker, severe chlorosis, and rot, and are also harmful post-harvest fungi [11][12][13][14][15]. ...
O piquiazeiro apresenta grande importância na Amazônia, pois além de utilizado na culinária, é empregado na indústria cosmética, e empiricamente como produto medicinal, mas pouco se sabe sobre seu potencial para obtenção de substâncias fungitóxicas. Este estudo avaliou a análise química e a atividade antifúngica in vitro de extratos etanólicos e óleos de Caryocar villosum. O perfil químico dos extratos foi obtido por Cromatografia em Camada Delgada (CCD), enquanto o perfil do óleo vegetal foi analisado por Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada à Espectrometria de Massas (GC-MS). Diferentes concentrações dos extratos e óleos vegetais foram utilizadas nos testes biológicos. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial com replicação. A presença de flavonoides foi confirmada em todos os extratos. Os componentes majoritários do óleo artesanal foram ácido oleico, ácido palmítico e oleato de etila, e o componente majoritário do óleo industrializado foi (Z)-9,17-octadecadienal, (Z)-octadecenal e β-sitosterol. Em geral, o extrato das folhas jovens e o óleo industrializado apresentaram as maiores reduções nas colônias fúngicas, e as concentrações de 40% dos extratos e de 3,75 μL.mL-1 dos óleos ocasionaram os menores crescimentos dos desafiantes.
... Beta conidia are hyaline, smooth, aseptate, spindle-shaped, prominently hooked in the apical part, apex acute and base truncate. A detailed description of its asexual morph is available in Crous et al. (2011c). The sexual morph is undetermined. ...
Diaporthe is a large and taxonomically complex genus, with over a thousand epithets listed in Index Fungorum. The placement of many Diaporthe species remains confusing, and there is a lack of consensus on their taxonomy and phylogeny. In this study, we provide annotated notes on accepted or presumed species of Diaporthe up to 2023. Our notes cover 832 species and include information on their morphology, ecology, geographic distribution, molecular data, and pathogenicity, where available. Diaporthe cyatheae comb. nov., D. pseudobauhiniae nom. nov., D. xishuangbannaensis nom. nov., D. krabiensis sp. nov., and D. pseudobiguttulata nom. nov. are introduced in this paper. In addition, we list 331 species that were previously classified as Diaporthe but are no longer accepted as members of the genus. Our comprehensive review of Diaporthe species provides a resource for researchers and taxonomists, enabling accurate identification and classification, and enhancing our understanding ecological roles of these fungi.
... In recent years, with the high accessibility of sequencing services and a large amount of available molecular data, the number of novel Aureobasidium species is increasing. Thirteen new species have been proposed, namely, Aureobasidium acericola [10], A. aerium [11], A. castaneae [12], A. iranianum [13], A. leucospermi [14], A. mangrovei [15], A. microtermitis [16], A. mustum [17], A. pini [18], A. thailandense [19], A. tremulum [20], and A. uvarum and A. vineae [17]. ...
... For example, Aureobasidium species are resistant to Botrytis cinerea and Rhizopus stolonifera as biological control agents, and they can also be used as sources of single-cell proteins [21,22]. Aureobasidium pullulans is often fermented to produce β-polymalic acid, laccase, liamocins, pullulan polysaccharides, and other commercial compounds [14,[23][24][25][26][27][28]. Liamocins display pharmacological activities including anti-Streptococcus and anticancer [29]. ...
... × 1.7-3.5 µm in A. planticola, vs. 6.2-8.5 × 3.6-4.2 µm in A. pini, vs. 7-17 × 3.5-7 µm in A. namibiae, vs. 8-11 × 4-5 µm in A. leucospermi, vs. 7.5-16 × 3.5-7 µm in A. pullulans [8,14]. ...
In this study, 99 strains of Aureobasidium species were isolated from various samples collected from different locations in China, among which 14 isolates showed different morphological characteristics to other strains identified as known Aureobasidium species. Based on morphological characteristics, those 14 strains were classified into four groups, represented by stains of KCL139, MDSC−10, XZY411−4, and MQL9−100, respectively. Molecular analysis of the internal transcriptional spacer (ITS) and part of the large ribosome subunit (D1/D2 domains) indicated that those four groups represent four new species in the Aureobasidium. Therefore, the names Aureobasidium insectorum sp. nov., A. planticola sp. nov., A. motuoense sp. nov., and A. intercalariosporum sp. nov. are proposed for KCL139, MDSC−10, XZY411−4, and MQL9−100, respectively. We also found that there were differences in the yield of exopolysaccharides (EPS) among and within species, indicating strain-related exopolysaccharide-producing diversity.
... Furthermore, pestalotiopsis-like fungi are widespread, occur on many hosts in Proteaceae, and are generally regarded to be saprobic or weakly pathogenic (Crous et al. 2013). Neopestalotiopsis protearum was recorded as causing leaf spots and blight on several Protea and Leucospermum hosts in Zimbabwe (Swart et al. 1999, Crous et al. 2011b). This species is also reported from Australia and Proteaceae in the Western Cape Province of South Africa (Crous et al. 2013). ...
Rosa (Rosaceae) is an important ornamental and medicinal plant genus worldwide, with several species being cultivated in China. Members of Sporocadaceae (pestalotioid fungi) are globally distributed and include endophytes, saprobes but also plant pathogens, infecting a broad range of host plants on which they can cause important plant diseases. Although several Sporocadaceae species were recorded to inhabit Rosa spp., the taxa occurring on Rosa remain largely unresolved. In this study, a total of 295 diseased samples were collected from branches, fruits, leaves and spines of eight Rosa species (R. chinensis, R. helenae, R. laevigata, R. multiflora, R. omeiensis, R. rugosa, R. spinosissima and R. xanthina) in Gansu, Henan, Hunan, Qinghai, Shaanxi Provinces and the Ningxia Autonomous Region of China. Subsequently 126 strains were obtained and identified based on comparisons of DNA sequence data. Based on these results 15 species residing in six genera of Sporocadaceae were delineated, including four known species (Pestalotiopsis chamaeropis, Pes. rhodomyrtus, Sporocadus sorbi and Spo. trimorphus) and 11 new species described here as Monochaetia rosarum, Neopestalotiopsis concentrica, N. subepidermalis, Pestalotiopsis tumida, Seimatosporium centrale, Seim. gracile, Seim. nonappendiculatum, Seim. parvum, Seiridium rosae, Sporocadus brevis, and Spo. spiniger. This study also represents the first report of Pes. chamaeropis, Pes. rhodomyrtus and Spo. sorbi on Rosa. The overall data revealed that Pestalotiopsis was the most prevalent genus, followed by Seimatosporium, while Pes. chamaeropis and Pes. rhodomyrtus were the two most prevalent species. Analysis of Sporocadaceae abundance on Rosa species and plant organs revealed that spines of R. chinensis had the highest species diversity.
Citation: Peng C, Crous PW, Jiang N, et al. 2022. Diversity of Sporocadaceae (pestalotioid fungi) from Rosa in China. Persoonia 49: 201–260. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2022.49.07.
... Members of Sporocadaceae are known as pestalotiod fungi, comprising common phytopathogens that cause diseases, including shoot dieback, leaf spots, and fruit rots on many different woody plants worldwide [9][10][11][12][13]. For example, Seiridium spp. ...
Pestalotiod fungi are associated with a wide variety of plants worldwide and occur as endophytes, pathogens, and saprobes. The present study provides an updated phylogeny for genera Neopestalotiopsis, Pestalotiopsis, and Seiridium using fresh collections from woody oil plants (Camellia oleifera, Olea europaea, Paeonia suffruticosa, Sapium sebiferum, and Vernicia fordii) in Sichuan Province, China. We coupled morphology and combined sequence data analyses of ITS, tub2, and tef1-α for Neopestalotiopsis and Pestalotiopsis, with ITS, LSU, tub2, tef1-α, and rpb2 for Seiridium. Three novel species of Neopestalotiopsis (N. mianyangensis, N. paeonia-suffruticosa, N. terricola) and three of Seiridium (S. guangyuanum, S. vernicola, S. oleae), were found. Three other species, Pestalotiopsis kenyana, Seiridium ceratosporum, and S. rosarum were identified and reported as new records. All isolated species are fully described and illustrated. Additionally, the sexual morph of Pestalotiopsis kenyana is described for the first time. Pathogenicity tests revealed that Neopestalotiopsis mianyangensis, N. paeonia-suffruticosa, N. terricola, Pestalotiopsis kenyana, Seiridium guangyuanum, S. vernicola, and S. oleae are pathogenic on detached olive leaves.
... Initially, the internal transcribed spacers and intervening 5.8S nrDNA (ITS) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (GPDH) sequences well separated the three genera Pyrenophora, Bipolaris, and Curvularia (Berbee et al. 1999;Zhang and Berbee 2001); the same result was thereafter verified (Ariyawansa et al. 2014;Manamgoda et al. 2012). To date, many gene regions have been used to distinguish different Pyrenophora species, including ITS, the partial small subunit nrRNA gene (SSU), large subunit (28S) nrRNA gene (LSU), GPDH, chitin synthase gene (CHS), DNAdirected RNA polymerase II largest subunit gene (RPB1), DNAdirected RNA polymerase II second largest subunit gene (RPB2), and translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene (TEF) (Ariyawansa et al. 2014;Crous et al. 2011;Manamgoda et al. 2014;Schoch et al. 2012). DNA sequences of former isolates (e.g., CBS 258.80, ...
Pyrenophora is not only as a genus of pathogens causing leaf damage but also as common seedborne fungi of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). To elucidate the main seedborne Pyrenophora species, 36 seed samples of Italian ryegrass were collected; in total, 113 strains, representing 12.3% of all isolated strains (921), were identified as Pyrenophora species by the identity of ITS sequences in NCBI as well as the similarity of morphological characteristics, of which P. dictyoides (97) was the most frequent species. By pure culture technique, 24 representative pure isolates were eventually retained for further study. Based on DNA analysis of multiple loci (ITS, LSU, GPDH, CHS-1 and RPB1) and morphological characters, eight Pyrenophora species were finally identified, including P. avenicola, P. chaetomioides, P. dictyoides, P. lolii, P. nobleae, P. teres, P. triseptata and P. tritici-repentis; among them, P. avenicola, P. tritici-repentis and P. triseptata were newly reported on Italian ryegrass worldwide. Seed inoculation showed that P. dictyoides, P. lolii and P. teres remarkably decreased the final germination percentages (FGP) and germination indexes (GI) compared with control treatments (P ≤ 0.05); and plant inoculation showed that P. dictyoides, P. lolii and P. nobleae could cause typical brown spot in vivo with higher infection rate (P ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, pathogenicity tests showed that all Pyrenophora species could both inhibit seed germination and infect Italian ryegrass plant to different degrees; among them, P. dictyoides was the most important seedborne pathogen coupled with the isolation and infection rate, followed by P. lolii and P. nobleae. The data generated in this study are helpful for the accurate identification of Pyrenophora species, and the development of seedborne disease management strategies.
... 3.75 × 1.5 μm) and E. singularis (av. 3.5 × 1.5 μm) (Gryzenhout et al. 2009, Jiang et al. 2019b (Saccardo 1905, Graham & Luttrell 1961, Roux 1986, Inderbitzin et al. 2000, Abler 2003, Crous et al. 2011c, Hou et al. 2020a initially hyaline, becoming brown to dark brown, mostly with 3-4 transverse septa and 0-1 longitudinal septa (Phookamsak et al. 2013). (Graham & Luttrell 1961, Inderbitzin et al. 2000, Abler 2003, Phookamsak et al. 2013, Chen et al. 2015b, Tennakoon et al. 2019). ...
... References: Graham & Luttrell 1961, Roux 1986, Inderbitzin et al. 2000, Abler 2003, Crous et al. 2011c, Phookamsak et al. 2013, Tennakoon et al. 2019, Hou et al. 2020a (morphology and pathogenicity); de , Chen et al. 2015b. Notes: Leptosphaerulina miscanthi formed a sister clade to L. briosiana and L. trifolii in the phylogenetic analysis based on four loci ( Fig. 34; LSU, ITS, rpb2 and tub2), but differs from L. briosiana in producing slightly longer asci (72-173 × 23.5-58.5 μm vs 109-122 × 55-59 μm), and from L. trifolii in its narrower asci (72-173 × 23.5-58.5 μm vs 91-137 × 65-71 μm) and smaller ascospores (32-42.5 × 13.5-18 μm vs 38-62 × 17-26 μm) (Graham & Luttrell 1961 Disease symptoms: Yellow aecia are sometimes visible on cones or needles of coniferous trees and other aecial hosts, infected needles shrivel and die soon after sporulation; yellow to brownish uredinia in small orange-yellow pustules on one or both leaf surfaces on telial hosts, commonly with yellow spots on leaves, eventually become necrotic; the whole trees have a golden appearance in severe infection; heavily infected leaves turn brown, wither, and curl at the margin before falling. ...
This paper is the fourth contribution in the Genera of Phytopathogenic Fungi (GOPHY) series. The series provides morphological descriptions and information about the pathology, distribution, hosts and disease symptoms, as well as DNA barcodes for the taxa covered. Moreover, 12 whole-genome sequences for the type or new species in the treated genera are provided. The fourth paper in the GOPHY series covers 19 genera of phytopathogenic fungi and their relatives, including Ascochyta , Cadophora , Celoporthe , Cercospora , Coleophoma , Cytospora , Dendrostoma , Didymella , Endothia , Heterophaeomoniella , Leptosphaerulina , Melampsora , Nigrospora , Pezicula , Phaeomoniella , Pseudocercospora , Pteridopassalora , Zymoseptoria , and one genus of oomycetes, Phytophthora . This study includes two new genera, 30 new species, five new combinations, and 43 typifications of older names.
