Brown and Levinson"s possible strategies for performing FTAs (1987, p. 316) Moreover, Brown and Levinson (1987) divided positive and negative politeness into a wide range of linguistic strategies, including 15 positive strategies and 10 negative ones. They also listed 15 off-record strategies. The 15 positive politeness strategies presented by Brown and Levinson (1987, p. 322) included the following: Notice, attend to hearer (his interests, wants, needs, goods). Exaggerate (interest, approval, sympathy with hearer) Intensify interest to hearer Use in-group identity markers Seek agreement Avoid disagreement Presuppose/raise/assert/assert common ground Joke Assert or presuppose speaker"s knowledge of and concern for the hearer"s wants Offers, promise Be optimistic Include both the speaker and hearer in the activity Give (or ask for) reasons Assume or assert reciprocity Give gifts to the hearer (goods, sympathy, understanding, cooperation)