Broadside tri-modal patch antenna in [24]: (a) overall structure; (b) capacitive loading plates with shorting pins; (c) eigenvalues (first six modes).

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... radiator and the loading capacitive plates possess third order rotational symmetry when viewed from the top, which enables identical impedance matching and radiation performance from all three antenna ports. The tri-port antenna exhibits wideband radiation property because two sets of three CMs, i.e., modes 1, 2, 3 and modes 4, 5, 6 in Fig. 2(c), have been utilized to produce dual resonances at each port. At each resonance, three CMs are excited simultaneously, including two broadside patterns and one non-broadside pattern, enabling three antenna ports with broadside radiation to be achieved with low pattern correlation. The eigenvalues in Fig. 2(c) were obtained using the CMA ...

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... modes 1, 2, 3 and modes 4, 5, 6 in Fig. 2(c), have been utilized to produce dual resonances at each port. At each resonance, three CMs are excited simultaneously, including two broadside patterns and one non-broadside pattern, enabling three antenna ports with broadside radiation to be achieved with low pattern correlation. The eigenvalues in Fig. 2(c) were obtained using the CMA feature of Altair FEKO [27]. In this work, it is observed that modes 4, 5 and 6 retain moderate eigenvalues from 3.6 GHz onwards (the highlighted region in the figure), which means that the snowflake-shaped radiator has the potential to be slightly modified to support an even wider bandwidth operation or ...

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... that modes 4, 5 and 6 retain moderate eigenvalues from 3.6 GHz onwards (the highlighted region in the figure), which means that the snowflake-shaped radiator has the potential to be slightly modified to support an even wider bandwidth operation or additional antenna ports at the higher frequency range. When the capacitive loading plates in Fig. 2(b) are revisited, it can be seen that the regions highlighted in red can be used to accommodate three more antenna ports without increasing the overall antenna size or sacrificing the rotational symmetry. With this in mind, the possibility of achieving (3+3)-port dual-band broadside antenna is investigated using ...

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... study modes 4-6 more closely, the modal significance (MS) of the structure is plotted up to 6 GHz in Fig. 3. It should be noted that the twelve modes illustrated in the figure are numbered by their MS values at 2 GHz (i.e., mode 1 has the largest MS value, etc.). Modes 4-6 in Fig. 2(c) correspond to modes 11, 12 and 9, respectively. It is noted that the MS of these modes is above 0.5 at 5.5 GHz. Therefore, the amplitude and phase of the characteristic electric field (E-field) distributions under the radiator are examined at 5.5 GHz (see Fig. 4). It is observed that high E-fields are present inside the black, red and ...

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... the previous section, the original design in [24] has been evolved by introducing three additional capacitive loading plates with shorting pins to the structure in the red regions indicated in Fig. 2(b), leading to a (3+3)-port dual-band antenna. Figure 7 shows the geometry of the modified six-port broadside tri-modal patch antenna. From Fig. 7(a), it is observed that the snowflake-shaped radiator can be decomposed into two Yshaped structures with different sizes (pink and green dashed lines encircled). It has been shown that the ...

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... Figure 10 shows simulated and measured gains and total efficiencies of the proposed antenna. It is found that the peak gains and total efficiencies measured from port 1 and port 4 are 7.86 dBi and 87.2%, and 6.10 dBi and 88.3%, respectively. The radiation patterns in three standard cuts taken from port 1 and port 4 are presented in Fig. ( Fig. 12. MIMO performance of co-designed two broadside tri-modal patch antennas: (a) diversity gain; (b) TARC of port 1 (c) TARC of port 2; (d) MEG; (e) ergodic capacity at 3.7 GHz; (f) ergodic capacity at 4.1 GHz; (g) ergodic capacity at 5.5 ...

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... Fig. 12, several MIMO metrics are also provided based on simulation results, which include diversity gain, total active reflection coefficient (TARC), mean effective gain (MEG), and ergodic capacity. The 3 × 3 ergodic capacity results were obtained for the case of no channel knowledge at the transmitter, as well as 100% total efficiency and no ...