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Broad-sense heritability (H 2 ) and standard errors (bars) for morpho-agronomic, physiological, and isotopic variables: stable isotopes of C (δ 13 C); tiller density (Density); leaf length per tiller (LeafT); leaf (LeafB), stem (StemB), dead (DeadB), and total (TotalB) biomass dry weight; Na + /K + ratio (Na/K); plant height (Height); and K + concentration (K).
Source publication
Tall wheatgrass (Thinopyrum ponticum (Podp.) Barkworth and D.R. Dewey) is an important, highly salt-tolerant C3 forage grass. The objective of this work was to learn about the ecophysiological responses of accessions from different environmental origins under drought and salinity conditions, to provide information for selecting superior germplasm u...
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... variables δ 13 C, leaf biomass (LeafB), tiller density, and leaf length (LeafT) showed a high broad-sense heritability (H 2 : 76.9%, 71.6%, 70.8%, and 70.1%, respectively), much higher than the rest of the variables. Meanwhile, with medium heritability values, the Na + /K + ratio (H 2 : 55.0%) stood out among the other variables, such as K + , proline, and those related to biomass (Heigth, TotalB, StemB, and DeadB, Figure 8). The rest of the variables showed a low heritability (H 2 < 38.0%), (Table S4). ...
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... variables δ 13 C, leaf biomass (LeafB), tiller density, and leaf length (LeafT) showed a high broad-sense heritability (H 2 : 76.9%, 71.6%, 70.8%, and 70.1%, respectively), much higher than the rest of the variables. Meanwhile, with medium heritability values, the Na + /K + ratio (H 2 : 55.0%) stood out among the other variables, such as K + , proline, and those related to biomass (Heigth, TotalB, StemB, and DeadB, Figure 8). The rest of the variables showed a low heritability (H 2 < 38.0%), (Table S4). Figure 8. Broad-sense heritability (H 2 ) and standard errors (bars) for morpho-agronomic, physiological, and isotopic variables: stable isotopes of C (δ 13 C); tiller density (Density); leaf length per tiller (LeafT); leaf (LeafB), stem (StemB), dead (DeadB), and total (TotalB) biomass dry weight; Na + /K + ratio (Na/K); plant height (Height); and K + concentration (K). ...
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... rest of the variables showed a low heritability (H 2 < 38.0%), (Table S4). Figure 8. Broad-sense heritability (H 2 ) and standard errors (bars) for morpho-agronomic, physiological, and isotopic variables: stable isotopes of C (δ 13 C); tiller density (Density); leaf length per tiller (LeafT); leaf (LeafB), stem (StemB), dead (DeadB), and total (TotalB) biomass dry weight; Na + /K + ratio (Na/K); plant height (Height); and K + concentration (K). ...
Context 4
... variables δ 13 C, leaf biomass (LeafB), tiller density, and leaf length (LeafT) showed a high broad-sense heritability (H 2 : 76.9%, 71.6%, 70.8%, and 70.1%, respectively), much higher than the rest of the variables. Meanwhile, with medium heritability values, the Na + /K + ratio (H 2 : 55.0%) stood out among the other variables, such as K + , proline, and those related to biomass (Heigth, TotalB, StemB, and DeadB, Figure 8). The rest of the variables showed a low heritability (H 2 < 38.0%), (Table S4). ...
Context 5
... variables δ 13 C, leaf biomass (LeafB), tiller density, and leaf length (LeafT) showed a high broad-sense heritability (H 2 : 76.9%, 71.6%, 70.8%, and 70.1%, respectively), much higher than the rest of the variables. Meanwhile, with medium heritability values, the Na + /K + ratio (H 2 : 55.0%) stood out among the other variables, such as K + , proline, and those related to biomass (Heigth, TotalB, StemB, and DeadB, Figure 8). The rest of the variables showed a low heritability (H 2 < 38.0%), (Table S4). Figure 8. Broad-sense heritability (H 2 ) and standard errors (bars) for morpho-agronomic, physiological, and isotopic variables: stable isotopes of C (δ 13 C); tiller density (Density); leaf length per tiller (LeafT); leaf (LeafB), stem (StemB), dead (DeadB), and total (TotalB) biomass dry weight; Na + /K + ratio (Na/K); plant height (Height); and K + concentration (K). ...
Context 6
... rest of the variables showed a low heritability (H 2 < 38.0%), (Table S4). Figure 8. Broad-sense heritability (H 2 ) and standard errors (bars) for morpho-agronomic, physiological, and isotopic variables: stable isotopes of C (δ 13 C); tiller density (Density); leaf length per tiller (LeafT); leaf (LeafB), stem (StemB), dead (DeadB), and total (TotalB) biomass dry weight; Na + /K + ratio (Na/K); plant height (Height); and K + concentration (K). ...
Citations
... Thinopyrum ponticum (Podp.) Z. W. Liu & R. C. Wang, 2n = 10x = 70) is a perennial cool-season bunchgrass with tolerance to salt-alkali (Andrioli, 2023;Bazzigalupi et al., 2008;Bhuiyan et al., 2015Bhuiyan et al., , 2017Borrajo et al., 2022;Dewey, 1960;Grattan et al., 2004;Gu, 2004;Guo et al., 2015;Johnson, 1991;Mcguire & Dvôrák, 1981;Meng et al., 2009;Riedell, 2016;Rogers & Bailey, 1963;Roundy, 1983;Shannon, 1978;Shen et al., 1999;Steppuhn & Asay, 2005;Temel et al., 2015;Xu et al., 2020;B. Zhang et al., 2005;Zhang et al., 2008;R. ...
... Zhang et al., 2005;Zhang et al., 2008;R. Zhang et al., 2022), drought (Bahrani et al., 2010;Borrajo et al., 2018Borrajo et al., , 2022Meng et al., 2011;Tian et al., 2022;Zhang et al., 2022), waterlogging (Bennett et al., 2019;Iturralde Elortegui et al., 2020;Vergiev, 2019), and diseases (Jia et al., 2022;Li & Wang, 2009;Zhang et al., 2021). It has long been used as a viable option in inhospitable soils, high in accumulation with salt and alkali, not suitable for other crops worldwide (Andrioli, 2023;Asay & Jensen, 1996). ...
Background
Tall wheatgrass is a perennial salt‐tolerant bunchgrass, which is a promising candidate for establishing a “Coastal Grass Belt” in China, particularly in the coastal saline–alkaline soils surrounding the Bohai Sea.
Methods
Seven harvesting treatments were performed to explore the optimal harvesting time and frequency for tall wheatgrass in coastal area. The dry matter yield (DMY) and forage nutritional values were investigated for each cut. The correlation between harvesting time and frequency thereof among the investigated traits was also determined.
Results
The results showed that the two‐cut on June 18 and October 29 produced the highest DMY. Another two‐cut on May 26 and October 29 produced a relatively high crude protein (CP) yield. The DMY, contents of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and crude cellulose (CC) as well as CP yield were positively correlated to plant height, while the CP content and the relative feed value (RFV) were negatively correlated to plant height. The accumulating growing degree days, accumulated precipitation, and sunshine duration were positively correlated with plant height, DMY, contents of NDF, ADF, and CC as well as CP yield, but negatively correlated with CP content and RFV for the first cut.
Conclusions
The two‐cut treatment at the end of May and October may be suitable for tall wheatgrass in the “Coastal Grass Belt” targeted area.
... Borrajo et al. [7] focused on tall wheatgrass (i.e., Thinopyrum ponticum; temperate forage grass) and its response to the combination of drought and salinity conditions. Moderate drought or salinity stress resulted in higher water-use efficiency, proline levels, and certain leaf traits compared to control conditions. ...
Forage production often occurs in fragile environments with low fertility and various limitations [...]
... Additionally, it is known that energy and N are used to tolerate salinity stress (e.g., synthesis of proteins and proline; Borrajo et al., 2018;Mansour, 2000), which also explains the lower growth and the higher %N values in high HHM environments (Borrajo et al., 2022; Figure 1c and Table 4). ...
Halo‐hydromorphism limits productivity in approximately 100 million hectares worldwide. Tall wheatgrass ( Thinopyrum ponticum ) is a species widely used in these environments for its seeding potential, being the addition of nitrogen a considered technological tool to increase forage quality and production. The objective of the study was to determine the impact of nitrogen fertilization on the capture and use of resources (radiation, water and nitrogen) in a cool season perennial sward growing in contrasting halo‐hydromorphic conditions. Cultivated pastures from three independent sites were used. Sites were described according to the degree of halo‐hydromorphism using soil salinity and water table attributes (salinity and depth) as environmental indicators: low HHM site [electrical conductivity (EC 1:2.5 ) 0.97 dS/m; water table salinity 2.03 dS/m; depth 85 cm], intermediate HHM site (EC 1:2.5 3.86 dS/m; water table salinity 7.40 dS/m; depth 134 cm) and high HHM site (EC 1:2.5 4.49 dS/m; water table salinity 7.85 dS/m; depth 31 cm). At each site, a late spring regrowth (~750°Cd) was studied by applying two treatments ( n = 5): without (N0) and nitrogen fertilization (N150; 150 kg/ha of nitrogen in the form of urea). The response of tall wheatgrass to nitrogen fertilization in halo‐hydromorphic conditions depends on soil salinity and water table attributes. N150 treatments production was twice as high as in N0 in low HHM and intermediate HHM environments (from 1750 to 3500 kgDM/ha and from 1080 to 1985 kgDM/ha, respectively). Meanwhile, in high HHM conditions, forage production was only 40% higher when nitrogen was added (from 625 to 870 kgDM/ha). In low HHM the higher N150 production was related to tiller density and size, whereas in intermediate HHM and high HHM was linked only to tiller size. In N150 treatments, the nitrogen nutrition index was negatively affected with the increase in HHM conditions (0.77, 0.62 and 0.55 for low HHM , intermediate HHM and high HHM , respectively). Instead, nitrogen nutrition index of N0 was similar in all the environments (~0.42). In N150, forage production capacity analysed in terms of radiation and water use efficiency (RUE and WUE, respectively) was similar in low HHM and intermediate HHM environments (RUE ~0.81 gDM/Mj and WUE ~13 kgDM/mm). These findings emphasize the importance of conducting analyses based on resource use and capture to understand productive responses to the increase in growth‐limiting factors. Furthermore, they contribute to the identification of environments suitable for nitrogen fertilization.
... Thinopyrum elongatum (Host) Nevski is a perennial herbaceous plant possessing several desirable traits, including abundant growth, high grain protein content, tolerance to drought, cold and salinity, and resistance to strip rust, leaf rust, Fusarium head blight, powdery mildew, and other diseases. As it is an excellent genetic resource, and because its E genome is closely related to the wheat genome, which makes it easier to cross with wheat to obtain fertile offspring, it has been used for genetic improvement in wheat through distant hybridization [19][20][21]. Breeders have developed a series of wheat-Th. elongatum double diploids using hybridization between decaploid Th. elongatum and wheat, such as Agrotana, OK7211542, PWM706, ORRPX, PWM III, PWM 209, and BE-1. ...
... The SRC parameters were determined according to the AACC56-11 method, and all sample weights and reagent amounts were converted to 1/5 of the standard amount. The significance and correlation analysis of quality parameters were performed using IBM SPSS 25.0, and the graphs were plotted using GraphPad Prism 8. Bright white, very uniform, rectangular, very thin cell walls (17)(18)(19)(20) Very soft, high elasticity, recovers very quickly after pressing (17)(18)(19)(20) Fine taste, slightly sweet, yeasty and salty flavor, very delicate and resilient (8)(9)(10) ≥850 (34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40) Medium top and rising, slightly scorched skin (7) Slightly creamy, uniform cells, thin cell walls (15)(16) Soft, medium elasticity, recovers after pressing (15)(16) No obvious aroma and odor, delicate and resilient (7) 800-849 (30)(31)(32)(33) Flat top, no rising, dark skin (6) Dark, non-uniform cells, thick cell walls (12)(13)(14) Not soft, poor viscoelasticity, no recovery (12)(13)(14) Rough and coarse taste, crumbs present (6) 750-799 (24-29) ...
... The SRC parameters were determined according to the AACC56-11 method, and all sample weights and reagent amounts were converted to 1/5 of the standard amount. The significance and correlation analysis of quality parameters were performed using IBM SPSS 25.0, and the graphs were plotted using GraphPad Prism 8. Bright white, very uniform, rectangular, very thin cell walls (17)(18)(19)(20) Very soft, high elasticity, recovers very quickly after pressing (17)(18)(19)(20) Fine taste, slightly sweet, yeasty and salty flavor, very delicate and resilient (8)(9)(10) ≥850 (34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40) Medium top and rising, slightly scorched skin (7) Slightly creamy, uniform cells, thin cell walls (15)(16) Soft, medium elasticity, recovers after pressing (15)(16) No obvious aroma and odor, delicate and resilient (7) 800-849 (30)(31)(32)(33) Flat top, no rising, dark skin (6) Dark, non-uniform cells, thick cell walls (12)(13)(14) Not soft, poor viscoelasticity, no recovery (12)(13)(14) Rough and coarse taste, crumbs present (6) 750-799 (24-29) ...
The quality of wheat primarily depends on its storage protein quality, especially in regards to gluten content and high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS). The number of HMW-GS alleles is limited in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), whereas it is abundant in wheat relatives. Therefore, HMW-GS alleles from wheat relatives could provide a potential for improving quality in wheat breeding. Thinopyrum elongatum (EE) is one of the relatives of wheat. The E genome is closely related to the ABD genome in wheat; therefore, Th. elongatum is often used as an excellent exogenous gene donor for wheat genetic improvement. In this study, the high-molecular glutenin subunit gene was cloned and sequenced from Th. elongatum. A specific molecular marker for identifying the Glu-1Ey subunit gene was developed and applied to detected wheat-Th. elongatum alien introgression lines. Quality analysis indicated that the substitution and addition lines containing Th. elongatum alleles significantly (p < 0.05) increased grain protein content by 3.76% to 5.11%, wet-gluten content by 6.55% to 8.73%, flour 8-MW by 0.25% to 6.35%, and bread volume value by 33.77 mL to 246.50 mL, in comparing it with Chinese Spring. The GMP content and lactic acid SRC showed significant positive correlations with flour processing quality and might be used as indicators for wheat quality. The results were expected to provide a novel route for improving processing quality in wheat quality breeding.
... For the purposes of saline rangelands, soil reclamation, and as an energy plant, tall wheatgrass has been widely cultivated in the United States of America, Canada, Austria, Argentina, and some European countries [2][3][4]. For example, there are currently 1 × 10 6 ha of tall wheatgrass planted for cattle grazing in the Salado River basin, Argentina [5]. Since the first released variety, Largo, in 1937, more than ten varieties have been released to date [6,7]. ...
... A recent study demonstrated that irrigation with 300 mM NaCl (EC w = 20.9 dS m −1 ) for 90 days reduced plant height by half and biomass by approximately one-third [5]. Riedell [43] observed that the salinity threshold of tall wheatgrass cv. ...
... The situation is more complex in the field; for instance, the soil salinity, water and nutrient availability, extreme temperatures, and waterlogging are often dynamic. Such exciting results, usually obtained under laboratory conditions [5], were not always consistent with field conditions. Therefore, field evaluation for a salinity threshold for tall wheatgrass is essential. ...
Tall wheatgrass (Elytrigia elongata) has the potential to be utilized on marginal land, such as coastal saline-alkaline soils, to meet rising ruminant feed demand. However, the salinity threshold for cultivation of tall wheatgrass remains unclear, which restricts its extensive application. Here, a tall wheatgrass line, Zhongyan 1, was grown in saline-alkaline soils in the Yellow River Delta region to determine its salinity threshold. The results showed that the soil salinity of AM = 1.23, measured with a PNT3000 activity meter, led to only 5% dead plants of tall wheatgrass. Four grades of seedling plants were classified according to the morphological response of Zhongyan 1 to saline soils. The soil salinity declined while the survival rate and forage yield increased from grade 1 to grade 4 plants. Plant height and dry matter yield were negatively related to soil salinity. When the salinity in the soil depth of 0–10 cm was over 1%, the survival rate of tall wheatgrass declined dramatically with the increase in soil salinity. Under saline-alkaline stress, the plant height during 12–31 May was positively related to forage yield, which can be used as an indicator of productivity. The tall type (70–120 cm) produced 5627.2 kg ha−1 of dry matter, which was 3.32 times that of the dwarf type (20–69 cm). The forage yield of tall wheatgrass in saline-alkaline land was largely affected by the proportion of highly saline soil. Collectively, the soil salinity of 1% at a depth of 0–10 cm and the AM values of 1.23 measured with a PNT3000 activity meter can be used as the salinity threshold for cultivation of tall wheatgrass in coastal saline-alkaline land.
... Salt stress has predominantly inhibitory effects on plant morphogenesis, growth and development, and physiological metabolism. Mitigations and adaptations to the impact of this stress are more obvious in the shoot than in the root system, for example, the reduction in plant height [34], biomass decline [35], and leaf shrinkage [36]. H 2 O 2 is a relatively stable, freely diffusing, and long-lived reactive oxygen molecule [37], which has a concentration-dependent effect. ...
We aimed to elucidate the physiological and biochemical mechanism by which exogenous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) alleviates salt stress toxicity in Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn). Tartary buckwheat “Chuanqiao-2” under 150 mmol·L−1 salt (NaCl) stress was treated with 5 or 10 mmol·L−1 H2O2, and seedling growth, physiology and biochemistry, and related gene expression were studied. Treatment with 5 mmol·L−1 H2O2 significantly increased plant height (PH), fresh and dry weights of shoots (SFWs/SDWs) and roots (RFWs/RDWs), leaf length (LL) and area (LA), and relative water content (LRWC); increased chlorophyll a (Chl a) and b (Chl b) contents; improved fluorescence parameters; enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity and content; and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Expressions of all stress-related and enzyme-related genes were up-regulated. The F3′H gene (flavonoid synthesis pathway) exhibited similar up-regulation under 10 mmol·L−1 H2O2 treatment. Correlation and principal component analyses showed that 5 mmol·L−1 H2O2 could significantly alleviate the toxic effect of salt stress on Tartary buckwheat. Our results show that exogenous 5 mmol·L−1 H2O2 can alleviate the inhibitory or toxic effects of 150 mmol·L−1 NaCl stress on Tartary buckwheat by promoting growth, enhancing photosynthesis, improving enzymatic reactions, reducing membrane lipid peroxidation, and inducing the expression of related genes.
Key message
The new stripe rust resistance gene Yr4EL in tetraploid Th. elongatum was identified and transferred into common wheat via 4EL translocation lines.
Abstract
Tetraploid Thinopyrum elongatum is a valuable genetic resource for improving the resistance of wheat to diseases such as stripe rust, powdery mildew, and Fusarium head blight. We previously reported that chromosome 4E of the 4E (4D) substitution line carries all-stage stripe rust resistance genes. To optimize the utility of these genes in wheat breeding programs, we developed translocation lines by inducing chromosomal structural changes through ⁶⁰Co-γ irradiation and developing monosomic substitution lines. In total, 53 plants with different 4E chromosomal structural changes were identified. Three homozygous translocation lines (T4DS·4EL, T5AL·4EL, and T3BL·4EL) and an addition translocation line (T5DS·4EL) were confirmed by the genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), FISH-painting, and wheat 55 K SNP array analyses. These four translocation lines, which contained chromosome arm 4EL, exhibited high stripe rust resistance. Thus, a resistance gene (tentatively named Yr4EL) was localized to the chromosome arm 4EL of tetraploid Th. elongatum. For the application of marker-assisted selection (MAS), 32 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were developed, showing specific amplification on the chromosome arm 4EL and co-segregation with Yr4EL. Furthermore, the 4DS·4EL line could be selected as a good pre-breeding line that better agronomic traits than other translocation lines. We transferred Yr4EL into three wheat cultivars SM482, CM42, and SM51, and their progenies were all resistant to stripe rust, which can be used in future wheat resistance breeding programs.
Tetraploid Thinopyrum elongatum is a valuable source of genes useful for improving the resistance of wheat to diseases such as stripe rust, powdery mildew, and Fusarium head blight. There is an urgent need for new tetraploid Th. elongatum disease resistance genes that can be transferred to wheat via alien translocation lines. We previously reported that chromosome 4E of the 4E (4D) substitution line carries all-stage stripe rust resistance genes. To optimize the utility of these genes in wheat breeding programs, we developed translocation lines by inducing chromosomal structural changes through 60Co-γ irradiation and developing monosomic substitution lines. In total, 53 plants with different 4E chromosomal structural changes were identified. Three homozygous translocation lines (T4DS·4EL, T5AL·4EL, and T3BL·4EL) and an addition translocation line (T5DS·4EL) were identified on the basis of GISH, FISH, FISH-painting, and wheat 55K SNP array analyses. These four translocation lines, which contained the chromosome 4EL, exhibited enhanced stripe rust resistance. Thus, the resistance gene (tentatively named Yr4EL) was localized to chromosome 4EL of tetraploid Th. elongatum. By examining the diploid Th. elongatum genome, 48 SSR markers specific to chromosome 4E were obtained, of which 32 co-segregated with chromosome 4EL. Furthermore, the 4DS·4EL translocation line had better agronomic traits than the wheat parents. After transferring Yr4EL into wheat cultivars SM482, CM42, and SM51, the derived progenies had diverse wheat genetic backgrounds, but they were all resistant to stripe rust and there were no yield penalties. These lines may be useful for breeding wheat varieties resistant to stripe rust.
