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![Figure 2: Top) Best-fit form of Equation 2 [− ln(F) = Q(D)Z] showing...](profile/Kevin-Hughes-11/publication/11178739/figure/fig3/AS:271096368857103@1441645819669/Top-Best-fit-form-of-Equation-2-lnF-QDZ-showing-the-correlation-between_Q320.jpg)
Tumor size has long been recognized as the strongest predictor of the outcome of patients with invasive breast carcinoma, although it has not been settled whether the correlation between tumor size and the chance of death is independent of the method of detection, nor is it clear how tumor size at the time of treatment may be translated into a spec...
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... on the correlation between tumor size and sur- vival from the Van Nuys population 11,12 are presented here for the first time and are shown in Table 1 and in Figures 1 and 2 together with comparable data from Tabar and colleagues [1][2][3] and Tubiana and col- leagues. 4 -7 The survival data for these three popula- tions were obtained using slightly different methods. ...
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... Kaplan-Meier method was used to conduct a survival analysis, which was executed using Winstat software (A-Prompt Corporation). The data for the Van Nuys population shown in Table 1 are from the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis at 15 years. The decision to analyze the survival of patients with breast carcinoma in the Van Nuys data set who had tumors that were found before 1991 was made so that these values would be comparable to survival esti- mates made by Tabar and colleagues and Tubiana and colleagues, although similar survival calculations that included all tumors in the Van Nuys data set (up to the year 2000; results not shown) yielded essentially the same results as the calculations that included tumors that were found before 1991. ...
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... decision to analyze the survival of patients with breast carcinoma in the Van Nuys data set who had tumors that were found before 1991 was made so that these values would be comparable to survival esti- mates made by Tabar and colleagues and Tubiana and colleagues, although similar survival calculations that included all tumors in the Van Nuys data set (up to the year 2000; results not shown) yielded essentially the same results as the calculations that included tumors that were found before 1991. The data from Tabar et al. shown in Table 1 and Figure 2 are survival values at 160 months 2 (13.33 years) for patients with invasive breast carcinoma who had tumors that were found from 1977 to 1985 and were analyzed in December, 1990. The data from Tubiana and colleagues shown in Table 1 and Figure 2 are for patients with breast car- cinoma who had tumors that were found from 1954 to 1972: The precise time of these calculations was not given; however, this work was submitted in December, 1983, and we assume the calculations were made in the previous year. ...
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... data from Tabar et al. shown in Table 1 and Figure 2 are survival values at 160 months 2 (13.33 years) for patients with invasive breast carcinoma who had tumors that were found from 1977 to 1985 and were analyzed in December, 1990. The data from Tubiana and colleagues shown in Table 1 and Figure 2 are for patients with breast car- cinoma who had tumors that were found from 1954 to 1972: The precise time of these calculations was not given; however, this work was submitted in December, 1983, and we assume the calculations were made in the previous year. The values from Tubiana and col- leagues are from the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis at 20 years for the appearance of distant metastatic dis- ease, which we assume closely reflects ultimate mor- tality. ...
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... and colleagues, 13 in their 1999 analysis of 1547 patients with breast carcinoma who under- went surgery between 1945 and 1987, found that most deaths from breast carcinoma occurred within 10 years of surgery; only 12% of deaths occurred after 13 years, at which time, the hazard rate had declined 7-fold. Thus, it is not unreasonable to compare the 15-year survival rates of the women in the Van Nuys population 11,12 with the 13.33-year survival rates re- ported by Tabar and colleagues [1][2][3] and the 25-year recurrence rates reported by Tubiana and col- leagues, 4 -7 as shown in Table 1. ...
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... survival curves for women in the Van Nuys population 11,12 revealed that, as shown in many previous reports, 1-7,25-31 survival decreases as tumors become larger (Fig. 1, Table 1). The 15-year survival values from the Van Nuys population, together with comparable estimates from the populations reported by Tabar et al., [1][2][3] and Tubiana and colleagues, 4 -7 are shown in Table 1. ...
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... survival curves for women in the Van Nuys population 11,12 revealed that, as shown in many previous reports, 1-7,25-31 survival decreases as tumors become larger (Fig. 1, Table 1). The 15-year survival values from the Van Nuys population, together with comparable estimates from the populations reported by Tabar et al., [1][2][3] and Tubiana and colleagues, 4 -7 are shown in Table 1. Table 2 shows that the correla- tion between tumor size (D) in mm and survival (F) found in those studies (Table 1) is well described by Equation 1: ...
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... 15-year survival values from the Van Nuys population, together with comparable estimates from the populations reported by Tabar et al., [1][2][3] and Tubiana and colleagues, 4 -7 are shown in Table 1. Table 2 shows that the correla- tion between tumor size (D) in mm and survival (F) found in those studies (Table 1) is well described by Equation 1: ...
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... Attempts to distinguish high-risk patients (so they can receive the appropriate treatment) from low-risk patients (who would not experience benefit from treatment) include precision medicine [212], the implementation of multigene assays such as Oncotype DX or DCISion RT [213][214][215], or the identification of new and specific markers, including microRNAs [216,217]. Some researchers have proposed that the factorization of radiographical images, originally designed for their screening value alone, could be useful for stratifying patients [218][219][220][221][222][223][224]. For example, a prospective randomized controlled mammography screening spanning four decades of follow-up, including nonpalpable lesions detected by imaging (mammography and MRI) and their correlation with corresponding histopathological features (from large histological sections), redescribed DCIS to be either derived from the terminal ductal lobular units (TDLU) or the lactiferous ducts. ...
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... Ukuran tumor pasien dengan karsinoma payudara yang bermetastasis KGB yaitu sekitar 24 -60 sedangkan dengan metastasis negatif memiliki rentang 10 -55. 41 Grading histologis terbukti berhubungan dengan survival kanker payudara dan bebas penyakit, serta dalam subkelompok spesifik tumor kecil (T1a, T1b, T1c) dan tumor kelenjar getah bening-negatif dan positif kelenjar getah bening. Selain itu, peran prognostik dari grading histologis pada subkelompok tertentu, yang manfaat kemoterapi adjuvannya masih belum pasti, seperti pasien dengan metastasis kelenjar getah bening volume rendah, atau pasien dengan kanker payudara ER-positif/kelenjar getah bening-negatif, juga telah diteliti. ...
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... Tumor size helps doctors to determine the adequate treatment for each patient [5][6][7]. Small tumors can be treated with less intensive treatment than advanced-stage tumors [8,9]. Tumor size is therefore a key to improving the patient's survival chances. ...
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Background
We used the multistate model to investigate how prognostic factors of breast cancer are seen to affect the disease process.
Methods
This cohort study was conducted at Motamed Cancer Institute of Tehran, Iran on 2363 breast cancer patients admitted from 1978 to 2017, and they were followed up until 2018. We applied the multistate models, including four states: diagnosis, recurrence, metastasis, and final absorbing mortality state.
Results
Age over 50 years, positive lymph nodes and tumor size intensified the hazard of transition from diagnosis to metastasis (P=0.002, P<0.001 and P=0.001 respectively) and they also intensified the hazard of transition from diagnosis to mortality (P=0.010, P<0.001 and P<0.001 respectively). At the same time, the educational level decreased the hazard of mentioned transitions (P<0.001). Positive estrogen receptors reduced the hazard of transition from diagnosis to metastasis (P=0.007) and positive lymph nodes also intensified the hazard of transition from metastasis to mortality (P=0.040). Tumor size had an increasing role in the transitions from diagnosis to recurrence, recurrence to metastasis, and metastasis to mortality (P=0.014, P=0.018 and P=0.002 respectively).
Conclusion
Multistate model presented the detailed effects of prognostic factors on progression of breast cancer. Implementing early diagnosis strategies and providing informational programs, especially in younger ages and lower educational level patients may be helpful in reducing the hazard of transition to higher states of breast cancer and increasing the survival of Iranian women with breast cancer by controlling tumor size growth, lymph nodes involvements and estrogen receptor status.
... James S Michaelson et al [14] , found an increasing fraction of lymph node involvement with growth in tumor size. ...
Triple-negative breast carcinomas are defined by a lack of expression of the steroid hormone receptors i.e., Estrogen Receptor, Progesterone Receptor, and Human epidermal growth factor Receptor-2. They are characterized by distinct molecular, histological, and clinical features. With higher mortality and early relapse, management of these tumors relies on clinicopathologic prognostic factors. Nottingham's prognostic index is a widely used prognostic tool that integrates three independent prognostic factors, namely tumor size, lymph node status, and histologic grade. It is a sensitive index of clinical aggressiveness in breast carcinomas. This study aims to evaluate morphologic features of Triple negative breast carcinomas and correlate them with Nottingham prognostic index. 22 modified radical mastectomies with triple-negative status were considered for this study. Tumor size, histologic type, grade, node involvement, necrosis, lymphovascular invasion, and Nottingham prognostic index were assessed. All 22 Triple negative breast carcinomas were invasive ductal carcinomas [NOS]. One involved skin and six were larger than 5cms. 10 cases (45%) were histologic grade III, and 9 cases (41%) were grade II. 2 cases had more than 10 positive nodes. Nottingham's prognostic index ranged from 2 to 9.4. Lymphovascular invasion and necrosis in 16 cases (73%) and perineural invasion in 3 cases were noted. Prognostication of breast carcinomas using Nottingham prognostic index helps clinicians in decision-making, stratifying risks, and tailoring individual treatment plans. Including Nottingham's prognostic index routinely in breast carcinoma reporting offers a meaningful integrated indicator for clinicians to assess tumor behavior and aggressiveness.
... Data from the literature extensively demonstrates the relationship between the size of the tumor and the likelihood of metastasis (Sivaramakrishna and Gordon 1997;Michaelson et al. 2002;Sopik and Narod 2018), with early diagnosis and the implementation of therapies that slow growth or attenuate tumor size shown to have a significant impact on disease progression. The results of our clonogenic assay suggest that there is a significant attenuation in the growth of the C6 colonies treated with blueberry extracts, with many of these colonies presenting with significantly reduced size. ...
The aim of this study was to investigate the anticancer potential of blueberry extract (Vaccinium virgatum) against a C6 rat glioma lineage. Cultures of the C6 cells were exposed to blueberry extract at concentrations of 50 to 600 µg/mL for 12, 24, 48, or 72 h and then evaluated for cell viability, proliferation, migration, colony formation and oxidative stress. We also evaluated the effects of blueberry extract on primary rat cortical astrocytes. Our results show that treatment with blueberry extract did not alter the viability or proliferation of normal primary astrocytes but it did significantly reduce the viability in 21.54 % after 48 h and proliferation in 8.59 % after 24 h of C6 cells at 200 µg/mL. We also observed a reduction in the size of the colonies of 29.99 % at 100 µg/mL when compared to the control cells and cell migration was also reduced at 50 µg/mL. After 72 h, there was a reduction in the reactive oxygen species levels ranging from 46.26 to 34.73 %, in addition to a 380.2 % increase in total thiol content. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione S-transferase activities were also enhanced when compared to the control. Taken together this data suggests that blueberry extract exerts some selective anticancer activity in C6 glioma cells.
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... Screening does not have to reduce the rate of advanced cancers to reduce deaths. The probability of successful metastatic spread (the key step in lethality) is directly related to the number of cells in a cancer, and this is directly related to its size (54,55). Lives are saved by reducing the size of cancers within stages (56)(57)(58)(59)(60). ...
For decades there has been an unrelenting effort to limit access to breast cancer screening based on scientifically unsupportable arguments. As each argument has been raised against screening it has been refuted by science. These issues are summarized below. Within the larger debate have been legitimate concerns about the importance and treatment of a range of lesions classified as Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS). These are almost certainly precursor lesions to invasive breast cancer.
What has been lost in the discussions is the fact that, in the U.S., the incidence of invasive breast cancer had been increasing steadily since 1940, at 1-1.3% per year. However, since the start of screening the incidence of invasive breast cancer is lower than the extrapolated expectation. It is likely that the removal of DCIS, due to mammographic screening, has resulted in fewer subsequent invasive cancers.
