TABLE 1 - uploaded by Carlos Eduardo Suprinyak
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Brazilian Graduate Programs in Economics, theoretical orientation
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Brazilian academic economics has been traditionally characterized by its openness to different strands of economic theory. In contrast to the standards prevailing in most of Europe and North America, economics in Brazil can be justly described as pluralistic, with competing schools of thought enjoying relatively secure institutional positions. One...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... thus chose a criterion whereby a program is classified as 'orthodox' if heterodox scholars represent between 0 and 20% of its faculty; as 'plural', when heterodox scholars comprise between 20% and 60% of its faculty; and as 'heterodox' when more than 60% of its faculty can be thus characterized. Qualitative data such as mandatory courses, topics and methods of research, among others, have helped to improve and refine the overall classification, presented in Table 1. ...
Context 2
... Table 1 shows, however, in all these three groups the picture that emerges is the same: there are more orthodox than heterodox institutions, but the sum of heterodox and plural programs clearly surpasses their orthodox counterparts. This raises an essential question: how could Brazilian economics turn out to be so pluralistic? ...
Context 3
... think the Foundation should use its influence, insofar as possible, to prevent this from occurring. It is much better if extreme views and sharp differences are associated with individuals rather than with centers […] (Harberger 1973) The Ford Foundation thus reconstructed the nature of its mission regarding Brazilian economics. The original task of 'institution-building' could already be considered as reasonably accomplished; crucial now was to guarantee the conditions for 'community-building'. ANPEC, of course, was the essential instrument for this purpose, and the architect behind the new strategy seems to have been, once again, Werner Baer. ...
Citations
... The request was denied and the EPGE exited ANPEC in protest for a few years (Seminário da USP 1997, 235-236). Fernández and Suprinyak (2016) argue that the return of the EPGE to ANPEC helped to cement the association's role as a mediator of pluralism in Brazil. 8 One of the sources of this relatively greater plurality today is that economics curricula as well as teaching methods have historically been pluralist. ...
Teaching economics in a new age of differentiation, diversification, and heterodoxies.
... This choice was not mandatory, nor would it necessarily lead to sensitive results. Nonetheless, the approach is supported by the pluralistic character of Brazilian scientific research in economics, as described by Fernández and Suprinyak [2016], Almeida et al. [2018] and Dequech [2018]. Post-Keynesianismƒwhich characterizes JPKEƒacts as a counterpoint to orthodoxy and to other heterodox approaches. ...
... To be more precise, the distance between international and Brazilian researchers seems to be smaller regarding heterodox approaches than it is in relation to orthodox economics. Following Fernández and Suprinyak [2016], economics in Brazil can aptly be described as pluralistic, with competing schools of thought enjoying relatively secure institutional positions. In part, these results can be attributed to the role played by ANPEC, the Brazilian economics association, in mediating conflicts among graduate programs affiliated with different research traditions. ...
The purpose of this article is to evaluate the importance of post-Keynesianism ideas for international scientific production of Brazilian researchers. The methodology employed uses an econometric technique in order to analyze the Brazilian participation in nine scientific journals in the course of twenty years: 1997-2016. The probability of a Brazilian co-author being greater for The Journal of Post Keynesian Economics (hereinafter JPKE) - in relation to the other journals - was evaluated by means of a logit, in which the dependent variable assumes value one when at least one co-author of the given article is Brazilian and zero otherwise. The results show that the probability of Brazilian co-authorship is greater for heterodox journals, especially JPKE.
... In Section 2, it examines the curricular framework governing undergraduate economics teaching in Brazilian higher education according to the criteria discussed above. We find that Brazilian economics teaching has been historically a bastion of a pluralist and broad understanding of economics informed by a commitment to liberal/critical education (Dequech, 2018;Fernandez and Suprinyak, 2016), reflecting a strong presence of the state in educational design (Ban, 2013). It may then be characterized as TAMA -There Are Many Alternatives. ...
... Similar diversity is also present in Brazilian journals, awards, research grants and other symbols of academic prestige. Moreover, rather than being a necessary compromise, pluralism in Brazilian economics appears to be a value widely shared within the scientific community; a commitment to diversity and tolerance that is enshrined, for instance, in the Ministry of Education guidelines (Fernandez and Suprinyak, 2016). ...
... In some Departments of Economics (such as in the University of Campinas), left-wing faculty members (and their views) were tolerated (Dequech quoted in Mearman, Berger, & Guizzo, 2019), creating room for some dissent against the military government. These conditions produced a commitment to diversity among Brazilian economists (Fernandez & Suprinyak, 2016). ...
This article considers the curriculum framework governing economics teaching in Brazilian higher education. We assess economics teaching according to three criteria: its pluralism or monism regarding economic theory and method; its treatment of economics’ wider socio-political dimensions; and its educational philosophical approach and goals. Against these criteria we conclude that Brazilian economics has been pluralist and open, particularly in comparison to other international governance frameworks. However, we argue that Brazil’s prevailing TAMA – There Are Many Alternatives – framework is threatened by strong disciplinary, institutional and wider political pressures with both domestic and global roots. These forces may force Brazilian economics teaching to be less open, becoming more like the existing hegemonic approaches, such as those operating in Anglo/US systems. These changes partly reflect the neo-liberalization of higher education.
... The request was denied and the EPGE exited ANPEC in protest for a few years (Seminário da USP 1997, 235-236). Fernández and Suprinyak (2016) argue that the return of the EPGE to ANPEC helped to cement the association's role as a mediator of pluralism in Brazil. 8 One of the sources of this relatively greater plurality today is that economics curricula as well as teaching methods have historically been pluralist. ...
... See a more detailed discussion in Versiani (2007, 251-253), as well as the roundtable reproduced in chapter 7 of Loureiro (1997, especially 235-238) and Bianchi (1997). Very recently, the argument that ANPECstimulated and supported by the Ford Foundation-was vital for pluralism in Brazil has been developed in a historical analysis by Ramón Fernández and Carlos Suprinyak (2016). 17 ...
The literature on mainstream economics usually takes the United States as the main geographical reference. However, the various criteria that define mainstream economics can be applied outside the United States. The ideas that have prestige and influence in a given country’s academia may not be the same ideas that constitute American mainstream economics. Brazil has been an example of pluralism. An institutional perspective helps explain why several people in Brazil conform with institutional rules of thought and of behavior that differ from those of the American mainstream, including the norm of pluralism, and how these rules influence many people.
... The request was denied and the EPGE exited ANPEC in protest for a few years (Seminário da USP 1997, 235-236). Fernández and Suprinyak (2016) argue that the return of the EPGE to ANPEC helped to cement the association's role as a mediator of pluralism in Brazil. 8 One of the sources of this relatively greater plurality today is that economics curricula as well as teaching methods have historically been pluralist. ...
... A definitive trait of the Brazilian economics academy is its high degree of pluralism, with the presence of heterodox economists 2 in relevant positions. Dequech (2014) and Fernández and Suprinyak (2016) show how the pluralism of economics in Brazil is a combination of (i) historical factors, related to the contact of the first economics, that came from Law and Engineering, with different approaches abroad and (ii) institutional factors, related to the construction of a standard curriculum that always favored history of economic thought (HET) and alternative macroeconomic approaches, the refusal of the National Association of Graduate Centers in Economics (ANPEC) to change its organizational directives in face of the protest of the Getulio Vargas Foundation of the Rio de Janeiro (FGV-RJ), the action of National Association of Undergraduate Courses of Economics (ANGE) in building undergraduate courses minimally pluralistic, and, lastly, the high classification of heterodox journals in Qualis. ...
... This allowed us to evaluate that the modification kept the pluralism of economics in the country, something constantly pointed by the literature (e.g. Fernández and Suprinyak (2016)). Besides, we divided these journals in specialized subfield, with the intention of observe a diverse mode of pluralism, coming from an increased weight of the specialization in economics. ...
The paper approaches the theme of the relatively higher level of pluralism in Brazilian economics, when compared to other countries, from a bibliometric approach. Considering the Qualis as an instrument of great impact in the research of the Brazilian graduate education centers, mainly because of its impact in the CAPES evaluation of the centers, we analyze the abrupt change in the journal ranking that occurred in 2016. Before presenting it, we first focused in understanding the metrics that are part of the Qualis, and how relevant the biases from other indexes than the Impact Factor are. Afterwards, we present a review of the national literature concerning the academic production in economics, showing how some problems of incentives and structure still persist. We, then, present our results: we found out that the increase of journals in the higher strata of the Qualis without a research agenda bias, and with a great inclusion of specialized sub-fields of the discipline. Besides, the impact that this change will cause in the 2017 CAPES’ evaluation cannot be seen as favoring centers by their division in mainstream and non-mainstream. Having this in mind, we argue that the modifications maintain incentives to pluralism, besides correcting many problems in the ranking.
... They are connected by a series of positive and negative feedbacks that permit the system to grow. Indeed, Brazilian political economy outside the universities played no small role in generating and disseminating applied interdependent systems analysis in the 1920s and the 1930s (Fernández and Suprinyak, 2016). The universities agenda is open and vibrant and has subsequently adopted the best of microeconomic theory to the ends of structural reasoning. ...
p>Following Adolph Lowe, we divide the economy into two sectors, equipment-goods industries and consumer-goods industries, operating over two periods. A structural relationship between the outputs in the two periods is given by a set of inequalities. One possible outcome is a state of less-than-full utilization of available resources. The economy consists of firms and households. Firms are technology entrepreneurs possessing blueprints for the transformation of the existing inefficient level of output to a full employment level, but no wealth. A subset of households, venture capitalists, is available in each of the three sectors. They finance the technologies in exchange for a share of the profits. We show that a stationary equilibrium exists only in the case when financial contracts are written in the second sector.</p
... After the 1973 military coup, the Ford Foundation suspended all its funding to Chilean universities. By then, however, the training of the 70 For more on the role played by Werner Baer and some of the Vanderbilt-trained economists in instilling the values associated with pluralism in Brazilian economics, see Fernández & Suprinyak (2016). economic experts who would assist the Pinochet regime was essentially over. ...
Economics as a scholarly discipline in Latin America was transformed during the 1960s and 1970s, when many countries in the region received financial and academic support from U.S. institutions ostensibly aimed at “modernizing” the standards of training and research in the field. Even though Chile remains the most well-known case, similar developments took place in Argentina, Colombia, Mexico, and elsewhere. In Brazil, the restructuring of economics derived
much of its strength from a cooperation agreement signed between Vanderbilt University and the University of São Paulo, financially backed by USAID and the Ford Foundation. The paper recovers
the early postwar origins of this partnership, the process through which it was implemented during the 1960s, and its influence in reshaping Brazilian scholarly standards. Just as the University of
Chicago left a lasting mark on Chilean economics, Vanderbilt also became a pervasive point of reference for the future development of the discipline in Brazil. Different actors, institutions, and contexts, however, ultimately produced quite distinct results in each case.
