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Boxplot showing differences in colonization rate (top), mortality rate (center) and species richness (bottom) between nesting box material and cavity diameter. Letters correspond to contrasts based on estimated marginal means using the emmeans function in R

Boxplot showing differences in colonization rate (top), mortality rate (center) and species richness (bottom) between nesting box material and cavity diameter. Letters correspond to contrasts based on estimated marginal means using the emmeans function in R

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Article
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The decline of pollinator populations and associated ecosystem services has gained media coverage in recent years. Insect nesting boxes, sometimes called bee houses or insect hotels, are marketed as a way to support wild, native pollinator populations by providing additional nesting habitats, especially in urban contexts, but their actual value as...