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Boxplot representation of variability of species diversity (H) with respect to location, season and tissue type. The first letter of the three-letter acronyms denotes the season (W, winter; S, summer; M, monsoon), the second the location and the third the tissue type (B, barks; L, leaf; S, stem).
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Fungal endophytes were isolated from leaf, bark and stem of Tectona grandis Linn.f. sampled at four geographical locations in winter, summer and monsoon seasons. The recovered 5089 isolates were assigned to 45 distinct morphotypes based on morphology. The sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of the nrDNA of some morphotypes were iden...
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... site and tissue type significantly influenced diversity of fungal endophytes (p ≤ 0.001) as summarised in Table 3. Shannon-Wiener index varied significantly (p ≤ 0.001) with season, location and tissue type ( Fig. 2 and Table 3). Tissue type had the strongest effect (p ≤ 0.001) on species evenness of the endophytic fungal assemblage followed by location (p ≤ 0.05) ( Fig. 3 and Table 3). CF (colonization frequency) increased from the driest loca- tion 1 (Loc1, Banaras Hindu Uunivesrsity campus, Uttar Pradesh) to the wettest location 4 (Loc4, Rajiv ...
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... followed by location (p ≤ 0.05) ( Fig. 3 and Table 3). CF (colonization frequency) increased from the driest loca- tion 1 (Loc1, Banaras Hindu Uunivesrsity campus, Uttar Pradesh) to the wettest location 4 (Loc4, Rajiv Gandhi University campus, Arunachal Pradesh) in all season. CF was significantly (p ≤ 0.001) lower in bark than in leaves ( Fig. 2 and Table ...
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... Loc2 (1176 isolates, 23 morphotypes) and Loc1 (1053 isolates, 23 morphotypes) (Table 4). In term of colonization frequency Loc4 showed 75.3% followed by Loc3 with 65.9%, Loc2 with 58.07% and minimum at Loc1 with 52.0% (Table 4). Loc4 achieved the highest Shannon-Wiener (H′) index (2.81), followed by Loc3 (2.74), Loc2 (2.56) and Loc1 (2.51) (Fig. 2, Table 4). Different diversity parameters recorded in different locations, seasons and tissues is given in Table ...
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... 23 different OTUs were recovered, whereas 1413 isolates and 27 morphotypes were obtained from bark. Leaf showed highest CF (74.9%) followed by stem (61.2%) and bark (52.3%). Leaf scored highest Shannon-Wiener index (2.63) followed by bark (2.59) and stem (2.44) ( Table 4). Leaf also scored highest Shannon-Wiener index across all seasons and sites (Fig. 2). ...
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In arid regions of northern Australia, plants survive under water deficit, high temperatures, intense solar radiation and nutrient-impoverished soils. They employ various morpho-physiological and biochemical adaptations including interaction with microbial symbionts. We evaluated identity, host and tissue association with geographical distribution...
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... According to some reports, a highly diverse community of endophytic fungi is found in the tropical [54] while others depicted contradictory outcomes [55,203]. A number of fungal species and their composition in isolated endophytic communities recovered from the host may vary with the sterilization protocol and isolation media have been used [56]. ...
... Furthermore, it was reported that endophytes found in plants that grow in tropical rain forests yield much more bioactive compounds than those that grow in temperate regions [31]. Concerning season and diversity, a comparative study revealed that endophytes colonize more in samples obtained during the rainy season when compared to ones of the dry season which may have resulted from the increase in sporulation, enhanced by rain and high humidity, while there are no much variations regarding diversity [32,33]. Some scientific works revealed that in the fermentation process, endophytic microbes yield more bioactive secondary metabolites with rice as the substrate than when corn was used [34,36]. ...
Antimicrobial discovery has traditionally focused on sources from plants, animals and microorganisms. However, with the reoccurring incidences of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) towards the in-use antibiotics and the problem of over- exploration of plants that is heavily altering the ecosystem, the need for other sustainable means of acquiring novel drugs becomes imperative. In a bid to ameliorate these issues, researchegrs have resorted to the use of some endosymbiotic microorganisms, known as endophytes. These are microorganisms inhabiting the internal part of plants, which have been verified to possess great potentials to bioengineer novel products, for therapeutic purposes. The discovery of endophytic microorganisms has come with so many promises of alleviating the challenges of an increasingly daunting multidrug- resistant strain of pathogenic microbes, which have become a global issue in health care delivery. They can be harnessed and utilized in the generation of active ingredients for drug production, instead of the incessant cutting down or harvesting of plants or plant parts, which destroys nature, resulting in global warming and world climate problems. This systematic review is on endophytic technology as a new alternative in drug discovery.
... With respect to endophytic fungi in other vegetative tissues, stem-associated endophytic fungi have been previously detected. It has also been reported that geographical factors affect the distribution and diversity of endophytic microbial populations in plants [57,58]. The rhizomes of N. singapureana orchids grow belowground and are surrounded by soil microbes, and thus a complex microecological environment forms inside the rhizomes. ...
Neuwiedia singapureana is a rare and endangered plant of the Apostasioideae subfamily. The Apostasioideae subfamily has a unique evolutionary status, as it is considered to be the most primitive group forming the base of the Orchidaceae evolutionary tree. Therefore, N. singapureana has high scientific research and conservation value. The endophytic fungal communities associated with orchids are rich and diverse, but few studies have investigated the endophytic fungi of Neuwiedia orchid plants. In the present study, the aim was to examine the endophytic fungal community structures associated with wild N. singapureana rhizomes and normal roots in the ground and with bare prop roots in the air at two sampling sites in China. High-throughput sequencing of nuclear ribosomal DNA fragments of the internal transcribed spacer regions was conducted, and cultivable methods were adopted. A total of 2161 endophytic fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained at a 97% sequence similarity threshold. The endophytic fungal diversity differed among the samples but not significantly. There were many more non-mycorrhizal endophytic fungal than orchid mycorrhizal (OM) fungal species detected in the N. singapureana orchid, about 98.33% OTUs of non-mycorrhizal fungi contrasting with 1.67% OTUs of potential orchid mycorrhizal fungi, among which Ceratobasidiaceae, Russulaceae, and Thelephoraceae were the dominant orchid mycorrhizal fungi. One culturable OM fungal Epulorhiza sp. isolated from the rhizome was capable of significantly promoting the seed germination and seedling growth of Dendrobium officinale and Epidendrum secundum orchids, respectively, with different efficiencies. These endophytic fungal strains with growth-promoting functions will provide materials for orchid conservation and for the study of the mechanisms underlying orchid symbiotic associations.
... Some fungal genera reported as pathogenic fungi can also be isolated as endophytes (Suryanarayanan et al. 2005;Hyde & Soytong 2008;Hardoim et al. 2015) and were isolated from M. mirabilis, belonging mainly to Glomerellales and Diaporthales. As a representative of a latent pathogens, Colletotrichum was the second most abundant genus in our study and has already been reported associated with several plant species (Siqueira et al. 2011;Mussi-Dias et al. 2012;Chow & Ting 2015;Singh et al. 2017). ...
... Fourteen isolates of fungal endophytes from C. aconitifolius were dominated by the genus Phomopsis. Phomopsis is a fast-growing endophyte that can inhibit the growth of slow-growing endophytes (Singh et al. 2017). Several species from the genus Phomopsis have been known to possess biological activity. ...
Praptiwi, Palupi KD, Ilyas M, Marlina L, Fathoni A. 2023. Diversity of endophytic fungi isolated from tree spinach Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Euphorbiaceae) and their bioactivities. Biodiversitas 24: 6229-6239. Endophytic fungi associated with medicinal plants have been known as a reservoir for therapeutic compounds. Cnidoscolus aconitifolius I.M. Johns (Euphorbiaceae), which possesses several local names, including papaya jepang in Indonesia, has been historically used as traditional medicine. However, research on the bioactivity of endophytic fungi associated with it has yet to be conducted. The purposes of the study were to isolate endophytic fungi from C. aconitifolius and determine their bioactivity, i.e., antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and S. aureus and free radical scavenging activity representing antioxidant activity. Endophytic fungi were identified based on their morphological characteristics, and the potential endophyte was further identified using molecular identification. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by the spectrophotometric method. The qualitative antibacterial and antioxidant bioactivity screening was performed using the TLC-bioautography method. The quantitative analysis of antibacterial and antioxidant activity was conducted by microdilution to obtain IC50 and MIC values. In total, 14 endophytic fungal isolates were successfully isolated. Antioxidant analysis showed that one isolate had strong antioxidant activity, and one had moderate growth inhibition activity against E. coli. The total phenolic content strongly correlates with the AAI value as an indicator of antioxidant activity. The findings of this study reveal that Phomopsis PjBg-1, an endophytic fungus from C. aconitifolius, is identified as Phomopsis sp. LH243 possesses strong antioxidant activity and moderate antibacterial activity against E. coli. Endophytic fungi from C. aconitifolius have the prospect of being an alternative to antioxidants and antibacterials. The isolation of compounds responsible for bioactivities needs to be further studied.
... In addition, we must consider the ecological filter effect exerted by the host in concert with environmental factors, as microbial communities are determined by this set of factors [42,43]. Thus, we can suggest that the influence of hostspecific selective forces, such as available carbohydrates, creates conditions that determine the compositions of the communities of microorganisms found in each host [44]. ...
Background: This work studied the occurrence, density, and diversity of yeast species associated with the leaves and fruits of Sabicea brasiliensis and Anacardium humile. Methods: Fragments of leaves and fruits were subjected to maceration and placed under agitation in peptone water. One hundred µL aliquots of each of the decimal dilutions were plated on YM chloramphenicol agar medium. The different morphotypes were identified through sequence analysis of the 26S rDNA. Results: A total of 83 yeast isolates were recovered from the organs sampled, 40 from fruits and 19 from the leaves of S. brasiliensis, while 14 were recovered from fruits and 10 from the leaves of A. humile. The isolates were identified as belonging to two phyla, six classes, eight orders, and eight families. Most isolates, at 71 (84.3%), belong to Ascomycota, with Saccharomycetes dominant in fruits and Dothideomycetes in leaves. The remaining 12 (15.7%) isolates belong to the phylum Basidiomycota. The most frequent genera were Aureobasidium, Candida, Rhodotorula, and Wickerhamiella. The Wickerhamiella isolates made possible the subsequent description of a new species within this genus. Conclusions: Our data reveal the yeast species that inhabit different Cerrado plant organs and indicate that these hosts can be considered an important habitat for yeast diversity, including new and/or previously unreported species in this biome.
... Similar to other studies on fungi isolated from tree woody tissues (Singh et al. 2017;Bußkamp 2018;Ghobad-Nejhad et al. 2018;Langer et al. 2021), in this study mainly Ascomycota (85.17%) and significantly less Basidiomycota (9.89%) were isolated. This also corresponds to studies focusing on fungi colonising different tree tissues (Petrini and Fisher 1988;Kowalski and Kehr 1992;Peršoh et al. 2010;Martínez-Álvarez et al. 2012;Sanz-Ros et al. 2015). ...
From 2018 to 2020, Germany experienced periods of exceptional weather conditions. Extremely high summer temperatures and precipitation deficits induced stress and mortality in forest trees. Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore) was one of the affected tree species. Symptoms of sooty bark disease (SBD) and severe damage of entire stands, both caused by the fungal species Cryptostroma corticale , were reported more frequently. To explore the non-symptomatic distribution of C. corticale , wood cores from visibly healthy sycamore stems were sampled and all outgrowing fungi were identified and recorded. In total, 50 trees, aged 30–65 years, were sampled at five different forest stands, from which 91 endophytic filamentous morphotypes could be isolated. The fungal endophytic community in the woody tissue of the sycamore trees varied greatly at the different sites and between the trees. The number of isolated morphotypes at the different sites ranged from 13 to 44 and no morphotype was found at all sites. At 1.20-m stem height, 3.3 fungi could be isolated from woody tissue per tree on average. The most abundant species isolated from visibly healthy sycamore in regard to both occurrence at the studied sites and continuity was C. corticale. It was recorded at four of the studied forest stands, from 26% of all studied sycamore trees, and had a frequency of 7.85% relative to the 293 isolated filamentous strains that were isolated. The second most abundant species was Xylaria longipes followed by Lopadostoma turgidum . In this study clear evidence for the endophytic lifestyle of C. corticale is presented which thus appears to be spread further than expected based on visible SBD symptoms.
... Endophytes are well known for inducing plant growthpromoting traits and ameliorating biotic and abiotic stresses (Glassner et al., 2015). In addition, it synthesizes a plethora of bioactive compounds that enhance the host's immune response and protect the plant from pathogen attacks or disease incidence (Nair and Padmavathy, 2014;Singh et al., 2017). For practical biocontrol efficacy, the most challenging task is the administration and establishment of microorganisms inside the host plant. ...
As endophytes are widely distributed in the plant’s internal compartments and despite having enormous potential as a biocontrol agent against postharvest diseases of fruits, the fruit–endophyte–pathogen interactions have not been studied detail. Therefore, this review aims to briefly discuss the colonization patterns of endophytes and pathogens in the host tissue, the diversity and distribution patterns of endophytes in the carposphere of fruits, and host–endophyte–pathogen interactions and the molecular mechanism of the endophytic microbiome in postharvest disease management in fruits. Postharvest loss management is one of the major concerns of the current century. It is considered a critical challenge to food security for the rising global population. However, to manage the postharvest loss, still, a large population relies on chemical fungicides, which affect food quality and are hazardous to health and the surrounding environment. However, the scientific community has searched for alternatives for the last two decades. In this context, endophytic microorganisms have emerged as an economical, sustainable, and viable option to manage postharvest pathogens with integral colonization properties and eliciting a defense response against pathogens. This review extensively summarizes recent developments in endophytic interactions with harvested fruits and pathogens—the multiple biocontrol traits of endophytes and colonization and diversity patterns of endophytes. In addition, the upscale commercial production of endophytes for postharvest disease treatment is discussed.
... We have found a gradient of fungal richness that can be accounted for by water availability across N. dombeyi sites. It has been demonstrated that endophytic frequency increases with precipitation in vascular plants (Arnold & Herre, 2003;Carroll, 1995;Singh et al., 2017) and that environmental factors that shape plant communities also drive the diversity of fungal endophytes of trees (Oita et al., 2021;U'Ren et al., 2012;Zimmerman & Vitousek, 2012). Alerce River was the richest across Furthermore, the relative abundances of several fungal functional guilds can vary according to the pure or mixed nature of the stand due to the density dependence of conspecific hosts, such that, for example, that higher plant richness accounts for lower ectomycorrhizal and higher pathogen or saprophytic abundances . ...
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Global forests are increasingly threatened by altered climatic conditions and increased attacks by pests and pathogens. The complex ecological interactions among pathogens, microbial communities, tree host, and environment are important drivers of forest dynamics. Little is known about the ecology of forest pathology and related microbial communities in temperate forests of the southern hemisphere. In this study, we used next‐generation sequencing to characterize sapwood‐inhabiting fungal communities in North Patagonian Nothofagus forests and assessed patterns of diversity of taxa and ecological guilds across climatic, site and host variables (health condition and compartment) as a contribution to Nothofagus autecology. The diversity patterns inferred through the metabarcoding analysis were similar to those obtained through culture‐dependent approaches. However, we detected additional heterogeneity and greater richness with culture‐free methods. Host species was the strongest driver of fungal community structure and composition, while the host health status was the weakest. The relative impact of site, season, plant compartment and health status were different for each tree species; these differences can be interpreted as a matter of water availability. For N. dombeyi, which is distributed across a wide range of climatic conditions, site was the strongest driver of community composition. Nothofagus pumilio's microbiome varied more with season and temperature, a relevant factor for forest conservation in the present climate change scenario. Both species carry a number of potential fungal pathogens in their sapwood, whether they exhibit symptoms or not. Our results provide an insight into the diversity of fungi associated with the complex pathobiome of the dominant Nothofagus species in southern south America.
... In this study, endophytic fungi form P. canescens leaf were found 12 isolates included to 7 different genera, specifically Phytium, Cylindrocarpon, Lasiodiplodia, Penicillium, Plectospira, Phialophora, and Trichoderma. This finding concordanced to several researchers who also found Penicillium, Cylindrocarpon, Alternaria, Trichoderma, Cylindrocarpon, Phialophora, and Trichoderma in Verbenaceae family (De Siqueira et al. 2011;Gong et al. 2015;Singh et al. 2017;Talita et al. 2017;Vaz et al. 2018;Tomy and Rakhra 2021). Some genera, such as Trichoderma, are specific for the roots and stems of the host plants (Habisukan et al. 2021;Pescador et al. 2022;Taylor et al. 2022). ...
Peronema canescens Jack. or sungkai is a plant found in tropical rainforests. Also known as Peronema heterophyllum Miq., it belongs to the Verbenaceae family and grows widely in Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. The local people believe that the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of its leaves increase immunity. Bioactivities of endophytic fungi associated with medicinal plants are currently of great interest due to their potential for development and use in the pharmaceutical, agricultural, and industrial fields. In this study, we investigated the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of an extract of leaves from P. canescens host plant and compared them with those of extracts from an endophytic fungus. Antibacterial and antioxidant compounds derived from active extracts of endophytic fungi have the capability to be developed as a source of antibacterial and antioxidant compounds equivalent to those of their host. In this study, endophytic fungi were isolated from the fresh tissue of P. canescens leaves and identified morphologically. Their antibacterial activity was tested using the Kirby-Bauer method, and their antioxidant activity was tested using the DPPH method. The potential antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the endophytic fungi extracts were identified molecularly, and the compounds were isolated using column chromatography. A structural determination of the antibacterial and antioxidant compounds was conducted by spectroscopy involving NMR 1D and 2D. Twelve of the endophytic fungi were gained from the P. canescens leaves, namely RD1-RD12. The RD6 isolate showed the greatest potential for antibacterial and antioxidant activity, and its molecular identification was expressed as Penicillium oxalicum. The pure compound produced was a yellowish white solid with strong antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Based on an analysis of spectroscopy NMR 1D and 2D, compound I was identified as 3-(2,6-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxyacrylic acid. The study demonstrated that endophytic fungi associated with medicinal plants and functioning as antibacterial and antioxidant agents have the potential to produce compounds as strong as those of the host plant. These compounds represent a potential new source for antibacterials and antioxidants. © 2022, Society for Indonesian Biodiversity. All rights reserved.
