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![Boundary of 50-km maritime zone and population density of municipal and urban districts of Kaliningrad oblast, 2016. Compiled by authors based on data of [18, 27].](profile/Tatyana-Kuznetsova-9/publication/321828132/figure/fig1/AS:576467276922880@1514451917482/Boundary-of-50-km-maritime-zone-and-population-density-of-municipal-and-urban-districts.png)
Boundary of 50-km maritime zone and population density of municipal and urban districts of Kaliningrad oblast, 2016. Compiled by authors based on data of [18, 27].
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The trend of shift of an economy and population toward the sea has been studied in the world since the mid-20th century, but this problem drew the attention of Russian scientists only in the 1960s–1970s. However, the influence of the proximity to the sea to the location of production and settlement patterns at the microlevel has not yet been adequa...
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... oblast is entirely situated within a 200-km maritime zone, with two-thirds of its terri- tory being located in the coastal zone at a distance from the Baltic Sea and its lagoons (Curonian and Vistula) not exceeding 50 km (Fig. ...
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Citations
... The independence of the former Soviet republic in the 1990s is associated with a rapid transition to a liberal economic system (Brunina et al., 2011;Fedorov et al., 2017). The greater openness to foreign markets gave a strong impulse to the naval and port industries, as well as to tourism (Eaglet, 1999;Spiriajevas, 2014;Fedorov et al., 2017). ...
... The independence of the former Soviet republic in the 1990s is associated with a rapid transition to a liberal economic system (Brunina et al., 2011;Fedorov et al., 2017). The greater openness to foreign markets gave a strong impulse to the naval and port industries, as well as to tourism (Eaglet, 1999;Spiriajevas, 2014;Fedorov et al., 2017). Economic development is combined with land artificialisation through the creation of new infrastructure to ensure the competitiveness of these activities. ...
This article aims to define and explain the evolution of the coastline in Latvia, Lithuania, and Russia since the late 1980s. Coastal erosion is a critical issue for public authorities and is considered one of the main environmental problems in the southeastern Baltic region. The political, economic, and social changes associated with the collapse of the Soviet Union have created new pressures in recent decades in previously relatively undeveloped coastal regions. The geomorphology of the latter is the result of various natural morpho-dynamic processes: swells, tides, tectonic movements, etc. Landsat 4-5 TM, Landsat 8 OLI satellite images series between 1988 and 2018 are used to estimate the position of the coastline. The spatial accuracy of the shoreline automatic recognition based on the combination of minimum noise fraction and Laplacian convolution operators is compared with the manual methods of photo interpretation. The results showed a global change of-0.21 m/year with local and temporal disparities. It can be explained by a variety of natural and anthropogenic factors that disrupt the sedimentary stock and the hydrodynamic forces controlling coastal evolution.
... The St. Petersburg metropolitan area has been placed in the context of the 'coastal factor' in several studies by Stanislav Lachininsky and colleagues [38][39][40]. The effect of coastal position on the Kaliningrad region has been addressed by Gennady Fedorov, Tatyana Kuznetsova and Vladimir Razumovsky [41], as well as Ivan Gumenyuk, Lidiya Gumenyuk and Nikolai Belov [42]. ...
As a scientific method, comparative studies respond to the needs of society. However, the logic of globalisation has reduced the demand for comparative analysis in international and national (regional) studies. Nevertheless, old, settled coastal areas — which European urban science considers as evidence of the decisive effect of coastal position on spatial development and urbanisation — remain valid research objects. Achieving corresponding theoretical and practical goals requires qualitative and quantitative analysis of urbanisation in coastal areas. This article aims to determine whether the territorial support frameworks of settlement in the St. Petersburg and Kaliningrad regions meet the modern conditions of settlement system development. A cartographic modelling of the settlement structures of the two Russian regions was carried out using Golden Software Surfer 20. The models obtained were supplemented with isolines reflecting the fields of the spatial structure of urban settlement. The settlement systems were analysed from the standpoint of transport communications, using the Engel and Goltz coefficients. The coefficient values show that road transport is the most developed in the study regions, while river transport is the least developed. It is concluded that spatial development is leading to urbanisation and reinforcing the monocentric model of spatial structure. However, the economic effects of monocentricity are almost exhausted, and the limits of polarisation and effective growth attainable with the model are nearly reached. This calls for a transition to a polycentric urbanisation model through developing local centres and enhancing transport connectivity between them. It seems that, in the new economic and political conditions, Russia’s two coastal border regions will benefit the most from the linear-nodal settlement. The study identified the local cores that can lay the foundation for the transition to the new settlement model.
... Spatial disproportions in the region today remain both in the level of socioeconomic development and economic development of urban districts, and in terms of the living standards of their residents. The highest wages according to business entities (excluding small businesses) are typical for the municipalities of the western part of the region, classified as Kaliningrad urban agglomeration (Fedorov et al., 2017), where the main production and social potential of the region is concentrated, transport, services and infrastructure are most developed (Table 3). These are, first of all, the regional capital Kaliningrad, coastal districts with the exception of the Baltiisky, and municipalities oriented towards Kaliningrad. ...
... The coastal territories of the south-eastern Baltic Sea of the Soviet Union were heavily controlled; as they were the border territories of the Soviet Union, these territories were militarised, and the restricted access limited the numbers of inhabitants on the shores (Pranzini, Williams, 2013;Spiriajevas, 2014). At the same time, the Soviet economic system undertook the policy of economic planning specialisation with the development of activities related to fishing, tourism, shipbuilding, and the port industry giving the coastal zone a function of an interface (Fedorov et al. 2017). The second investments in terms of economic development concerned agriculture, with the collectivisation of lands in the 1940s. ...
... The collapse of the USSR in the early 1990s led to an increasing concentration of economic activities in the coastal regions. The Latvian and Lithuanian coastal zones contribute 5% and 12% of national GDP, respectively (Brunina et al. 2011;Fedorov et al. 2017;Veteikis et al. 2011). ...
... Traditional activities such as small-scale fishing or local farm agriculture units were replaced by heavy industrial manufacturers, ports, and tourism. The opening of the local economy to the Baltic area and the European Union after the countries gained independence accelerated this process (Bitinas et al. 2005;Eaglet, 1999;Fedorov et al. 2017;Gulbinskas et al. 2009;Spiriajevas, 2014;Veteikis et al. 2011). The "economic growth and increase of population are reflected in the landscape by an increase of construction and a decrease of natural territories" (Nitavska, Zigmunde, 2013). ...
The political, economic, and social changes associated with the collapse of the Soviet Union at the end of the 1980s led to major land cover and land-use changes in the southeastern Baltic Sea coastal regions. These changes (demilitarization of the coasts, end of collective ownership, specialization of economic activities, etc.) are characterized by a fast process of coastalization with the growth of urban areas, coast suburbanization, and the decrease of agricultural land. At the same time, we observe the implementation of protected natural areas at the regional level and through cross-border cooperation with international organizations (UNESCO, European Union [EU], etc.). Both processes have an important impact on the management of the coastlines of Latvia, Lithuania, and Russia. The analysis of the coastal changes is based on the use of Landsat remote sensing data series from the 1980s to 2020 combined with EU geographic databases and the land-use plans. The comparative analysis of the land cover changes in the Oblast of Kaliningrad, Lithuanian, and Latvian coastal zones allows us to understand the impacts of the three different planning policies since the end of the 1980s. The territorial dynamics are modelled using the GEOBIA package with object-oriented classification and machine-learning algorithms (maximum likelihood, minimum distance to means, parallelepiped classifiers) applied to the Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 8 OLI satellite multispectral images. The produced land cover maps are compared with the Climate Change Initiative Land Cover of the European Space Agency from 1995 to 2015.KeywordsLand cover changeLand planningRemote sensingMachine learningData accuracySoutheastern Baltic coast
... Since Cox's Bazar serves as a potential hub for various occupations, the settlement has increased dramatically over the past three decades. As a result of population growth, the rise in the built-up and settlement areas altered the coastal ecosystems (Kaliraj et al., 2017;Fedorov et al., 2017). The conversion of forest land into croplands is comparatively higher. ...
... Since Cox's Bazar serves as a potential hub for various occupations, the settlement has increased dramatically over the past three decades. As a result of population growth, the rise in the built-up and settlement areas altered the coastal ecosystems (Kaliraj et al., 2017;Fedorov et al., 2017). The conversion of forest land into croplands is comparatively higher. ...
The southeastern coastline of Bangladesh where the longest natural sea beach Cox’s Bazar is located has experienced more pronounced changes due to human intervention compared to the changes due to storms, cyclones and flooding. Over the past 30 years, nature-dependent livelihood and economic activities have generated employment, income and shelter to people but has also enhanced exposure level and consequent vulnerability and risks to fast growing economic activities and human settlements to projected climate-induced natural disasters. Satellite imageries clearly show the changing land-use pattern due to human intervention. On the ground, questionnaire-based, face-to-face interview method has helped in understanding the key drivers behind the changing economic activities, occupation category-wise exposure and vulnerability of the people along the coast. Fishing, salt-shrimp practice, fish drying, agriculture, tourism, and related small trading business are now the main economic activities, and human settlement expansion has changed the coastal ecosystem. The vulnerability assessment suggests that the fast emergence of salt-shrimp farm-based employment and livelihood is one of the most sensitive to natural threats. As per anthropogenic threats, the hotel and restaurant industries are polluting the most fragile coastal ecosystem.
... At the same time, the Soviet system pursued a policy of economic planning which implied investment choices: due to the interface role of the coasts, this specialisation concerned specific sectors related to fishing, tourism, naval construction (mostly military), and port industries, as observed in Kaliningrad Oblast (Fedorov et al. 2017). Choices were also made in terms of production, particularly in the agricultural sector. ...
... The economic liberalisation following the collapse of the USSR at the beginning of the 1990s has led to an increasing concentration of economic activities in coastal areas: the coastal zone now accounts for 5.3% of Latvia's gross domestic product (GDP) and up to 12% of Lithuania's GDP (Brunina et al. 2011;Veteikis et al. 2011;Fedorov et al. 2017). ...
... The economic specialisation initiated under the Soviet system continued and intensified: "traditional" activities such as artisanal fishing or agriculture declined toward other activities which took advantage of greater economic openness to develop strongly (Eaglet 1999;Spiriajevas 2014;Fedorov et al. 2017). These two main activities are: ...
In recent years, Latvian, Lithuanian, and the Oblast of Kaliningrad coastal zones have been experiencing a particularly intense and rapid anthropisation of the coastline due to political, social, and economic changes at the end of the Soviet period. These pressures are exerting on a highly sensitive environment, which has remained relatively untouched by any major development due to the militarisation of the coasts. The human stakes increased considerably in the coastal zone of the south-eastern Baltic with tourism, industrial development, and urban expansion. The environmental impacts and issues of the post-soviet anthropisation are analysed in this article through a bibliographic compilation related to the evolution of the coastal management policies reconciling environmental protection and economic development.
... Coastal, estuarine, and intertidal flooding and consequently the risk posed to coastal populations are exacerbated by climate change and development worldwide [1][2][3][4]. Since sea hazards such as storm surge and sea level rise (SLR) are not evenly distributed [5,6], interactions with and development of appropriate high resolution spatiotemporal modeling is needed to prepare coastal residents by identifying which hazards will have the most impact and how they may be more extreme (e.g., duration, frequency). ...
... Coastal communities have limited resources to address hazards and climate change is weakening their economies due to proximity to and dependence upon the sea [1,3,16]. Community engagement with natural scientists and emergency management increases capacity to proactively anticipate, reduce damages from, and cope with flooding [10,17]. ...
Coastal reservations are increasingly vulnerable to hazards exacerbated by climate change. Resources for restoration projects are limited. Storm surge, storms, tidal flooding, and erosion endanger artifacts and limit livelihoods of tribes in coastal Virginia. GIS offers a platform to increase communication between scientists, planners, and indigenous groups. The Pamunkey Indian Tribe engaged in a participatory mapping exercise to assess the role of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) in coastal management decision-making and its capacity to address flooding. Priorities and strategies were spatially referenced using maps of potential sea level rise for 2040, 2060, and 2080, input into a resilience matrix to identify benchmarks for each phase of disaster resilience building, and contextualized with oral histories. Results highlight increased immediacy to protect housing and heritage sites along the shoreline as well as maintain access to the Reservation. Preferences toward structural solutions guided by and facilitating TEK options were expressed. Additional community capacities, tribal council support, federal assistance, impact assessments, and coordination would facilitate risk reduction project implementation. The screening process integrates TEK with planning and is transferable to neighboring tribes.
... The increasing demand for the use of the sea, such as facilities for energy production, extraction of materials from submarine quarries for building and beach nourishment, shipping and fishing activities, tourism, aquaculture, marine cultural heritage, and ecosystem and biodiversity conservation, along with the multiple pressures threatening the coastal resources, requires an integrated planning and management approach (see Directive 2014/89/EU). The Mediterranean region should pursue a long-term strategy to support a sustainable development of the economy based on the use of the sea for innovative and sustainable purposes (Blue Growth) [7,8]. Despite the great opportunities that Blue Growth offers, coastal areas regularly face several geopolitical, economic and environmental challenges which are worsened by climate change, subjecting the vulnerable areas of the Mediterranean Sea to large economic and environmental loss and damage [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. ...
Sea hazards are increasingly threatening worldwide coastal areas, which are among the most strategic resources of the Earth in supporting human population, economy and the environment. These hazards enhance erosion processes and flooding events, producing severe socio-economic impacts and posing a challenge to ocean engineers and stakeholders in finding the optimal strategy to protect both the coastal communities and the health of the environment. The impact of coastal hazards is actually worsened not only by an enhancing rate of relative sea level rise and storminess driven by climate changes, but also by increasing urban pressure related to the development of the sea economy. With regard to larger environmental awareness and climate change adaptation needs, the present study focuses on a stepwise approach that supports the actions for coastal protection at Calabaia Beach, which is located in the Marine Experimental Station of Capo Tirone (Cosenza, Italy). These actions first aim to protect humans and coastal assets, then to restore the environment and the local habitat, overcoming the need for the emergency interventions carried out in the last decades and pointing out that healthy ecosystems are more productive and support a sustainable marine economy (“Blue Growth”).
... Кузнецова и В.М. Разумовский (Fedorov, 2017), П.Я. Бакланов (Baklanov, 2016), А.Г. ...
... К примеру, в Ростовской об-REGIONAL ECONOMY ласти наиболее существенно от депопуляции, установившейся здесь с начала 1990-х гг., пострадали Таганрог (сокращение численности населения за 1989- 2015 гг. на 13 %) и Новочеркасск (сокращение на 14 %), в то время как областной центр и его города-спутники, входящие в состав Ростовской агломерации, смог- ли сохранить положительную динамику населения (за счет миграционной при- влекательности) (Регионы России, 2016 Fedorov G.M., 2017). ...
The study of the development of settlement systems has traditionally been included in sphere of public geography and regional economics. Based on statistical material, the author characterizes the urban system of settlement in coastal zones of European part of Russia. The author analyzes the structural differences between the Northern and Southern coastal macrozones, the features of cities location and their functional specialization. Is emphasized the role of “sea factor” in the history of origin and development, the dynamics of population of coastal cities. The author shows the dominant influence of demographic, socio-economic and administrative factors on evolution of spatial structure on the urban settlement system in the coastal zones of European Russia in recent decades. Conclusions are drawn about polarization of the urban settlement system in direction of population concentration in urban agglomerations and strengthening of their role in social and economic development.
