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Botrychium simplex A: Habit; B?D: Close up of trophophore and sporangiophores. (Scale bar: A5 2.5 cm, B5 1.5 cm, C 5 2 cm, D 5 0.5 cm).
Source publication
In present publication the least moonwort Botrychium simplex is reproted for the first time from Indian Himalayas
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Citations
... simplex (Fraser-Jenkins 2008). The plant from India shown by Kholia (2012) belongs to B. simplex or actually to B. tenebrosum and can, therefore, not be considered representing subsp. kannenbergii. ...
... For the Rocky Mountain Region, Anderson (2006) reports an altitude range of 732-3,865 m; for Utah 2,300-3,500 m was reported (Welsh et al. 1993). The highest elevation known worldwide is from the Indian Himalayan Mountains with 4,320 m (Kholia 2012); the plants pictured in the publication represent var. tenebrosum. ...
Botrychium simplex is the smallest and presumably the most variable species within the genus Botrychium. In Europe, today’s B. simplex was found for the first time as early as 1823 by the pharmacist Wilhelm Kannenberg in East Prussia (near the town of Memel, now Klaipėda, Lithuania). Almost three decades later, it was described as B. kannenbergii („Kannenbergii“) by Klinsmann (1852) in honor of the finder. He was unaware of the fact that in North America this species had already been named B. simplex by E. Hitchcock in 1821. The European distribution of B. simplex is concentrated in the northern and eastern parts of the continent with a number of isolated occurrences in the higher mountains, especially in the Alps and the Pyrenees. In this paper, we give a complete overview of all previously documented and known finds of this species in the Baltic States and adjacent territories, and discuss its current status. Our study reveals a drastic decline of B. simplex populations in Eastern Europe. Only three of the 14 records from the Baltic States are from the 21st century suggesting that most of the older occurrences are extinct. We present a compilation of infraspecific names (varieties and forms) of B. simplex established in Europe and North America and discuss the taxon tenebrosum, classified partly as a species and partly as a variety. The morphological diversity of the gametophyte is illustrated. We report on the nuclear DNA content of both the sporophyte (22.98 pg/2C) and the gametophyte (11.28 pg/2C) of B. simplex. From these, a ratio of almost exactly 2 results indicating that the species reproduces sexually. This is apparently the first published value of the DNA content of a Botrychium gametophyte. Botrychium simplex has been noted for its broad ecological amplitude. We summarize data regarding abiotic (altitude, soil parameters) and biotic (vegetation types, mycorrhiza) factors that might influence species population development and longevity and provide knowledge for future species monitoring and management.
... Botrychium simplex est une espèce circumboréale connue d'Europe (Corse comprise), Islande, Groenland, Amérique du Nord (États-Unis et Canada), (Anderson, 2006). En Asie, elle n'est pas confirmée au Japon, mais a été signalée récemment dans les montagnes himalayennes en Chine (Tibet) et en Inde (Kholia, 2012). En Europe, elle présente une aire principale nordique : Danemark, Norvège, Suède, Finlande, Pays Baltes, Biélorussie, Russie, Ukraine (Parnikoza & Celka, 2016), avec des avant-postes en Belgique, France et Allemagne (Bennert, Sonneborn, Sonneborn et Horn, 2003), et une aire montagnarde où elle fait figure de relique glaciaire dans les Alpes, les Pyrénées, la Corse et les Balkans, en France, Suisse, Italie, Autriche, Slovénie, Bosnie-Herzégovine (Käsermann & Moser, 1999 ; de Litardière, 1927). ...
Résumé
Botrychium simplex E. Hitchc. est nouvellement signalé dans le département des Alpes-Maritimes, à la suite d'inventaires floristiques et de cartographies de la végétation de zones humides dans le Parc national du Mercantour. La description de l'espèce, sa répartition et son écologie sont présentées. Son habitat dans les Alpes-Maritimes, étayé par des relevés phytosociologiques, est analysé et comparé avec les autres localités
méridionales connues de Corse et des Pyrénées. Sa conservation à l'échelle des Alpes est abordée.
Abstract
Botrychium simplex E. Hitchc. is reported as new in the Alpes-Maritimes (French department). This discovery came from a study for the Mercantour National Park aiming for the conservation of wetlands, using floristic inventories and vegetation mapping. A description of the species, its distribution and its ecology are examined. Its habitat in the Alpes-Martimes is analysed, using phytosociological relevés, and compared with other southern locality records from Corsica and the Pyrenees. Issues relating to conservation in the Alps are discussed.
... simplex 2 and B. tenebrosum), South America (B. dusenii), and possibly Asia (Kholia 2012). ...
The moonwort genus, Botrychium s. s., includes diploid and polyploid taxa that occur primarily in the northern hemisphere. Their evolutionary history, morphologically cryptic taxa and deep divergence of the family in the phylogeny of ferns has long fascinated pteridologists. Previous molecular studies did not include a complete taxonomic sampling of the taxa in the genus, nor multiple specimens from throughout the known geographical range of each taxon. Therefore, to investigate evolutionary relationships of the major clades of Botrychium s. s., we increased both taxonomic representativeness (multiple accessions per taxa), as well as phylogenetic resolution by including additional new chloroplast markers. To confirm identification and provide evidence from both maternal and paternal parentage of allopolyploids, we also included specimens that have been characterized by allozyme profiles determined by electrophoretic analysis of 20 nuclear enzyme loci for each taxon. We analyzed four chloroplast regions (matK intron, trnH GUG-psbA, and trnL UAA-trnF GAA intergenic spacers, and rpL16 intron region) of 365 specimens from Asia, Europe, North America, Oceania, and South America, sampling the geographical range of 34 of 35 accepted Botrychium s. s. taxa and thirteen putatively new taxa. We conducted a phylogenetic analysis of maternal lineages based on 2,385 aligned nucleotides using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference to explore genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among taxa. We found strong support for the monophyly of three major clades: Lanceolatum, Lunaria, and Simplex-Campestre, and resolved 15 subclades. Our results suggest multiple origins for at least four polyploid taxa (B. boreale, B. michiganense, B. yaaxudakeit, and B. watertonense). The Simplex-Campestre clade had the largest number of species, despite having a similar total number of haplotypes as the Lunaria clade (62 and 59, respectively), which has the broadest worldwide distribution. In total, our new molecular phylogeny comprises 47 taxa, of which thirteen are discussed for possible taxonomic recognition.
... It has isolated occurrences in southern Greenland, Iceland, the Pyrenees, northern Italy, Corsica, Slovenia, Japan, in the eastern and western USA and southwestern Canada (Hultén & Fries 1986). Recently it was also discovered in the Indian part of the Himalayas (Kholia 2012). In central Europe B. simplex is now very rare. ...
This the fourth part of the series on the distributions of vascular plants in the Czech Republic includes grid maps of 84 taxa of the genera Aldrovanda, Alisma, Asclepias, Azolla, Blechnum, Botrychium, Butomus, Carex, Centaurea, Drosera, Dysphania, Hypochaeris, Illecebrum, Luronium, Ophioglossum, Persicaria, Pilularia, Rubrivena, Sagittaria, Salvinia, Scirpoides, Sideritis, Streptopus, Teesdalia and Thesium. These maps were produced by taxonomic experts based on herbarium specimens, literature and field records. Of the native taxa studied, 40 are on the national Red List. Among them, Carex pseudobrizoides, Hypochaeris glabra and Illecebrum verticillatum are rare species of mainly sandy habitats, which are all now restricted to a few or
several sites and are therefore classified as critically threatened. Endangered aquatics and wetland plants are represented by Alisma gramineum, Salvinia natans, three Drosera species, Luronium natans and Pilularia globulifera, of which the latter two are species with sub-Atlantic distributions, reaching in this country their south-eastern and eastern distribution limits, respectively. All eight species of the genus Thesium and most species of Botrychium are endangered, either because they are rare or they are now considerably less common than they were, or combination of both. Two of the species mapped in this paper are now extirpated from this country. Botrychium simplex was last recorded more than 120 years ago, whereas the spontaneous occurrences of Aldrovanda vesiculosa vanished after 1952. However, the latter species has recently been deliberately planted in the wild for conservation purposes. The taxonomically extremely difficult Centaurea sect. Jacea, whose taxonomy and evolution is complicated by polyploidization and frequent hybridization, includes many taxa whose distributions were unclear until recently. Maps of Centaurea species and subspecies based on revised herbarium specimens are given, supplemented with the occurrence of their hybrids in grid cells where the parental species have not been documented. Alien species are mainly species originally introduced into Europe as ornamental and/or medicinal plants, such as Azolla filiculoides, Carex muskingumensis, Rubrivena polystachya, Sagittaria latifolia, three species of Dysphania and two of Persicaria. Another one, Asclepias syriaca, has become locally abundant and invasive. Other aliens were introduced unintentionally, such as Dysphania melanocarpa and D. pumilio with wool from Australia or
Persicaria pensylvanica with soybeans from North America. Spatial distributions and temporal dynamics of individual taxa are shown inmaps and documented by records included in the Pladias database and available in electronic appendices. The maps are accompanied by comments, which include additional information on the distribution, habitats, taxonomy and biology of the taxa.
... The genus is represented by about 45-55 species (Clausen, 1938;Wagner, 1990) of which 19 species (Sahashi, 1999) occur in Asia. Seven species of genus Botrychium Sw. were reported from India (Beddome, 1883;Clarke, 1880;Hope, 1899Hope,-1904Dixit, 1984;Khullar, 1994;Fraser-Jenkins, 2008;Kholia, 2012). Botrychium lanuginosum Wall.ex ...
... Europea e N-Americana. La specie è distribuita dal Canada agli Stati Uniti (Montagne Rocciose e Monti Appalachi), in Groenlandia, Islanda, Giappone, Himalaya(Kholia, 2012) ed Europa(Hulten & Fries, 1986). Qui è presente in Scandinavia, Europa centrale e nelle principali catene montuose sud europee (Carpazi, Alpi, Alpi Dinariche e Pirenei; Aeschiman et al.,2004).Distribuzione in Italia. ...
In present communication the least moonwort, Botrychium simplex E. Hitchcock is reported for the first time from western Himalaya.
One of the 17 mega biodiversity country, India possess only 2% land mass of world and
Oharbors more than 7% vascular plants species of the world. Certain territories of India fall under different biodiversity hot spots of the world. Sikkim Himalaya with only 0.2% land
surface of India is a small part of the 'Himalaya Biodiversity hot spot' and one of the richest
biodiversity areas of the country. The unique position, mountainous terrain and diverse climatic
variation within a small distance are the main factors for rich and diverse vegetation of the state.
The lower vascular plants, Pteridophytes are also one of the richest plant groups in Sikkim
Himalaya. On the basis of recent collection tours by author, scrutiny of various published work and
after studying Herbaria of Botanical Survey of India (CAL & BSHC), it.............................................
