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![Bootstrap coalescent species trees of the family Talpidae estimated using (A) ASTRAL-II, and (B) SVDquartets. Support values are provided for all non-highly supported nodes (posterior probabilities [PP] <0.95 or bootstrap values [BS] <90).](profile/Kevin-Campbell-11/publication/309590359/figure/fig2/AS:488827195269122@1493556893246/Bootstrap-coalescent-species-trees-of-the-family-Talpidae-estimated-using-A-ASTRAL-II.png)
Bootstrap coalescent species trees of the family Talpidae estimated using (A) ASTRAL-II, and (B) SVDquartets. Support values are provided for all non-highly supported nodes (posterior probabilities [PP] <0.95 or bootstrap values [BS] <90).
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The mammalian family Talpidae (moles, shrew moles, desmans) is characterized by diverse ecomorphologies associated with terrestrial, semi-aquatic, semi-fossorial, fossorial, and aquatic-fossorial lifestyles. Prominent specializations involved with these different lifestyles, and the transitions between them pose outstanding questions regarding the...
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... coalescent species tree estimations were highly con- gruent with the concatenated trees at the tribal level ( fig. 2 and supplementary fig. S1B and C, Supplementary Material online), though most tribal interrelationships, including the positions of the star-nosed mole and the desmans, were not resolved. In addition, while Scapanulus was unambiguously placed within Scalopini, its sister-relationship with Parascalops only received modest support (BS ¼ ...
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... the interre- lationships among Southeast Asian Euroscaptor, and be- tween long-tailed moles and the two shrew-mole tribes, though support scores for these alternative nodes were low (BS ¼ 49-74). SVDquartets further placed Euroscaptor parvidens sister to a clade containing other Southeast Asian Euroscaptor plus Parascaptor þ Scaptochirus ( fig. 2B), result- ing in a polyphyletic Euroscaptor (BS ¼ ...
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... between Chinese and North American scalopins, between European and Asian talpins, and between the two long-tailed mole lineages all occurred in the mid-Miocene (ca. 16 Ma; 95% CI = 22-10 Ma). Finally, divergences between sister genera generally occurred between 18 and 7 My (95% CI ¼ 26-4 Ma). The lineage-through-time (LTT) plot (supple mentary fig. S2A, Supplementary Material online) showed an increasing diversification rate beginning ca. 10 Ma. However, the Pybus and Harvey's c-value was insignificantly negative (À0.70; P ¼ 0.24), while the likelihood-based test found pure- birth as the best constant rate model (AIC ¼ 68.67) and the yule-3-rate as the best rate variable model (AIC ¼ ...
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... and Harvey's c-value was insignificantly negative (À0.70; P ¼ 0.24), while the likelihood-based test found pure- birth as the best constant rate model (AIC ¼ 68.67) and the yule-3-rate as the best rate variable model (AIC ¼ 67.94), sug- gesting that speciation rate did not shift significantly through time. The fossil-diversity plot (supplementary fig. S2B, Supplementary Material online) demonstrated that the num- ber of semi-fossorial and nonfossorial species have substantially declined in the last four million ...
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... For example, the fossil history of Uropsilinae (includ- ing Asthenoscapter and Desmanella) extends much further back in Europe than it does in Asia ( Qiu and Storch 2005). Similarly, members of the North American tribes Neurotrichini, Condylurini, and Scalopini were also distrib- uted in Europe during the Oligocene to Pleistocene (supple mentary fig. S2C, Supplementary Material online), but have since been extirpated (van den Hoek Ostende et al. 2005). This decline of non-fossorial talpids was clearly evident on the fossil-diversity plot (supplementary fig. S2B, Supplementary Material online), but not accounted for on the LTT plot using living species only (supplementary fig. S2A, ...
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... tribes Neurotrichini, Condylurini, and Scalopini were also distrib- uted in Europe during the Oligocene to Pleistocene (supple mentary fig. S2C, Supplementary Material online), but have since been extirpated (van den Hoek Ostende et al. 2005). This decline of non-fossorial talpids was clearly evident on the fossil-diversity plot (supplementary fig. S2B, Supplementary Material online), but not accounted for on the LTT plot using living species only (supplementary fig. S2A, Supplementary Material ...
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... (supple mentary fig. S2C, Supplementary Material online), but have since been extirpated (van den Hoek Ostende et al. 2005). This decline of non-fossorial talpids was clearly evident on the fossil-diversity plot (supplementary fig. S2B, Supplementary Material online), but not accounted for on the LTT plot using living species only (supplementary fig. S2A, Supplementary Material ...
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Citations
... Furthermore, the mean resting metabolic rate decreases during increasing up to 30°C and it is suggested that over 30°C leads to a risk of overheating (Frears, 1993). Both Talpa and Mogera are closely related Palaearctic taxa (He et al., 2017) and inhabit temperate regions in Europe and Japan, respectively (Loy & Corti, 1996;Ohdachi et al., 2015). Therefore, it is estimated that the thermoneutral zone of Mogera likely ranges from 23°C to around 30°C (Frears, 1993;Kashimura et al., 2010). ...
In burrowing mammals, the temperature and humidity in burrows are important microen-vironmental factors for the metabolism. To characterize the temperature and relative humidity inside the burrows of the lesser Japanese mole, Mogera imaizumii, digital loggers were set to record these micro-environmental characteristics in underground burrows and the aboveground air as a control. The current temperature and relative humidity were more stable in underground than in aboveground considering that smaller daily differences in both temperature and relative humidity were recognized only in the burrows. The inside temperatures showed up to 26.1 ± 1.2°C irrespective of over 30°C in the aboveground and the mean inside relative humidity showed constantly values over 100% irrespective of the range from 42.8 ± 11.7% to 84.2 ± 9.0% in aboveground through a year. To avoid a restraint of radiation of body heat by evaporation in higher temperature and humidity, lower temperature as possible above 23°C as considered to be the lower limit of the thermoneutral zone seems to be more appropriate condition for the mole. The current results showing the temperatures around the limit (25.1 ± 0.6-26.1 ± 1.2°C) with over 100% relative humidity seem to fi t to the more appropriate environment, at least in summer. The current fi ndings means that the high humidity with lower temperature saves energy expended by increasing the metabolic rate in M. imaizumii and probably also in other burrowing mammals. How to cite this article: Iwasa M.A., Abe R. 2024. Temperature and humidity conditions in underground burrows of the lesser Japanese mole, Mogera imaizumii (Talpidae) // Russian J. Температурно-влажностный режим в подземных норах малого японского крота, Mogera imaizumii (Talpidae) М.А. Иваса*, Р. Абе РЕЗЮМЕ. Температура и влажность в норах роющих млекопитающих являются важными фак-торами, влияющими на обмен веществ. Для исследования температуры и относительной влажно-сти внутри нор малого японского крота Mogera imaizumii, были установлены цифровые датчики для регистрации этих характеристик микросреды в подземных норах и надземном воздухе в каче-стве контроля. Текущая температура и относительная влажность были более стабильными в под-земных условиях, чем в надземных, учитывая, что меньшие ежедневные различия как в темпера-туре, так и в относительной влажности наблюдались только в норах. Внутренние температуры со-ставляли до 26.1 ± 1.2°C независимо от температуры над землей более 30°C, а средняя внутренняя относительная влажность постоянно превышала 100% независимо от диапазона от 42.8 ± 11.7% до 84.2 ± 9.0% над землей в течение года. Чтобы избежать ограничения охлаждения тела за счет испарения при высокой температуре и влажности, более подходящим условием для крота кажет-ся относительно температура, около 23°C, которая считается нижним пределом термонейтральной зоны. Полученные результаты, свидетельствуют, что температуры, близкие к предельному значению (25.1 ± 0.6-26.1 ± 1.2°C) с относительной влажностью более 100%, похоже, соответствуют более подходящей среде, по крайней мере, летом. Полученные данные означают, что высокая влажность при более низкой температуре позволяет экономить затрачиваемую энергию за счет увеличения ско-рости метаболизма у M. imaizumii и, вероятно, также у других роющих млекопитающих.
... Remarks.-In the paleontological literature, desmans are traditionally considered as a subfamily. However, genetic data (e.g., He et al., 2016) suggest its inclusion within the Talpinae, which is followed here. Additionally, we refer here to the genus Archaeodesmana Topachevsky and Pashkov, 1983, rather than Ruemkelia Rzebik-Kowalska and Pawłowski, 1994, an alternative name meant to replace Dibolia (see Rzebik-Kowalska and Rekovets, 2016). ...
Central Europe is an area of high diversity for the Talpidae (Eulipotyphla, Mammalia) during the Late Miocene. The assemblages from Slovakia (Borský Svätý Jur, Krásno, Pezinok, Šalgovce, Studienka, Triblavina) are no exception with their abundant material representing eleven species. The uropsiline Desmanella is represented by D . rietscheli and D . dubia . Desmanini fossils are attributed to Archaeodesmana vinea , Archaeodesmana dissona new species, Gerhardstorchia biradicata , and Gerhardstorchia sp. The scalopines Proscapanus minor and P . austriacus are well recorded in the Vallesian localities and support the emergence of P . austriacus before the MN9/10 transition. Talpini and Urotrichini are especially rare and only represented by Talpa cf. T . minuta and Urotrichini gen. sp. indet. Finally, we identified the youngest occurrence of Desmanodon in Europe, D . cf. D . fluegeli , at the MN9 locality of Borský Svätý Jur. The high diversity in the Late Miocene Central European is partly explained by the co-occurrence of the competing Scalopini and Talpini during the Vallesian, indicating high resource environments. The decline of these tribes, followed by the success of the desmans during the Turolian, appears as a consequence of regional environmental changes.
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... Differentially banded karyotypes were available only for three species of this group: two species from the Western clade-E. klossi and E. malayana (the latter was previously called E. micrura malayana)-and the Japanese mountain mole, Oreoscaptor mizura [16,23,35], formerly treated as E. mizura and recently proposed to be elevated to the genus level [2,4,10,11,36]. By including the endemic Vietnam species E. parvidens in the comparative analysis, we not only increased the number of studied karyotypes in the genus but also expanded the representativeness of the analysis by incorporating a member of the Eastern clade. Our findings indicate that each stage of species divergence within the genus is characterized by specific rearrangements in half of the autosomes which are distinct from the conserved autosomes (homologs EPAR 5, 8, 10-15) (Table 1, Figure 3). ...
... The existing phylogenetic trees of moles differ in the position of the Japanese mountain mole Oreoscaptor mizura relative to representatives of the genera Mogera and Euroscaptor. Some researchers place it basal to these genera [3,4,10,11] and others place it in a separate clade together with Mogera, different from the branch leading to Euroscaptor, Parascaptor, and Scaptochirus [2,7]. ...
... MYA-million years ago. Divergence dates are from He et al.[2]. ...
In recent years, the number of mole species with species status confirmed by genetic methods has been continuously increasing. Unfortunately, cytogenetic data are not yet available for all species. Here, for the first time, a GTG-banded karyotype of the small-toothed mole from Vietnam, Euroscaptor parvidens, a representative of the Eastern clade of the genus Euroscaptor, has been described. Through comparative analysis of available Euroscaptor (Euroscaptor parvidens, Euroscaptor klossi, and Euroscaptor malayana) and Oreoscaptor (Oreoscaptor mizura) karyotypes, we found cytogenetic signatures for each of the studied species. Zoo-FISH with sorted chromosomes of the Siberian mole (Talpa altaica) on chromosome sets of the small-toothed mole (E. parvidens), the small Japanese mole (Mogera imaizumii) from the closely related genus, and the Japanese shrew mole (Urotrichus talpoides) from the tribe Urotrichini made it possible to identify syntenic regions between these species. We propose a possible ancestral karyotype of the tribe and, based on it, traced the features of chromosomal rearrangements accompanying the divergence of moles. The low rates of chromosomal evolution within the species of the genus Talpa-T. altaica and T. europaea-and the high rates of karyotypic reshuffling within the Asian genera of the tribe were confirmed. The karyotype of the Japanese mountain mole O. mizura seems to be the most conserved among the Asian moles. The most frequently occurring types of chromosomal rearrangements in moles are the pericentric inversions and amplification of heterochromatin. The pericentric inversions on four pairs of autosomes are shared between the closely related genera Euroscaptor, Oreoscaptor, and Mogera, while many more apomorphic rearrangements have occurred in each lineage additionally. The highest rate of chromosomal changes, with five rearrangements occurring over approximately 7 million years, was recorded in the lineage of the small-toothed mole.
... Peppers and Bradley 2000, Savić et al. 2017, Carballo and Rossi 2018, D'Elía et al. 2021, including in talpid moles (e.g. He et al. 2017); much of this cryptic diversity has been revealed recently through karyology and DNA-based studies. ...
... We studied two loci, the complete mitochondrial Cytb gene and a segment of the nuclear exon 11 of the BRCA2 gene. Both of these markers have been commonly applied in mammalian phylogenetics, including moles (Bannikova et al. 2015, He et al. 2017, Demirtaş et al. 2020. ...
Subterranean life is associated with strong adaptive constraints, leading to the frequent occurrence of morphologically cryptic lineages. This is true of most small mammals, including moles (Eulipotyphla: Talpidae), where a number of species have been recognized recently, particularly following the application of molecular genetics. Here, we use mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data and geometric morphometrics to explore the systematics and evolution of some of the least-known Western Palaearctic moles: the Talpa davidiana group of Eastern Anatolia/Iran. We show that T. davidiana includes four taxa, two of which we describe herein: T. hakkariensis sp. nov., T. davidiana davidiana, T. davidiana tatvanensis ssp. nov., and T. streetorum valid species. For the first time, we apply molecular species delimitation analyses to Talpa, confirming taxonomic hypotheses and suggesting the existence of further morphologically cryptic lineages. These analyses also support the recognition of T. transcaucasica as a valid species distinct from T. levantis. We present a revised phylogeny for Eurasian Talpa and increase the number of known extant taxa to 18, most of which are found in Anatolia, the global hotspot of diversity in this genus. This probably results from the isolation of suitable habitats by a combination of climatic and topographical heterogeneity.
... ground lifestyle of the Talpini results in similar physical traits of moles and makes it difficult to differentiate them, leading to the underestimation of the species diversity [2]. In Talpini, the genus Talpa is widely distributed from Western Europe to Asia. ...
... The phylogeny of the Talpini tribe is now well established. Genetic research provided good support for phylogenies based on morphological data [2,3,6]. High genetic differentiation within the most successful genus Talpa allowed to identify 4 clades with a strict geographical reference for the European and Caucasian group of species, as well as the "davidiana" group, the re-colonization of Europe from Asia was shown [7]. ...
... We have shown that each stage of species divergence within the genus is marked by certain rearrangements in half of the autosomes, which have undergone changes in contrast to the rest of the autosomes (homologs EPAR 5, 8, 10-15), which were conserved (Table 1, Figure 3). The Japanese mountain mole, Oreoscaptor mizura, formerly treated as E. mizura, was suggested to be elevated to genus level [2,4,10,11,36]. Its karyotype differs from the Euroscaptor by the absence of evolutionary rearrangements, which gives reason to assume its chromosome set is the most conservative and close to the ancestral karyotype of the genus. Moreover, its similarity to the karyotype of M.wogura, a species from another genus [16], suggests that these species retained a chromosomal set of an ancestor common to both genera. ...
In recent years, the number of mole species for which the species status has been confirmed using genetic methods has been continuously increasing. Unfortunately, cytogenetic analysis is not available for all species. Here, for the first time, a GTG-banded karyotype of the small-toothed mole from Vietnam, Euroscaptor parvidens, a representative of the eastern clade of the genus Euroscaptor, was described. Through comparative analysis of available Euroscaptor (E. parvidens, E. klossi, and E. malayana) and Oreoscaptor (O.mizura) karyotypes we find cytogenetic signatures. Zoo-FISH with sorted chromosomes of the Siberian mole Talpa altaica on chromosome sets of the small-toothed mole E. parvidens, the small Japanese mole M. imaizumii from the close genus Mogera and the Japanese shrew mole Urotrichus talpoides from the tribe Urotrichini made it possible to identify syntenic regions between species that diverged about 35 million years ago. The low rate of chromosomal changes within the species of the genus Talpa - T.altaica and T.europaea - and the high rate of karyotypic reshuffling within the Asian genera of the tribe were confirmed. The pericentric inversions on four pairs of autosomes are shared between the closely related genera Euroscaptor, Oreoscaptor, and Mogera, while many more apomorphic rearrangements have occurred in each lineage additionally. The highest rate of chromosomal changes was recorded in the lineage of the small-toothed mole.
... The species typically occurs in evergreen broad-leaved forests, shrubs, and near farm fields at elevations of 1300-3600 m (Wilson and Mittermeier 2018). It is considered a relict species because its closest relatives are distributed in Japan (Dymecodon and Urotrichus) and North America (Neurotrichus), which diverged from long-tailed moles approximately 30 million years ago (He et al. 2017). ...
The long-tailed mole (Scaptonyx fusicaudus) belongs to a monotypic genus within the family Talpidae. It is a small semi-fossorial mammal mostly distributed in south-western China. In this study, we obtained the complete mitochondrial genome of S. fusicaudus. The genome is a total of 16,602 bp in length, containing 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNA), 2 ribosomal RNA genes (rRNA) and 2 non-coding regions, with a base composition of 33.51% A, 28.73% T, 23.68% C and 14.08% G. The nucleotide sequence data of 13 protein-coding genes of S. fusicaudus and other 14 insectivora species were used to reconstruct a Bayesian phylogenetic tree. The tree shows that S. fusicaudus belongs to the subfamily Talpinae and is closely related to Urotrichus talpoides.
... Most Talpidae animals live in semi-underground or underground burrowing. A few of them live on the ground or are semi-aquatic animals [2]. They are considered to be a good model for the study of mammalian adaptive evolution also because of their adaptive morphological features and sensory system in different habitats [3,4]. ...
... Shinohara et al. found that the North American moles and Eurasian moles are not monophyletic groups, and thus proposed that there have been at least two separate evolution processes of Talpidae [12]. He et al. confirmed that Gansu mole (Scapanulus oweni) is the only living Asian population in North America based on mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences [2]. However, with the reported new species belonging to the family Talpidae, such as Talpa aquitania, Uropsilus dabieshanensis sp. ...
... The phylogenetic relationship of Talpidae is a controversial topic in ecological research. He et al. used 19 nuclear genes and two mitochondrial genes to construct the phylogenetic trees of about 60% of Talpidae animals in 17 genera, preliminarily elucidating the evolutionary relationships of the Talpidae animals [2]. However, with the emergence of new species of Talpidae in recent years (e.g., Talpa aquitania, Uropsilus dabieshanensis sp. ...
Talpidae is a model group for evolutionary studies due to their highly specialized morphologies and diverse lifestyles. Mitochondrial genomes are molecular markers commonly used in species evolution and phylogenetic studies. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Scaptochirus moschatus was obtained by Illumina NovaSeq sequencing. The complete mitochondrial genomes of 14 Talpidae species (including Scaptochirus moschatus obtained in the present study) and the cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene sequences of 48 Talpidae species were downloaded from the NCBI database for comparison and phylogenetic studies to analyze the phylogenetic relationships and to find the possible reasons of the niche differentiation and ecotype specialization of Talpidae animals. The results showed that the mitochondrial genome sequences of 14 species belonging to the family Talpidae were 16,528 to 16,962 bp, all containing 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA, two rRNA, and a non-coding region (control region). The difference in the number of repetitive repeats in the control region is responsible for the difference in the length of Talpidae mitochondrial genome sequences. Combining the divergence time of Talpidae animals with the geological history, it is found that the niche differentiation and ecotype divergence of Talpidae is closely related to historically global climate changes. Semi-aquatic groups diverged in the early Oligocene (about 31.22 MYA), probably in response to the global climate transition from warm to cool. During the early Miocene (about 19.54 MYA), some species of Talpidae moved to underground habitats and formed fossorial groups that were adept at digging due to the effects of the glaciation. In the middle Miocene (about 16.23 MYA), some Talpidae animals returned to the ground and formed semi-fossorial shrew moles as global climate warming again.
... Convergent evolution among specialized clades has created major discrepancies between talpid molecular and morphological phylogenies (Douady et al., 2002;Symonds, 2005;Sánchez-Villagra et al., 2006;He et al., 2016). Similar morphology among clades makes it difficult to choose morphological characters independent of ecology, and most molecular studies also lack confidence on cluster positions. ...
... Talpidae is an ecologically diverse family consisting of: terrestrial shrew moles, semi-fossorial shrew moles, semi-aquatic desmans, as well as semi-fossorial and fossorial moles (Koyabu et al., 2011). Currently, the most parsimonious phylogenetic hypothesis comes from He et al. (2016). There are three subfamilies within Talpidae: Uropsilinae (Asian shrew-like moles), Talpinae (Old World moles, desmans, and shrew moles), and Scalopinae (New World moles), and there are seven tribes: Scalopini (North American/Asian fossorial moles), Scaptonychini (Chinese fossorial long-tailed moles), Urotrichini (Japanese semi-fossorial shrew moles), Neurotrichini (North American semi-fossorial shrew moles), Condylurini (North American semi-fossorial star-nosed mole), Desmanini (Eurasian semi-aquatic desmans), and Talpini (Eurasian fossorial moles). ...
... Two of the six clusters are exclusively fossorial: the Eurasian Talpini and North American/Asian Scalopini. It is hypothesized that these two clusters convergently evolved similar derived morphological specializations for fossorial life (Gorman and Stone, 1990;Piras et al., 2012;Meier et al., 2013;He et al., 2016). ...
... The phylogenetic relationships of Talpidae have been the subject of ongoing debate for decades (Whidden 2000;Shinohara et al. 2003;Bannikova et al. 2015;He et al. 2016; This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ...
The evolution of complex morphological structures can be characterized by the interplay between different anatomical regions evolving under functional integration in response to shared selective pressures. Using the highly derived humeral morphology of talpid moles as a model, here we test whether functional performance is linked to increased levels of evolutionary integration between humerus sub‐units and, if so, what the strength is of the relationship. Combining 2D geometric morphometrics, phylogenetic comparative methods and functional landscape modelling, we demonstrate that the high biomechanical performance of subterranean moles’ humeri is coupled with elevated levels of integration, whereas taxa with low performance values show intermediate or low integration. Theoretical morphs occurring in high‐performance areas of the functional landscape are not occupied by any species, and show a marked drop in covariation levels, suggesting the existence of a strong relationship between integration and performance in the evolution of talpid moles’ humeri. We argue that the relative temporal invariance of the subterranean environment may have contributed to stabilize humeral morphology, trapping subterranean moles in a narrow region of the landscape and impeding any attempt to reposition on a new ascending slope. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
... In particular, the mountain ranges of Southwest China are viewed as among the most important montane biodiversity hotspots (Mittermeier et al. 2011), where past environmental changes have significantly contributed to the speciation and regional biodiversity (Wan et al. 2021). Indeed, in the last decade, several new cryptic mammal species have been uncovered in this area (Abramov et al. 2009;He et al. 2017;Liu et al. 2018;Wan et al. 2018;Bannikova et al., 2019;Chen et al. 2020). ...
During a small mammal survey in Wanglang National Natural Reserve, Sichuan, China in August–October 2018, we collected four specimens of an Asiatic striped squirrel (genus Tamiops) that could not be assigned morphologically to any described species. Phylogenetic analyses of CYTB and nuDNA sequences strongly supported them in the genus Tamiops. The p-distances of CYTB between these individuals and other species of Tamiops ranged from 17.4 to 19.1%. Morphologically, they differed from their congeners, including T. maritimus, T. mcclellandii, T. rodolphii, and T. swinhoei by pelage, skull, and baculum characteristics. Based on the results of morphological comparisons and molecular analyses, we describe the four specimens as the new species Tamiops minshanica sp. nov.
