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Bone lining cells. Histological microphotographs of femurs stained with Saffranin-O and counter stained with Goldner stain showing metaphyseal bone with bone lining cells (black arrows). These cells are inactive but can redifferentiate into active, bone forming osteoblasts in response to the appropriate stimuli.
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The skeleton serves as an internal structural support system for vertebrates. It has mechanisms to grow and change in shape and size to suit varying stressors including the ability to resist the mechanical forces. In addition, bone is a major source of inorganic ions, and actively participates in the body’s calcium/phosphate balance.
Bone tissue is...
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Context 1
... bone where many of the bone surfaces are inactive. These cells can be thought of as quiescent osteoblasts and are similar to osteoprogenitor cells in that they can be reactivated to become functional osteoblasts under condi- tions that warrant active bone formation such as during remodeling, fracture repair and in certain types of bone pathology (Fig. ...
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Objective:
Calcium phosphates are one of biomaterials that are used for bone regeneration. In this study, calcium phosphate nanoparticles such as hydroxyapatite (HA)/fluorapatite (FA),with chitosan gel filled with unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs) were used for healing calvarial bone in rat model.
Methods:
The healing effects of these inje...
Citations
... It consists of tightly packed lamellae and osteocytes and is known for its strength, with the ability to withstand pressure, tension, and torsion. This makes cortical bone thickness a useful indicator for assessing local bone health [36,37]. Figure 7 displays the changes in left femoral cortical bone thickness before and after the experiment in each group. ...
Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) supplementation on bone growth in growing rats. Methods: We used 3-week-old male Wistar rats to simulate childhood and adolescent growth stages. Rats were divided into four groups as follows: a control group (C), a low-dose group (L, 20.65 mg/kg body weight (BW) ACC), a medium-dose group (M, 206.5 mg/kg BW ACC), and a high-dose group (H, 413 mg/kg BW ACC) administered by gavage. Body length (BL) and BW were measured weekly. The bone mineral density (BMD) of two lumbar vertebrae (L3 and L4) and the left femur were analyzed by micro-computed tomography (μCT) at 0, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. At the end of 12 weeks, the rats were sacrificed. After that, blood samples were collected from the abdominal aorta. Femurs and tibias were collected and weighed, and their lengths were measured. Then, bone samples were used to perform histopathological and histomorphometric analyses. Results: It showed that ACC supplementation in growing rats increased the trabecular bone thickness and serum bone formation biomarkers. Furthermore, high-dose ACC decreased serum bone resorption biomarkers and increased BMD. Conclusions: ACC supplementation can enhance osteoblast metabolism and inhibit osteoclast metabolism, resulting in a higher bone formation rate compared to bone resorption. This led to increased trabecular bone thickness, a higher BMD, and supported bone growth.
... Tulang merupakan pembentuk rangka pada tubuh manusia. Tulang adalah jaringan komposit yang terdiri dari matriks organik, mineral anorganik, sel, dan air [3]. Bagian tulang yang berpotensi paling besar mengalami nonunion adalah bagian humerus, femur, dan tibia. ...
... As far as the cells cultured in supplemented medium are concerned, the levels of osteoprotegerin, as well as those of genes associated with mineralization processes (i.e., osteocalcin, osteonectin and bone sialoproteins, such as osteopontin), are significantly higher in NHOst cells exposed to HA+AA (Figure 3c,d). The obtained results highlight that the combination of sodium hyaluronate and amino acids significantly improves NHOst cells' differentiation in vitro, leading to mature osteoblasts expressing the late markers of the osteogenic process [31,32]. The proper cell maturation in the presence of HA+AA guarantees the deposition of the extracellular matrix, which is essential during tissue repair. ...
... The obtained results highlight that the combination of sodium hyaluronate and amino acids significantly improves NHOst cells' differentiation in vitro, leading to mature osteoblasts expressing the late markers of the osteogenic process [31,32]. The proper cell maturation in the presence of HA+AA guarantees the deposition of the extracellular matrix, which is essential during tissue repair. ...
The treatment of bone injuries must be timely and effective to improve the chances of full recovery. In this respect, a mix of hyaluronic acid and an amino acidic pool has been marketed to promote soft tissue healing, fastening recovery times. Several studies have reported the in vitro and in vivo influence of hyaluronic acid and amino acids on fibroblasts and keratinocytes, highlighting the enhancement of cell proliferation, motility and cytokines synthesis. Even though the effectiveness of this combination of molecules on bone repair has been described in vivo, to the best of our knowledge, its in vitro effects on osteoblasts still need to be investigated. Therefore, this work describes for the first time osteoblast metabolism, proliferation and in vitro differentiation in the presence of hyaluronic acid and amino acids, aiming at understanding the mechanisms underlying their effectiveness in injured tissue repair. The reported results demonstrate the enhancement of osteoblasts’ metabolic activity and the fastening of cell cycle progression. Furthermore, gene expression studies show a significant increase in differentiation markers, i.e., osteoprotegerin and osteonectin. Finally, alkaline phosphatase activity is also boosted by the combination of hyaluronic acid and aminoacids, confirming the ability of in vitro cultured cells to properly differentiate through the osteogenic lineage.
... The skeleton forms a structural support of vertebrates with the ability to resist the mechanical forces. It has mechanisms to grow and change its shape and size, as bone tissue is continuously formed and remodeled via two separate processes-bone resorption and bone formation-managed by osteoclasts (OCs) and osteoblasts (Obs) [29,30]. Bone homeostasis is a dynamic process, regulated by complex molecular pathways, where Ocs resorb bone tissue and Obs produce new bone tissue; thus, the net bone mass is maintained. ...
... Additionally, bone marrow endothelial cells were found to have a role in regulating bone homeostasis [31]. The bone is also a major source of inorganic ions and actively participates in calcium and phosphate balance [30]. In addition, the bone is a metabolically active organ and is important for the immune system, as immune cells originate from bone marrow, where many of them also mature [32]. ...
... The endocrine system (including parathyroid hormone, PTH-related peptide, calcitonin, vitamins A and D, estrogens, androgens and growth hormone) controls a balance between bone formation and bone loss and the maintenance of calcium and phosphate homeostasis [30]. In addition, there is evidence that osteocalcin is also required to stimulate bone mineral maturation [30]. ...
The extended microbial genome—the gut microbiome (GM)—plays a significant role in host health and disease. It is able to influence a number of physiological functions. During dysbiosis, GM is associated with the development of various chronic diseases with impaired bone quality. In general, GM is important for bone homeostasis and can affect it via several mechanisms. This review describes the roles of GM in bone homeostasis through influencing the immune and endocrine functions, short-chain fatty acids production, calcium absorption and the gut–brain axis. The relationship between GM composition and several bone-related diseases, specifically osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, obesity and bone cancer, is also highlighted and summarized. GM manipulation may become a future adjuvant therapy in the prevention of many chronic diseases. Therefore, the beneficial effects of probiotic therapy to improve the health status of individuals with aforementioned diseases are provided, but further studies are needed to clearly confirm its effectiveness. Recent evidence suggests that GM is responsible for direct and indirect effects on drug efficacy. Accordingly, various GM alterations and interactions related to the treatment of bone-related diseases are mentioned as well.
... The mentioned dimensions are important, being reference elements in the dimensional characterization of the tibia. Starting from these and using quantitative computed tomography (hereinafter QCT) and images or previous research [30][31][32][33], it was possible to make the necessary correlations to model the real entities of which the tibia is constituted. ...
... The mentioned dimensions are important, being reference elements in the dimensional characterization of the tibia. Starting from these and using quantitative computed tomography (hereinafter QCT) and images or previous research [30][31][32][33], it was possible to make the necessary correlations to model the real entities of which the tibia is constituted. Figure 1. ...
... As is known [31,32], the 3 components of the tibia mentioned above are structurally different. The diaphysis has a tubular structure made of cortical bone, is compact, with a variable thickness. ...
Opening wedge high tibial osteotomy (OWHTO) is a surgical procedure often used to eliminate the effects of knee osteoarthritis, a disease that is becoming more widespread worldwide. Optimizing the geometric planning of this operation is a very important preparatory step for the success of the intervention and rapid postoperative recovery. This optimization is performed in two main directions. The first direction evaluates the intraoperative behavior of the tibia during the osteotomy by optimizing four geometric parameters that characterize geometric planning. The second direction aims at a postoperative evaluation of the flat tibia-osteosynthesis assembly taking into account the optimal position on the medial–lateral articular line through which the corrected mechanical axis of the tongue passes and implicitly offloads the transfer from the medial area to the side of the knee. The research methods used are exclusively computer-assisted such as: computer-aided design (hereinafter CAD) for geometric modeling of the tibia taking into account the real bone structure, the finite element method (hereinafter FEM) for performing numerical analyses and design of the experiment (hereinafter DOE) for the design of the research. The results obtained are eloquent and clearly presented and can be important elements for orthopedic doctors at the geometric planning stage of the OWHTO.
... The bone is formed by osteoblasts and when the bone is formed some of them will be embedded in the bone and become osteocytes. 1 Bone development happens in two ways, intra membranous and endochondral ossification (Ossification is a process of bone formation). The formation of woven bone happens by the replacement of the collagenous mesenchymal tissues by bones. 2 The woven bone is considered as a primitive form of the bone with a randomly organized collagenous fibers and by remodeling it is converted into a mature lamellar bone. ...
Objectives: This study evaluated the effect of artichoke leaves extract on bone healing. Methods: A total of 30 rabbits were used in the current study, 60 bone defects were made, divided into 30 bone defects left without treatment and an other 30 bone defects were treated with 0.5ml of Artichocke oil. Each group was divided randomly into three period intervals (1week, 2 and 5 weeks). Results: Current study had showed a high significant difference between the control and the experimental group in osteoclast cells account, a significant difference in osteoblast and osteocyte cells account. Also there was a high significant difference in the formation of the blood vessels and the trabecular bone between the experimental and the control group. Conclusion: Artichoke leaves extract was effective and faster in bone healing without any complication in comparison with the control group.
... parallel collagen bers, each surrounding a longitudinal Haversian canal (~97 µm in diameter for femora: Frost, 1961) that contains blood and lymphatic vessels, and nerve bers that are linked with transverse Volkmann canals (Safadi et al., 2009). ...
Recent advances have broadened the application of palaeoradiology for non-destructive investigation of ancient remains. X-ray microtomography (microCT) in particular is increasingly used as an alternative to histological bone sections for interpreting pathological alterations, trauma, microstructure, and more recently bioerosion with direct or ancillary use of histological indices. However, no systematic attempt has been made to confirm the reliability of microCT for histotaphonomic analysis of archaeological bone. The objectives of this study are therefore to (1) compare thin sections of human femora rated with the Oxford Histological Index to microCT sections using a newly developed Virtual Histological Index, and (2) provide an accessible methodology for the evaluation and visualization of bioerosion in archaeological bone using virtual anthropology techniques. We provide detailed descriptions of virtual sections and volume renderings, and also assess the efficacy of the method on cranial and postcranial elements, cremated long bones, and faunal samples. Furthermore, the need for time-consuming image segmentation is reduced by applying two noise-reducing, edge-preserving filters, and rendering with a colormap chosen to visualize bioerosion along with canal structure and density in 3D. The histological and virtual methods showed a strong correlation, providing the first systematic data substantiating lab-based microCT as a suitable alternative tool for reconstructing post-mortem history in the archaeological record, and for the reliable, non-destructive screening of samples for further analyses.
... It is consistent with the results presented by Grant et al. (2001). After the first incubation period (4 months (Safadi et al., 2009). One may assume that collagen needs to be biologically decomposed first to allow further chemical decomposition of the hydroxyapatite crystals. ...
We evaluated the dynamics of the diagenetic changes to pig bones incubated for 4, 10, and 31 months in a controlled environment (soil type, moisture and pH, air humidity, and temperature). The criteria for the assessment were as follows: physical parameters (bone weight), biomechanical parameters (compressive strength), bone microstructure (using micro‐computed tomography), and phosphorus and calcium content in the surrounding soil. It was shown that the bone weight decreased the most after 4 months of incubation, whereas the biggest change in the compressive strength was not observed until after 31 months of incubation. Also, the main changes to the bone microstructure were observed in the initial period of degeneration. After 4 months of the experiment, a major drop in the percentage of the thinnest bone trabeculae was noted, whereas a reverse trend was observed for the thickest trabeculae. Moreover, the most significant decrease in the Ca/P ratio in the surrounding soil was observed after the experiment's first 4 months. We conclude that the bioerosion of collagen observed after the initial experimental period was followed by hydroxyapatite chemical decomposition. These results indicate the usefulness of the applied analyses and the feasibility of ensuring a standardized environment for diagenetic research.
... In general, osteoblasts gradually change their shape as they differentiate, and finally have a cuboidal form and constitute the lining of bone surfaces [2]. They are responsible for the production of various components of the bone matrix. ...
Osteoblast differentiation is important for the development of bone and the maintenance of bone density. Propionibacterium freudenreichii is a probiotic with an anti-inflammatory property. The aim of this study was to investigate the enhancement effect of P. freudenreichii MJ2 (MJ2) isolated from raw milk on osteoblast differentiation, mineralization, and its signaling pathway. For in vitro and in vivo experiments, human fetal osteoblastic cell line hFOB 1.19 and an ovariectomized rat model were used, respectively. Expression levels of genes and proteins related to osteoblast differentiation and mineralization were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blotting, respectively. Alizarin red S staining was performed to measure osteoblast mineralization. Heat-killed MJ2 (hkMJ2)-treated cells showed significantly increased osteoblast differentiation via an increase in the osteoprotegerin (OPG)/receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) ratio and significantly increased osteoblast mineralization by stimulating the expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 and runt-related transcription factor 2. Additionally, oral administration of live or heat-killed MJ2 to ovariectomized rats inhibited osteoporosis-induced bone loss. Specifically, surface proteins isolated from MJ2 promoted osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. In conclusion, MJ2 enhanced osteoblast differentiation and mineralization through the OPG/RANKL signaling pathway and the effective component of MJ2 might be its surface proteins.
... Bone homeostasis is a delicate balance between removal of old and microdamaged bone parts and subsequent replacement of new strong calcified bone packages. This balance is driven by mechanical signals in a feedback system where high loading signals favors a net bone gain and low signals favors a net loss (Safadi et al., 2009). This process mimics an 'optimal' bone architecture in which the bone structure adapts to loads of daily life with bone struts more or less aligned with the loading pattern through the bone (Tanck et al., 2001;Huiskes et al., 2000). ...
