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Body weight gains (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of turkeys from 5 to 12 wks of age 1 .
Source publication
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of whole wheat feeding on selected parameters of humoral and cell-mediated immunity in growing turkeys. A total of 210 one-day-old heavy-type Hybrid Converter male turkeys were randomly divided into three different dietary treatment groups, each consisting of 7 replicate pens of 10 birds per p...
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Preservation of health from infectious diseases depends upon both mucosal and systemic immunity via the collaborative effort of innate and adaptive immune responses. The proficiency of host immunity stems from robust defense mechanisms physical barriers and specialized immune cells and a failure of these mechanisms leads to pathology. Intriguingly,...
Citations
... W przewodzie pokarmowym MALT reprezentowany jest przez struktury immunologiczne błony śluzowej, które współtworzą tkankę limfatyczną błon śluzowych przewodu pokarmowego (GALT, gut-aasociated lymphoid tissue) (71). Z licznych badań (34,72,86,88) wynika, że w zjawiskach odpornościowych przewodu pokarmowego dużą rolę odgrywają enterocyty kosm-ków i krypt jelitowych, które pozostają w stałej kooperacji z limfocytami. Na rozwój tych elementów GALT ma wpływ rodzaj pokarmu i stosowanych dodatków paszowych (72). ...
The aim of the present review is to demonstrate the possibility of limiting antibiotic therapy in intensive poultry production through the use of various immunomodulators. In an era of increasing resistance of microorganisms to antimicrobial agents, it is particularly important to improve the efficiency of the immune system, which is indispensable for birds to survive in an environment where this system is constantly exposed to a number of stimuli that directly or indirectly affect its functioning. This is all the more important as the health of birds kept under intensive systems depends mainly on the functional status of their immune system, which determines the level of postvaccination immunity and the effectiveness of treatment. That is because its proper function is needed for the elimination of pathogenic microorganisms, stimulation of repair processes in damaged tissues and protection against reinfection. This paper focuses on the possibilities of modulating immune mechanisms and correcting the reactivity of the immunological system in poultry by using natural or synthetic immunomodulators. The results presented here suggest that methisoprinol and β-glucans are effective in modulating immune processes in turkeys and may find practical application in mass rearing of these birds: β-glucans mainly in prophylactic programmes, whereas methisoprinol both in prevention and treatment of diseases of viral etiology occurring with immunosuppression. It has also been shown that phytoncides contained in well-composed complementary feeds show immunomodulatory effects in broiler chickens and turkeys and are effective in the prevention and treatment of black head disease in turkeys. Considering the key role of the immune system in fighting pathogens, it should be concluded that synthetic and natural immunomodulators, including phytoncides used in the prevention and treatment of poultry diseases, can effectively reduce and, in some cases, replace or support antibiotic therapy.
... They most intensively increase their live weight to 60 days of age, and then reduce its growth rate until puberty [4,5,6]. The biological basis for the growth of turkeys is dynamic changes in functional systems, and biochemical processes in the cells of organs and tissues, the state of which can be judged by the key parameters of the blood [7,8,9,10]. IOP Conf. ...
... IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 613 (2020) 012119 IOP Publishing doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/613/1/012119 2 Proteins are a necessary building material of protoplasm of cells. They perform special functions in the body. ...
The study describes the characteristics of protein metabolism in turkeys of different genotypes and age. It is established that poults during industrial cultivation were physiologically healthy, and the studied parameters fluctuated within normal limits. At the same time, the magnitude of the blood parameters depends on the age of the bird and the genotype determined by both the breed and crossing. The protein metabolism intensity determining the concentration of the total protein and its fractions in the blood of poultry, the activity of transamination enzymes (AlAT, AsAT) does not so much depend on age, but on the birds genotype. The highest level of protein parameters is found in the blood of heavy cross Hybrid Converter. At the same time, the rate of growth and development of their body is associated with the exchange of albumin and the ways of using free amino acids to cover its energy consumption. Therefore, turkey poults of this cross are superior to their analogues in terms of albumin (by 9.54%), activity of AsAT (by 1.61–6.93%) and AlAT (by 2.77–5.23%).
... Mononuclear cells from blood, spleen and CTs were isolated according to a previously described procedure [17,39]. The cells were counted, and their viability was evaluated using the Vi-Cell XR cell counter (Beckman Coulter, USA). ...
Background:
Haemorrhagic enteritis (HE) of turkeys was first described in 1937 in the USA, while in Poland it was first diagnosed in 1987. Polish haemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV) isolates are usually low pathogenic and trigger a subclinical disease. Unfortunately, even the low- pathogenic HEV strains cause severe immunosuppression leading to secondary bacterial infections and huge economic losses. The objective of this study was to evaluate if the influence of Met on HEV infected turkeys immune response can be differentiated by both its level and source. Met is one of the amino acids that not only play a nutritional role but also participate in and regulate key metabolic pathways and immune response. In our study, the birds were assigned to 4 dietary treatments which differed in Met levels (0.55 and 0.78% in weeks 1-4 of age and 0.45 and 0.65% in weeks 5-8 of age, respectively) and sources (DL-methionine (DLM) or DL-methionine hydroxy analogue (MHA)).
Results:
The HEV added the percentage of CD4+ cells and decreased the percentage of IgM+ cells in the blood, spleen and caecal tonsils (CTs) of turkeys. In addition, it increased the percentage of CD4+CD25+ cells in blood, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) level in plasma. The higher dose of Met led to a significant decrease in the percentages of CD4+, CD8+ and CD4+IL-6+ cell subpopulations in the blood of HEV-infected and uninfected turkeys and to an increase in the percentage of IgM+ B cells in CTs. Turkeys administered feeds with an increased Met content displayed a decrease in plasma IL-6 levels and an increase in plasma IgA levels.
Conclusions:
The results of this study indicate that HEV infection impairs the immune function in turkeys. Met content in the feed has a moderate effect on the immune response in HEV-infected turkeys. The source of this amino acid appears not be as important as its dose, because value of the analysed parameters did not differ significantly between turkeys receiving feeds with DLM or MHA. In the uninfected turkeys, the higher by 40% (than recommended by NRC) level of Met in the feeds had a positive effect on humoral immunity parameters.
... In gastrointestinal mucosa, MALT is represented by the immune structures of the lamina propria and intestinal submucosa that make up gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) [20]. Numerous studies [21][22][23][24][25] have demonstrated that enterocytes in intestinal crypts and villi also play an important role in the immune response of the gastrointestinal tract by cooperating with lymphocytes. The development of those GALT structures can be influenced by the type of feed and feed additives [20]. ...
... Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated according to a previously described procedure [12,23]. The collected tissue samples were homogenized individually in 1 ml of the RPMI-1640 medium (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) with 5% FCS and centrifuged in an automated tissue homogenizer (TissueLyser II, Qiagen, Germany). ...
... In the intestinal mucosa, the above structures are functionally related to the bone marrow and the spleen [20,26,27], which indicates that the general immune response could be induced locally in GALT. Pre-vious studies [23] have shown that dietary levels of whole grain wheat in feed affect the humoral immune response in turkeys vaccinated against ND and TRT and influence the cell-mediated immune response determined based on the percentages of selected T-cell subpopulations in the blood, ileal mucosa and CTs. ...
The aim of our study was to investigate the influence of adiSalmoSOL PF dietary supplement, given for 3 days in drinking water, on selected parameters of cell-mediated (Experiment I) and humoral (Experiment II) immunity in chicken and Turkey broilers. In Experiment I, birds were randomly divided into two groups of 10 birds each. Group 1 comprised control Turkeys or chickens, whereas group 2 birds were administered adiSalmoSOL PF. In Experiment II, a total of 69 chickens were divided into three groups (1-3) of 23 birds each. At the age of 25 days, group 1 was given adiSalmoSOL PF. Birds from groups 1-3 were vaccinated at 28 days of age. Group 2 was given adiSalmoSOL PF after vaccination. In Experiment I, a significant increase in percentages of CD 4+T lymphocytes in the bursa of Fabricius, cecal tonsils and spleen, CD 8+T lymphocytes in the thymus and spleen, CD 4+CD 8+T lymphocytes in the bursa of Fabricius and ileal mucosa and IgM+B lymphocyte in the ileal mucosa were observed in group 2 chickens. In Experiment I, a significant increase in percentages of CD 4+T lymphocytes in the thymus and spleen, CD 8+ T lymphocytes in the cecal tonsils and blood, and CD 4+CD 8+T lymphocytes in the thymus and ileal mucosa was recorded in group 2 Turkeys. No differences in percentages of IgM+B lymphocytes were observed between Turkey groups. In Experiment II, the highest post-vaccination titers of anti-IB antibodies were observed in group 2, but it was not statistically significant. The results of our study indicate that adiSalmoSOL PF showed immunomodulatory activity in chickens and Turkeys.
... Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated according to a previously described procedure (Koncicki et al. 2012, Tykałowski et al. 2014. Collected organs: spleen, thymus, bursa of Fabricius and cecal tonsils were individually homogenized in 1 ml RPMI-1640 medium (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) with 5% FCS and centrifuged, using an automated tissue homogenizer (TissueLyser II, Qiagen, Germany). ...
... Commercially available fluorochrome-labeled monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies that recognize specific receptors and molecules on the surface and inside the immunocompetent cells are designed for flow cytometry detection of quantitative and qualitative changes in lymphocyte populations and subpopulations in the blood and organs of birds during the ongoing disease process (Koncicki et al. 2012). Flow cytometry also allows the assessment of the functional status of various cell subpopulations in response to feed additives, drugs, immunosuppressants and immunostimulants (Tykałowski et al. 2014). ...
... In our study, quantitative changes in the subpopulations of lymphocytes isolated from the blood and organs of turkeys, determined by flow cytometry, were expressed as percentages. The monoclonal (anti-CD4 and CD8a) and polyclonal (anti-IgM) antibodies used in the present experiment were originally developed to study the immune system of chickens, but they had been tested for cross-reactivity with turkeys, and the results of those tests were published by numerous authors (Van Nerom et al. 1997, Li et al. 1999, Koncicki et al. 2012, Tykałowski et al. 2014. ...
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different levels of dietary methionine on selected immune parameters of young turkeys. A total of 357 one-day-old female Hybrid Converter turkeys were randomly divided into three groups with low, medium and high level of dietary methionine (LM, MM, HM) of seven replicates each. Methionine was added to the basal diet (LM) at 0.16% (MM) and 0.32% (HM). At 17 days of age, seven birds per group were vaccinated against Ornithobacterium rhinotraheale (ORT) infection, with ORNITIN (ABIC) vaccine. At 28 days of age, blood was sampled and the birds were euthanized. The serum concentrations and activity of selected biochemical parameters, total IgY and IgM, and vaccine-induced antibody titers (IgY) against ORT were determined. The percentages of CD4
Different supplementary levels of methionine had no significant effect on vaccine-induced antibody titers against ORT or total serum IgM and IgY levels, as well as on the percentages of peripheral blood T and B cell subsets. Increasing dietary methionine rates decreased the percentage of CD4
The objective of this study was to verify the hypothesis that increasing levels of dietary methionine can stimulate the mechanisms of cell-mediated and humoral immunity in young turkeys. The blood and organs involved in cell-mediated and humoral immune responses were analyzed in 8-week-old turkeys that had been vaccinated against
Dietary methionine supplementation led to a significant increase in body weights of turkeys at 56 days of age, from 3532 g in group LM to 3720 g in group MM and 3760 g in group HM (p=0.001). A significant increase in vaccine-induced antibody titers against ORT was noted in group HM relative to group LM (p=0.006). Increasing levels of methionine had no significant effect on total serum IgG nor IgM levels and most serum biochemical parameters, TP, ALB, GLOB, GLU, AST, ALP, P and Ca. In comparison with group LM, group HM turkeys were characterized by a lower percentage of IgM
The percentages of CD4
The highest percentages of CD4
