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Autonomous system applications are typically limited by the power supply operational lifetime when battery replacement is difficult or costly. A trade-off between battery size and battery life is usually calculated to determine the device capability and lifespan. As a result, energy harvesting research has gained importance as society searches for...
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... Meanwhile, the limitations of battery-based power connectivity, such as leakage and recycling issues, electrical resistance, lifespan concerns, and network connectivity of cables in confined spaces, along with the imperative for real-time data communication, are the primary drivers for developing independent power supplies. The use of mechanical vibrations for energy harvesting in daily life has recently expanded to include the operation of industrial equipment [1], human movement [2,3], pulsation of human organs [4], and vibration of automotive parts [5], including flow-induced vibration [6]. These sources hold potential for Vibration-Based Power Generator (VBPG), using intelligent materials such as piezoelectric or magnetostrictive alloys. ...
... Meanwhile, the limitations of battery-based power connectivity, such as leakage and recycling issues, electrical resistance, lifespan concerns, and network connectivity of cables in confined spaces, along with the imperative for real-time data communication, are the primary drivers for developing independent power supplies. The use of mechanical vibrations for energy harvesting in daily life has recently expanded to include the operation of industrial equipment [1], human movement [2,3], pulsation of human organs [4], and vibration of automotive parts [5], including flow-induced vibration [6]. These sources hold potential for Vibration-Based Power Generator (VBPG), using intelligent materials such as piezoelectric or magnetostrictive alloys. ...
... This technique utilised relative motions between moving host and mounted PTO mechanism to generate the useful form of energy. The classic application for this energy conversion method can be referred to the portable self-winding or rotating-mass device, see Figure 2.6, powered by vibration source as human motion (Romero-Ramirez, 2010;Watkins, 2013;Xie et al., 2009;Yeatman, 2008;Zhu, 2011). Moreover, the energy harvesting for high-frequency machinery vibration can also be referred to this oscillating body system (Priya and Inman, 2009). ...
This research describes a novel methodology of assessing the mechanical power contributed by the multiple-degree-of-freedom dynamics of a ship in waves concerning the directional responses of the ship oscillatory motions. It is motivated by the limited understanding of the potential use of wave energy harvesting using wave-induced ship motions, and the quantitative assessment of the ship motions energy in the real sea has never been explored. By adopting the seakeeping analysis and the statistical technique as the standard wave spectrum, therefore, the contributed mechanical power of a ship in a sea state can be quantified. It is found that the magnitude of mechanical power of a ship in waves varies proportionally to the ship scale, but the power is contributed by the different dynamic determinants depending on the scale or size of the ship. Importantly, it is also discovered that the number of the involved degree-of freedoms is able to magnify the mechanical power of a ship in waves that is available to be harvested. Typically, the wave energy harvesting system onboard a marine vessel is designed to operate in a limited degree-of-freedom. This contrasts to the dynamics of a floating ship in the variance real sea condition as it could lose to potential to harvest more energy. Consequently, the concept of using a multiple-degree of-freedom system as a 2-axis gimballed pendulum mechanism has recently been introduced. However, its dynamics has never been investigated as a multiple-degree-of-freedom system. Therefore, the research examines the dynamics of a gimballed pendulum system in an aspect of an energy conversion mechanism regarding its directional responses and applies it as an onboard energy conversion mechanism for ship motions energy harvesting. Moreover, in this thesis, a novel numerical model of a gimballed pendulum system is indicated which is validated by a set of experimental testings of a prototype of a gimballed pendulum energy harvester based on the directional harmonic excitations on a motion simulator. At the sufficient angle, the gimballed pendulum created coupled motions between two referenced pivots. Outside resonance, the coupled motions are small and are found to be beneficial in the simultaneous power generations by the pivots. At resonance, the motions are more significant. Also, the coupling relationships between the two referenced rotational axes become more influential which diminishes the pendulum responses compared to when it performs as a single-degree-of-freedom system at the identical disturbance. This behaviour can be numerical and experimentally confirmed. However, the numerical prediction of the coupled pendulum motions at around resonance has been found to be inaccurate compared to the experiment. This is because of the simplified assumption that is made to form the equations of motion using geometric coupling relationships of two inertial perpendicular pendulum dynamics around two horizontal axes (2-DOF). Yet, with the potential asymmetric inertial properties between the gimballed pivots, the determination of the equations of motion which are included all DOFs is theoretically complex and not straightforward. iv Then, the gimballed pendulum system has been applied onboard a ship model as the numerical and experimental investigations have been carried out. Based on the result, it shows that the multiple-degree of-freedom ship dynamics offers the potential to generate more energy that reflects the simultaneous power generations by the coupled motions of the gimballed pendulum. Also, this proves that the energy harvesting using ship motions applying a gimballed pendulum as an energy conversion mechanism is practicable.
... Harvesting of energy on the motions of humans and not just on machineries or structures is receiving quite a lot of attention recently [35][36][37][38]. [36] developed a human motion energy harvesting backpack with adjustable frequency. ...
The shortage and high cost of energy in developing countries of the world has led to the search for other sources of electricity which are renewable and do not constitute to environmental hazards or pollution like fossil fuel. Also, the short life span of batteries which are used to power up important smart devices like the fire alarm makes searching for alternative sources all the more important. This has led to the recent interest in sustainable and renewable energy sources from water, sun, vibration, biological wastes etc. Harnessing energy from vibration amongst other renewable energy sources reduces fatigues in machineries, structures and control systems and effectively dissipates negative vibration energy from buildings, bridges, roads and various mechanical systems. This research paper provides a brief review on the current state of knowledge on the subject of harvesting energy from vibration. The review shows that harnessing renewable energy form vibration is feasible and has a great future.
... Lighting system is also positively impacted by green technology (Patterson et al., 2011). However, currently, solar, wind or other renewable energy equipment of lighting is in the initial stages (Romero-Ramirez, 2010). "Energy harvesting" is a process that converts wasted energy into usable energy, usually in the form of electric power (Liu, 2006). ...
... The frequency of the human movements is less than 10 Hz (Roundy, 2003). Generally, generators operating at frequencies close to walking, produce less than 1 ìW up to ~1mW for (Romero-Ramirez, 2010). Hence, it is estimated that 1 mW/cm 3 power could be produced from human walking that would run low-power applications (Romero, 2009). ...
Fossil fuels are the main source of energy which may deplete in the future. Moreover, they causes climate change issues, greenhouse gas emission and consequently, global warming. Increasing use of renewable energies is suggested as a solution in response to sustainability concerns. Harvesting walking energy is a sustainable method that converts wasted energy of body into electric power. There are different types of mechanism for walking energy conversion that this paper focuses on piezoelectric transduction. The study aims to estimate the output power of piezoelectric system within the pavement when people step on it. The case study is selected as a research design. Non-participant observation and survey was conducted at the KLCC-Pavilion pedestrian bridge as a case study. Firstly, the number of footsteps along the walkway was counted to estimate the output power. Moreover, a survey was distributed among the pedestrians walking along the walkway in order to understand the respondents opinion about using this technology and obtain the average weight of the pedestrian, as well. Then, estimated output power calculated and theoretically investigated. The results show that the number of footsteps at the case study is sufficient to provide electricity for lighting system of walkway at night. The experimental design and test of the model is recommended.
... Recently, energy harvesting applications on human motion have been carried out [184][185][186][187] since human motion is rich in kinetic energy. Energy harvesting from human motion can also really increase the biochemical efficiency through negative work cycle [188]. ...
... [3] . 실제로 일본의 세이코사에서는 손목시계용의 에너 지 하베스터를 단진자를 이용하여 상품화한 바가 있다 [4] . ...
Owing to miniaturization and low-power electronics, mobile, implanted, and wearable devices have become the main trends of electronics during the past decade. There has been much research regarding energy harvesting to achieve battery-free or self-powered devices. The optimal design problems of a double-pendulum kinetic-energy harvester from human motion are studied in this paper. For the given form factor, the weight of the harvester, and the known human excitation, the optimal design problem is solved using a dynamic non-linear double-pendulum model and an electric generator. The average electrical power was selected as the performance index for the given time period. A double-pendulum harvester was proven to be more efficient than a single-pendulum harvester when the appropriate parameters were used.
... Kinetic energy generation depends on the external motion or vibration. The available power (P d ) that a kinetic energy generator can produce is (Romero, 2010) ...
Energy harvesting is a new promising research area for portable electronics. Portable electronic devices have been typically limited by the finite lifetime and size of the internal batteries. This has been a constant conflict and tradeoff between battery size and device capabilities. For instance, cardiac pacemaker lifespan is mostly limited by battery size, which occupies at least half the available volume. Energy harvesting or energy scavenging is an alternative that extracts energy from the surroundings in order to operate. Energy harvesting is also an interesting approach when battery replacement is not possible or is too costly, such as deployment of sensors in remote areas for surveillance or environmental monitoring. One of the best known examples is the self-winding wristwatch that started from being completely mechanical and operated by the wearer’s daily motion, to be nowadays a miniaturized electrical generator. Energy harvesting extracts energy from the surrounding by harnessing motion, vibrations, and temperature gradients among others. Kinetic energy generators extract energy by means of piezoelectric, electromagnetic, or electrostatic transduction techniques. Piezoelectricity is produced by materials with piezoelectric properties when subject to pressure, generating a voltage as a result. Electromagnetic transduction uses the relative motion of magnets and coils in order to induce a voltage. Electrostatic generators use the change of capacitance, by varying the separation between plates, to generate an electrical charge. Applications of the technology vary from consumer electronics, remote deployment of sensors to biomedical applications. This work presents the state-of-the-art on energy harvesting applications.
The power harvester unit from flow-induced vibration (FIV) was designed to harness energy from low flow velocity based on the magnetostrictive effect on the galfenol (Fe – Ga alloy) strip induced by the oscillating bluff body. This study aimed to investigate the cross-section variation’s effect on the FIV characteristics and the magnetostrictive material’s performance for the bladeless power generator. The generator model’s vibration characteristics and performance tests were conducted in the wind tunnel test using the wind-receiving unit (WRU) variation. The results showed that the resonance reduced-velocity (Vr) were around 3.7 and 4.0 for rectangular and circular cylinders, respectively. Furthermore, the effect of rectangular depth variation on the power generation output is linear to the test models’ displacement rate and vibration frequency. The harvester’s maximum power generation was 5.25 mW, achieved using the rectangular prism with depth D = 0.4H. The power coefficient was also evaluated for different wind-receiving models. The harvester model lit up 54 LED lamps in the wind tunnel test. The voltage output is sufficient to provide electric power resources for an IoT system, sensor, and wearable or wireless devices. The harvester model successfully generated a voltage signal under the initial field test with an ambient wind velocity of 0.9 – 2.71 m/s. Therefore, this study recommends the development of bladeless power generators in the future.
Batteries were the main power supply for implantable and sensor networks for years. However, new and emerging medical devices and treatments are demanding for more effective, flexible, and long-lasting powering solutions. In the quest to fulfil these new requirements, researchers have been investigating new solutions in making batteries as well as adapting and improving energy harvesting methods. Therefore, standalone energy harvesting systems and hybrid systems where an energy harvesting system is used to prolong the life span of a rechargeable battery are presented in literature. An overview of energy harvesting systems for providing electronics devices with sufficient power is presented in this chapter. The main focus in this chapter is on overview and methods of kinetic energy harvesting systems and their applications.
