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Boccardia proboscidea : (A) whole preserved animal; (B) anterior region, dorsal view (without palps); (C) anterior region showing modified chaetae on segment 5, lateral view; (D) modified chaetae on segment 5; (E) blunt bristle-topped spine from segment 5; (F) bidentate hooded hooks; (G) capillary notochaete; (H) pygidium of live animal, ventral view; (I) anterior of live animal, dorsal view.
Source publication
Boccardia proboscidea is recorded for the first time in UK waters. Specimens were discovered at two intertidal sites on the Isle of Skye.
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... number varies from 85 to 105. When alive the body is light green in colour with dark green pigment along the margin of the prostomium ( Figure 3I). A light yellow/cream coloration is often observed in median segments caused by eggs visible under the skin of gravid females. ...
Context 2
... light yellow/cream coloration is often observed in median segments caused by eggs visible under the skin of gravid females. The prostomium is anteriorly rounded in preserved specimens ( Figure 3B) but due to its flexibility can often appear to have a straight or truncated margin in live animals ( Figure 3I). After preservation in alcohol the bodies' green coloration disappears, however the margin of the prostomium remains dark green in colour and some green pigment can also be seen on the first few segments radiating from the car- uncle ( Figure 3B). ...
Context 3
... light yellow/cream coloration is often observed in median segments caused by eggs visible under the skin of gravid females. The prostomium is anteriorly rounded in preserved specimens ( Figure 3B) but due to its flexibility can often appear to have a straight or truncated margin in live animals ( Figure 3I). After preservation in alcohol the bodies' green coloration disappears, however the margin of the prostomium remains dark green in colour and some green pigment can also be seen on the first few segments radiating from the car- uncle ( Figure 3B). ...
Context 4
... prostomium is anteriorly rounded in preserved specimens ( Figure 3B) but due to its flexibility can often appear to have a straight or truncated margin in live animals ( Figure 3I). After preservation in alcohol the bodies' green coloration disappears, however the margin of the prostomium remains dark green in colour and some green pigment can also be seen on the first few segments radiating from the car- uncle ( Figure 3B). There are 2-3 pairs of small poorly defined eyes. ...
Context 5
... branchiae recom- mence on chaetiger 6 and continue for most of the body length but are absent from the last 6-15 chaetigers. The branchiae are cirriform in shape and are thicker and more robust in the anterior of the body with blood vessels easily visible in live animals ( Figure 3I). In the posterior region the branchiae become smaller and thinner than in the anterior of the body. ...
Context 6
... of chaetiger 1 are shorter than those found on subsequent chaetigers. Chaetiger 5 possesses thickened modified notochaetae of two types; smooth spines with a subterminal bend ( Figure 3D) and shorter, blunt, bristle-topped spines ( Figure 3D, E). The neurochaetae of segment 5 are short broad capillaries. ...
Context 7
... of chaetiger 1 are shorter than those found on subsequent chaetigers. Chaetiger 5 possesses thickened modified notochaetae of two types; smooth spines with a subterminal bend ( Figure 3D) and shorter, blunt, bristle-topped spines ( Figure 3D, E). The neurochaetae of segment 5 are short broad capillaries. ...
Context 8
... neurochaetae of segment 5 are short broad capillaries. Bidentate hooded hooks ( Figure 3E) appear on neuropodia of segment 7, accompanied by 1-5 short ventrally located broad capillaries on segments 7-9. The number of hooks varies from 6-9 in anterior and median segments then decreases to 2-3 in the most posterior segments. ...
Context 9
... the posterior segments a single fine capillary sits dorsally to the hooded hooks in the neuropodia. The noto- chaetae of anterior segments are long broad capillaries and shorter needle-like capillaries ( Figure 3G). The notochaetae of posterior segments become thinner in shape and less numerous than those of the anterior segments. ...
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Citations
... Two non-native species were identi ed in the lagoon, B. proboscidea and N. brasiliensis. Boccardia proboscidea was only officially recognized in the UK in 2013 (Hatton & Pearce 2013) although it has been present for much longer and can occur in large numbers where it is present. In regions where it is reported as a non-native species it has had negative impacts by building massive intertidal reefs in polluted areas reducing native diversity (as in the southwest Atlantic) or as a pest on Abalone farms burrowing into shells (in South Africa) (Alvarez-Aguilar et al. 2022). ...
... From the same family as Malacoceros, two Boccardia species were recorded for the rst time, co-habiting the same crevices in Devil's Kitchen. Of the two, Boccardia polybranchia is considered a native species but Boccardia proboscidea is a non-native species that was rst of cially recorded in Britain in 2011 (Hatton & Pearce 2013), although there are records of its presence in the UK from at least 1998 (Radashevsky et al. 2019). Bocccardia proboscidea is native to California and is considered to be invasive in many places around the world including South America (Jaubet et al. 2011(Jaubet et al. , 2013(Jaubet et al. , 2015(Jaubet et al. , 2018, South Africa (Simon et al. 2010), Australia (Hewitt et al. 2004), New Zealand (Glasby et al. 2009), Japan (Sato-Okoshi 2000) and Europe (Martínez et al., 2006;Hatton & Pierce, 2013;Kerckhof & Faasse, 2014;López & Richter, 2017;Spilmont et al., 2018). ...
... Boccardia proboscidea has recently become recognised as a global invader (Simon et al. 2010;Kerckhof and Faasse 2014;Jaubet et al. 2015;Spilmont et al. 2018). There are unpublished records from throughout Britain and Ireland and a published record from Skye (Hatton and Pearce 2013), suggesting that the species has long been established in British waters. The record presented here from 2014 is the first from Orkney. ...
A monitoring programme for marine and brackish water non-native species, initiated by Orkney Islands Council, has produced comparable data from multiple sites since 2012. Sampling was performed at both natural habitats and areas under anthropogenic influence, such as marinas, and has included rapid assessment, wall scrape, settlement panel, benthic grab and phytoplankton samples, from which 15 NNS and 12 cryptogenic species have been recorded, of which three NNS (Boccardia proboscidea, Asterocarpa humilis and Melanothamnus harveyi) and one cryptogenic (Ctenodrilus serratus) represent new records for Orkney. A historical bibliographic and database review, conducted also within this study, shows these results to represent 71% of all non-native and 60% of all cryptogenic species ever found to have been identified for Orkney (total 41 non-native or cryptogenic species). The most widespread non-native species found in the present study were red algae (Melanothamnus harveyi and Bonnemaisonia hamifera), the bryozoan Schizoporella japonica and the Japanese skeleton shrimp (Caprella mutica). Many of the benthic non-native species recorded were found in multiple sample types but some of the smaller species were missing from rapid assessment samples. Additional methods and locations would be necessary to produce a complete inventory of non-native species in Orkney, as evidenced by comparison with records from other sources. The programme has provided a valuable baseline, including new Orkney records for some non-native species. Continuity and comparability of future surveys will be essential to monitor changes in the distribution and abundance of current non-native species and for tracking new arrivals.
... There are numerous records of benthic exotic species that have displaced native species and modified the natural community (Eno et al. 1997;Byers 2002;Bax et al. 2003;Richter 2010;Marques et al. 2013;. The spionid polychaete Boccardia proboscidea (Hartman, 1940) is native to California and has been introduced from British Columbia to Baja California (Hartman 1941;Hartman and Reish 1950;Berkeley and Berkeley 1950), Canada (Sato-Okoshi and Okoshi 1997), Hawaii (Bailey-Brock 2000), Argentina (Jaubet et al. 2011), Spain (Martínez et al. 2006), the North Sea (Kerckhof and Faasse 2014), the United Kingdom (Hatton and Pearce 2013), the English Channel (Spilmont et al. 2018), Japan (Imajima and Hartman 1964;Sato-Okoshi 2000), China Seas (Liu 2008), South Africa (Robinson et al. 2005;Simon et al. 2010), Australia (Blake and Kudenov 1978;Petch 1995;Hewitt et al. 2004), and New Zealand (Glasby et al. 2009). It is considered as an introduced species in all these countries and as an invasive species in many of them. ...
... Spionids are found in a range of substrata and may form temporary or permanent tubes and burrows or live freely within the sediment. Some species also have the ability to bore into calcareous material (Hartman 1940;Blake 1981;Sato-Okoshi and Okoshi 1997;Simon et al. 2010;Hatton and Pearce 2013). Boccardia proboscidea has been reported at different habitat types/substrates including mudflats, sandy harbours, sandstone or sedimentary rocks, limestone reefs, and notably areas with sewage outfalls (Hartman 1940;Woodwick 1963;Imajima and Hartman 1964;Petch 1989;Gibson 1997). ...
Boccardia proboscidea is an exotic polychaete that was introduced to a Southwestern Atlantic Ocean coastal area of Argentina (Mar del Plata; Province of Buenos Aires). This polychaete proved to be a threat to local diversity as it displaced native species and modified the natural intertidal community structure. However, nothing is known about its latitudinal distribution in the country and the degree of its invasion. It is possible that due to deficiencies in taxonomy and lack of ecological studies, other localities of the Argentine coast were also invaded by this polychaete but have not yet been registered. The goal of the present study was to survey the latitudinal distribution of B. proboscidea in the coastal area of Argentina from 37ºS to 54ºS. In addition, this study aimed to evaluate the type of substrate colonized, investigate the presence of sewage effluence as a conditional factor for B. proboscidea establishment, and evaluate differences in the composition of species assemblages associated with the intertidal community invaded by the polychaete. Boccardia proboscidea was found latitudinally from 37ºS to 47ºS. The highest abundance was found on hard substrates and with intertidal sewage effluent. The opportunistic nature (r strategy) of B. proboscidea coupled with a continuous supply of organic matter (sewage effluent) may indicate the mechanism that has led to the success of its introduction into new localities.
... Data are presented only for a cumulative contribution of 90 % for each reef level Average dissimilarity between groups is given within brackets and contributions are expressed in % Mar Biodiv coast of the Isle of Skye in UK waters (Hatton and Pearce 2013) and its southernmost record is San Sebastián in Spain (Martínez et al. 2006;Fig. 4). ...
This paper presents the first record of Ptilohyale littoralis (Stimpson, 1853) and Boccardia proboscidea (Hartman, 1940) from the French coast of the eastern English Channel. This record is the second for P. littoralis in European waters following a record from the Netherlands, which is suspected as the site of initial introduction from the Atlantic coast of North America. The observed high densities (up to 270 ind. 0.25 m−2), together with the presence of ovigerous females, suggest that the species could be considered as naturalised in the area. Ptilohyale littoralis was consistently found in the same habitat (mussel beds) as Apohyale prevostii (Milne Edwards, 1830). There was an apparent spatial segregation between these two species and the melitid Melita palmata (Montagu, 1804), the latter being associated with boulders covered with mud. Boccardia proboscidea, native from the west coast of North America and Japan, has already been recorded in European waters (Spain, Ireland, North Sea and French coast of Bay of Biscay), but the present record is the first for the English Channel. The species was found inhabiting the same habitat as M. palmata, i.e. boulders covered with mud. Further investigations are, however, needed along the coast of the English Channel and the North Sea to clarify the pathways of introduction and the status (casual, naturalised or invasive) of P. littoralis and B. proboscidea in European waters.
... Beyond its native range, B. proboscidea was introduced to Hawaii with cultured oysters (Bailey-Brock, 2000) and to Australia and Spain, presumably via ballast water (Blake and Kudenov, 1978;Martinez et al., 2006). Furthermore, it has also been recorded from Japan (Sato-Okoshi, 2000), New Zealand (Read, 2004), Argentina (Jaubet et al., 2011) and most recently, the United Kingdom (Hatton and Pearce, 2013) though details regarding its introduction to these regions are not fully known. In SA, B. proboscidea is an aquacultural pest that primarily infests farmed abalone (Simon et al., 2009). ...
Invasive non-native species (NNS) cause deleterious ecological, economic, social impacts worldwide. Brackish waters are transitional areas subject to invasion by taxa that may subsequently spread into adjacent freshwater and marine systems. The tendency for ports to be situated in brackish estuaries makes them particularly susceptible to ship-borne introductions of NNS. Despite being reported as heavily invaded ecosystems with a disproportionately high abundance of NNS, studies on biological invasion in brackish waters has received considerably less attention than truly freshwater and marine systems. In this thesis, I investigate the discovery, ecological impacts, and management of NNS in brackish waters. I begin by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing the ecological impacts of NNS in brackish, freshwater, and marine environments around the globe. I reveal that NNS have led to an overall decrease in the abundance and diversity of the resident communities in freshwater and marine environments, but not in brackish waters. NNS in brackish estuaries provide novel habitats, which can facilitate the establishment of other NNS, leading to an invasional meltdown. Next, I explore the first records of all freshwater, brackish and marine NNS in Great Britain and show that many NNS were first discovered in estuaries and often aggregated around the major shipping ports. This result provides support that many marine and freshwater NNS in Great Britain could have been introduced via international ships visiting brackish waters. I then focus on one NNS, the Gulf wedge clam, Rangia cuneata, which is a brackish water bivalve currently invading European waterways. I show that the growth and feeding rates of R. cuneata differed at the two extremes of salinity tolerated by this species, and consider how this intraspecific variation might drive context-specific ecological impacts. I go on to demonstrate the potential detrimental impacts of R. cuneata as a result of their much higher feeding rates and greater functional responses compared to a sympatric, native unionid mussels. I finish by investigating two methods to control invasive species in brackish waters. I show that using saline, but not freshwater, shock could effectively control R. cuneata. I then demonstrate the effectiveness of two new formulations of microencapsulated biocides in controlling R. cuneata. Taken together, these studies provide important insights into the discovery, impacts and management of NNS in brackish waters. My findings demonstrate the need for greater monitoring for NNS in brackish systems, and especially those subject to high ship traffic. The control methods proposed here have wide application in many brackish systems and for many species, thus providing much needed effective tools for the rapid response to the discovery of high risk invasive NNS in this important but overlooked transitional habitat.
Biological invasions produce an invader population boom but are often followed by an invader population bust. The decrease of the invader abundance ends with the coexistence of native species and the invader or with repeated boom and bust events. In the southwest Atlantic, the polychaete Boccardia proboscidea invaded the coasts influenced by sewage discharge. We studied the change in the intertidal benthic community during the boom-bust dynamic of the Bo. proboscidea invasion. During the boom, the invader polychaete was dominant forming monoculture reefs. Species richness, diversity, and evenness indices decrease in the boom phase. During the bust of the Bo.proboscidea invasion, the decrease of organic matter allowed Br. rodriguezii to coexist with Bo. proboscidea. Beta diversity comparing boom with the bust phase showed a greater nesting (nestedness component); reflecting a process of species loss. We found that both boom and bust phases of the polychaete Bo. proboscidea invasion were mediated by sewage.
The spionid polychaete Boccardia proboscidea Hartman, 1940 is a tube-dweller and shell/stone-borer widely occurring in temperate waters across the world and considered invasive in many areas. It was originally described from California, USA, and later reported from Pacific Canada, the Asian Pacific, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, South Africa, and northern Europe. The Bayesian inference analysis of sequence data of three gene fragments (836 bp in total) of the mitochondrial 16S rDNA, nuclear 28S rDNA, and Histone 3 has shown that individuals from the Pacific coasts of Canada and the USA, Argentina, Australia, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and Mediterranean France were genetically very similar (maximal average p-distance value, 0.49%, was between 16S rDNA sequences). We consider these individuals to be conspecific and report the earliest records of B. proboscidea from the UK and a possible first Mediterranean record in the Gulf of Lion. The high 16S haplotype diversity of B. proboscidea detected in the north-eastern Pacific suggests a native distribution for the species in the northern Pacific and subsequent introductions through human activities to other parts of the world. The histories of these introductions are reviewed and the hypotheses about times and places of introductions are updated.
The spionid polychaete Boccardia proboscidea Hartman, 1940 is a tube-dweller and shell/stone-borer widely occurring in temperate waters across the world and considered invasive in many areas. It was originally described from California, USA, and later reported from Pacific Canada, the Asian Pacific, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, South Africa, and northern Europe. The Bayesian inference analysis of sequence data of three gene fragments (836 bp in total) of the mitochondrial 16S rDNA, nuclear 28S rDNA, and Histone 3 has shown that individuals from the Pacific coasts of Canada and the USA, Argentina, Australia, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and Mediterranean France were genetically very similar (maximal average p-distance value, 0.49%, was between 16S rDNA sequences). We consider these individuals to be conspecific and report the earliest records of B. proboscidea from the UK and a possible first Mediterranean record in the Gulf of Lion. The high 16S haplotype diversity of B. proboscidea detected in the north-eastern Pacific suggests a native distribution for the species in the northern Pacific and subsequent introductions through human activities to other parts of the world. The histories of these introductions are reviewed and the hypotheses about times and places of introductions are updated.
