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Citations
... Accurate assessment of actual blood loss helps toprevent hypovolemic shock. Studies have shown that medical workers tend to overestimate small losses (<150 ml) and underestimate large ones (>150 ml), which leads to underestimation of vital parameters, conducting to instability in the functioning of the body as a whole [3]. These results highlight the importance of effective diagnosis and control of bleeding as soon as possible after an injury or trauma [4] [5]. ...
... Accurate assessment of actual blood loss helps toprevent hypovolemic shock. Studies have shown that medical workers tend to overestimate small losses (<150 ml) and underestimate large ones (>150 ml), which leads to underestimation of vital parameters, conducting to instability in the functioning of the body as a whole [3]. These results highlight the importance of effective diagnosis and control of bleeding as soon as possible after an injury or trauma [4] [5]. ...
Blood loss in peacetime is mainly due to the normal menstrual cycle in women or diseases with surgical intervention. In wartime, blood loss in military personnel is a characteristic sign of a closed or open injury of the body during internal or external bleeding. Access to clinical care for wounded military personnel injured on the battlefield is limited and has long delays compared to patients in peacetime. Most of the deaths of wounded military personnel
on the battlefield occur within the first hour after being wounded. The most common causes are delay in providing medical care, loss of time for diagnosis, delay in stabilization of pain shock and large blood loss. Some help in overcoming these problems is provided by the data in the individual capsule, which each soldier of the modern army possesses; however, data in an individual capsule is not sufficient to provide emergency medical care in field and hospital conditions. This paper considers a project for development of a smart real-time monitoring wearable system for blood loss and level of shock stress in wounded persons on the battlefield, which provides medical staff in field and hospital conditions with the necessary information to give timely
medical care. Although the hospital will require additional information, the basic information about the victims will already be known before he enters the hospital. It is important to emphasize that the key term in this approach is monitoring. It is tracking, and not a one-time measurement of indicators, that is crucial in a valid definition of bleeding.
... 6,7 The level of blood loss may be neglected or estimated inaccurately in clinical examination. 8 Moreover, a complete blood count aids in determining the exact level of anemia. Beyond laboratory assessments, sonography is also an appropriate modality to initially investigate the structure of the uterus. ...
Objectives
Vaginal bleeding is a common symptom of uterine intracavitary pathologies in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women, which leads to anemia. However, findings regarding the relationship between hemoglobin level and sonographic parameters remain limited. The aim of this study was (1) to investigate the histopathological findings of uterine intracavitary pathologies, hemoglobin concentrations and basic sonographic parameters, and (2) to evaluate their correlation among Vietnamese women with perimenopausal and postmenopausal bleeding.
Methods
This was a prospective study at Hue University Hospital and Hue Central Hospital from June 2016 to June 2019. The study enrolled 150 women older than 40 years with abnormal uterine bleeding. All patients underwent blood count testing and transvaginal ultrasound.
Results
Moderate to severe anemia was observed at a higher frequency in women with perimenopausal bleeding (58.1%) than postmenopausal bleeding (10.0%). The most common abnormality resulting in severe anemia was endometrial hyperplasia (70.8%), which was followed by endometrial cancer (4.2%). The uterine size, intrauterine mass, and endometrial thickness differed substantially between the benign and malignant groups. The study found significantly a weak negative correlation between hemoglobin concentration (g/L) and uterinelength, the anteroposterior diameter of uterine corpus in the overall study (r = −0.37, r = −0.32, respectively, P < 0.05); a moderate negativecorrelation between hemoglobin concentration and the largest diameter of intracavitary mass‑shaped lesion in the perimenopausal group (r = −0.4, P < 0.05).
Conclusion
Overall, histopathological results, hemoglobin concentration and basic sonographic parameters should be combined in evaluating intrauterine abnormalities in women with perimenopausal and postmenopausal bleeding. Ultrasonic indices of uterine size may be used to determine the prognosis of anemia in uterine intracavitary pathologies. However, further studies are needed to confirm these findings.
