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Homocysteine is an independent cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor modifiable by nutrition and possibly exercise. While individuals participating in regular physical activity can modify CVD risk factors, such as total blood cholesterol levels, the impact physical activity has on blood homocysteine concentrations is unclear. This review examine...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... experimental studies have examined the impact of physical activity on homocysteine levels (Tables 2 through 4) with varying degrees of exercise intensity and length of exercise interventions. Therefore, these studies are divided into three categories: 1) acute exercise, defined as one episode of physical activity lasting between 10 to 210 min; 2) chronic exercise, defined as a physical activity program lasting 10 d or more in previously active individuals; and 3) in previously sedentary individuals. ...
Context 2
... studies have examined the effect of acute exercise on blood homocysteine levels in active individuals. As summarized in Table 2, three studies found no effect (21,22,92), three studies found exercise to increase homo cysteine levels (42, 47, 88), while one study found acute exercise to decrease blood homocysteine levels (32). ...
Citations
... Numerous physiologically regulated processes have been demonstrated to be time-of-day dependent (TOD), and healthy adults at rest have physiological CR that are well understood [173]. Since the antioxidant system is more effective in the morning and the rate of lipid peroxidation is higher in the early evening, it has been well established that in active and healthy individuals, indices of oxidative stress and antioxidant status depend on the time of day [173,174]. Similar research has shown that blood lactate (Lac), alkaline phosphatase (PAL), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GT-g), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine aminotransferase [175], aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), and other biochemical indicators of muscle damage and fatigue depend on the time of day and have significantly higher values in it has already been noted [176,177]. ...
Objectives
This study was a narrative review of the importance of circadian rhythm (CR), describes the underlying mechanisms of CR in sports performance, emphasizes the reciprocal link between CR, endocrine homeostasis and sex differences, and the unique role of the circadian clock in immune system function and coordination.
Method
As a narrative review study, a comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (core collection) databases using the keywords “circadian rhythm”, “sports performance”, “hormonal regulation”, “immune system”, and “injury prevention”. Inclusion criteria were studies published in English and peer-reviewed journals until July 2023. Studies that examined the role of CR in sports performance, hormonal status, immune system function, and injury prevention in athletes were selected for review.
Results
CR is followed by almost all physiological and biochemical activities in the human body. In humans, the superchiasmatic nucleus controls many daily biorhythms under solar time, including the sleep-wake cycle. A body of literature indicates that the peak performance of essential indicators of sports performance is primarily in the afternoon hours, and the evening of actions occurs roughly at the peak of core body temperature. Recent studies have demonstrated that the time of day that exercise is performed affects the achievement of good physical performance. This review also shows various biomarkers of cellular damage in weariness and the underlying mechanisms of diurnal fluctuations. According to the clock, CR can be synchronized with photonic and non-photonic stimuli (i.e., temperature, physical activity, and food intake), and feeding patterns and diet changes can affect CR and redox markers. It also emphasizes the reciprocal links between CR and endocrine homeostasis, the specific role of the circadian clock in coordinating immune system function, and the relationship between circadian clocks and sex differences.
Conclusion
The interaction between insufficient sleep and time of day on performance has been established in this study because it is crucial to balance training, recovery, and sleep duration to attain optimal sports performance.
... 62 This study aimed to investigate the SNPs associated with blood FA, VB12, and Hcy 63 levels in Japanese using the GWAS data of the Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative 64 Cohort (J-MICC) Study and also to detect the interactions between genetic 65 polymorphisms and lifestyle variables, such as smoking, alcohol intake, and physical 66 activity (PA), on blood Hcy concentrations, FA, and VB12 among Japanese. 67 68 69 Materials and methods 70 71 Study subjects 72 A c c e p t e d V e r s i o n 7 This study is part of the J-MICC study. The J-MICC study is one of the largest 73 genome cohort studies in Japan, conducted at 13 independent universities and research 74 institutions whose main goal is to detect gene-environment interactions mainly for 75 cancer prevention 21 areas (about 16% of the entire GWAS subjects), whose plasma folate levels were 139 available, were used. ...
Background: The present genome-wide association study (GWAS) aimed to reveal the genetic loci associated with folate metabolites as well as to detect related gene-environment interactions in Japanese.
Methods: We conducted the GWAS of plasma homocysteine (Hcy), folic acid (FA), and vitamin B12 (VB12) levels in the Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort (J-MICC) Study participants who joined from 2005 to 2012, and also estimated gene-environment interactions. In the replication phase, we used data from the Yakumo Study conducted in 2009. In the discovery phase, data of 2,263 participants from four independent study sites of the J-MICC Study were analyzed. In the replication phase, data of 573 participants from the Yakumo Study were analyzed.
Results: For Hcy, MTHFR locus on chr 1, NOX4 on chr 11, CHMP1A on chr 16, and DPEP1 on chr 16 reached genome-wide significance (P < 5×10⁻⁸). MTHFR also associated with FA, and FUT2 on chr 19 associated with VB12. We investigated gene-environment interactions in both studies and found significant interactions between MTHFR C677T and ever drinking, current drinking, and physical activity > 33% on Hcy (β = 0.039, 0.038 and -0.054, P = 0.018, 0.021 and < 0.001, respectively) and the interaction of MTHFR C677T with ever drinking on FA (β = 0.033, P = 0.048).
Conclusions: The present GWAS revealed the folate metabolism-associated genetic loci and gene-environment interactions with drinking and physical activity in Japanese, suggesting the possibility of future personalized CVD prevention.
... Sedanter bireyler ile aktif egzersiz yapan bireylerin homosistein düzeylerinin karşılaştırıldığı bir çalışmada sedanter bireylerin homosistein düzeylerinin daha yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır. Ayrıca bu çalışmada kadınları ve erkekleri ayrı değerlendirmişlerdir. Sonuç olarak, sedanter bireyler ile aktif egzersiz yapan grupların homosistein düzeyleri arasındaki farkın, kadınlarda daha yüksek olduğu belirtilmiştir (20). ...
... Brancaccio et al. [9] showed that white blood cells (WBC) increased significantly during high-intensity maximal tasks. There is evidence that physical activity may also alter homocysteine metabolism by increasing protein and/or methyl-group turnover [10]. In fact, Nieman [11] proposed a model of immune response to training named the inverted-U model. ...
Abstract This study aimed to examine the effects of two high-intensity interval training programs (HIIT) on maximal aerobic velocity (MAV), hematological variations and muscle damage markers in young healthy adults. Twenty-nine male physical education students, aged 20.3 ± 3.3 years, volunteered to participate in this study, and were randomly assigned to a control group (CG, n = 9) or two intervention groups (group 1 or 2). Intervention group 1 (n = 10) exercised at 100% of their MAV (EG100) while group 2 (n = 10) exercised at 110% MAV (EG110). Before and after the eight week training program, blood samples were drawn at rest, before, and after an intermittent exercise. Aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), C reactive protein (CRP), creatine kinase (CK) concentrations and hematological parameters (white blood cells [WBC], monocytes [MO], lymphocytes [LY], neutrophil [NE]) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured. Post-hoc tests showed that MAV was significantly higher in EG110 compared to EG100 after HIIT (p
... It is known that physical activity and exercise are very important factors that reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease [23]. The relationship between exercise and Hcy levels has been the subject of certain studies [24,25]. Different types of exercise have been applied: acute exercise, resistance training, and aerobic training [26]. ...
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of hyperhomocysteinemia and aerobic physical activity on changes of cardiovascular biomarkers in sera, oxidative stress in cardiac tissue, and histomorphometric parameters of heart and aorta in rats. Experiments were conducted on male Wistar albino rats organized into four groups (n = 10, per group): C (control group): 0.9% NaCl 0.2 mL/day; H (homocysteine group): homocysteine 0.45 µmol/g b.w./day; CPA (control + physical activity group): 0.9% NaCl 0.2 mL/day and a program of physical activity on a treadmill; and HPA (homocysteine + physical activity group) homocysteine 0.45 µmol/g b.w./day and a program of physical activity on a treadmill. Substances were applied subcutaneously twice a day. Lipid peroxidation and relative activity of Mn-superoxide dismutase isoform were significantly higher in active hyperhomocysteinemic rats in comparison to sedentary animals. Atherosclerotic plaques were detected in aorta samples of active hyperhomocysteinemic rats and also, they had increased left ventricle wall and interventricular septum, and transverse diameter of cardiomyocytes compared to sedentary groups. Aerobic physical activity in the condition of hyperhomocysteinemia can lead to increased oxidative stress in cardiac tissue and changes in histomorphometric parameters of the heart and aorta, as well increased lipid parameters and cardiac damage biomarkers in sera of rats.
... Both animal [18] and human [19] studies demonstrated that exercise could change Hcy levels in the blood. In another study, Joubert and Manore (2006) indicated a lack of clear evidence that whether physical fitness affects Hcy levels [21]. Lately, the review study of Silva et al. (2014) revealed that acute exercise could cause induced levels of Hcy [20]. ...
... Both animal [18] and human [19] studies demonstrated that exercise could change Hcy levels in the blood. In another study, Joubert and Manore (2006) indicated a lack of clear evidence that whether physical fitness affects Hcy levels [21]. Lately, the review study of Silva et al. (2014) revealed that acute exercise could cause induced levels of Hcy [20]. ...
This study aimed to investigate acute effects of table tennis (physical+cognitive exercise), aerobic running (physical exercise), and chess (cognitive exercise) exercise sessions of veteran male athletes in their branches on the serum homocysteine (Hcy), insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and cortisol (Cor) levels. Thirty veteran athletes [10 table tennis players (TT), 10 long-distance runners (LR), 10 chess players (CP)] and 10 sedentary controls (SC) between 50 and 65 years of age participated in the study. Blood samples were obtained before and immediately after exercise to determine serum Hcy, IGF-1, and Cor levels. According to their branch, each veteran athlete performed exercise sessions (70-75% of the participants' heart rate reserve) of 10-min of warm-up followed by 40-min of table tennis, aerobic running, or chess. TT and LR groups demonstrated significant increases in the serum IGF-1, Cor, and Hcy levels from pre to post-exercise (p<0.05). In contrast, the CP group showed significant increases only in the serum Hcy levels (p<0.05). Serum IGF-1 and Hcy, in response to exercise, were not significantly different between exercise groups (p>0.05). LR group had a greater serum Cor increase than all exercise groups (p<0.05). The TT group showed significantly greater changes in serum Cor levels than the CP group (p<0.05). In conclusion, although a single bout of aerobic running and table tennis exercise induces a remarkable increase in all measured biomarkers, chess exercise only elicits an increase in Hcy levels. Although aerobic running is more effective in increasing Cor levels than other types of exercise, the current study's findings suggest that serum Hcy and IGF-1 levels in veteran male athletes are not affected by the type of exercise.
... Notably physical activity may modify Hcy levels; however, research examining the impact of exercise on Hcy levels is equivocal. This incoherence in results on exercise-related changes in Hcy levels is partially due to a lack of control for variables including the duration, intensity and mode of exercise that impact Hcy [17,18]. ...
This study aimed to evaluate the changes in serum oxidant and antioxidant parameters together with the serum values of homocysteine (Hcy) and muscle enzymes including creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in regularly trained athletic horses during official races of 1200, 1600 and 2000 m. Thirty Thoroughbred horses were divided into three groups of 10 subjects each according to the race distance: Group 1, 1200 m race; Group 2, 1600 m race; Group 3, 2000 m race. Blood samples were collected from horses 1 week prior to the race (1WB), on the day of the race at rest (TREST), immediately after the race (TPOST), and after 30 (TPOST30) and 120 (TPOST120) minutes. Serum total proteins, reactive oxygen metabolites (dROMs), thiol antioxidant barrier (SHp), antioxidant barrier (Oxy-ads), Hcy, CK, AST and LDH values were assessed. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA did not show differences referable to the race distance (Group effect) on all investigated parameters (p > 0.05). An exercise effect on oxidative stress markers, Hcy and muscle enzymes herein investigated was found in all groups (p < 0.001). A Pearson's test showed dROMs positively correlated with SHp, Oxy-ads and Hcy after exercise (p < 0.05). This study suggests that, though well-trained racing horses are subjected to oxidative stress during a race, a proper antioxidant capacity may improve their ability to cope with exercise-induced oxidative stress.
... This increases the requirement for folic acid, vitamin B6, and B12 (Bolander-Gousille 2002)., which are also associated with Hcy metabolism. Vitamin B6 is necessary as a cofactor for transaminase, decarboxylase, and glycogen phosphorylase (Joubert and Manore 2006). Therefore, there is insu cient vitamin B6 available for Hcy metabolism, especially for conversion to cysteine in the sulfation pathway, resulting in elevated Hcy concentrations. ...
Background: Increased plasma homocysteine levels are a risk factor for stress fractures and poor bone quality independent of changes in bone mineral density. Homocysteine concentrations vary with dietary habits and exercise. This study investigated changes in plasma homocysteine concentration in female long-distance track and field athletes with a high risk of developing fatigue fractures.
Methods: Six female long-distance track and field athletes with high abilities were assessed under similar dietary conditions, with and without transient endurance exercise. A day before and on the morning of blood sampling, the participants underwent a restricted exercise period (Res), during which exercise was restricted, and an exercise period (Exe), during which transient endurance exercise was performed.
Results: In four participants, the Res plasma homocysteine concentration was significantly lower than that of the Exe (P <0.05). Furthermore, the mean plasma homocysteine concentration overall in Res was significantly lower than that of Exe (P <0.01).
Conclusions: Transient endurance exercise increased early morning fasting plasma homocysteine levels the following day when dietary conditions are stable.
... Sedanter bireyler ile aktif egzersiz yapan bireylerin homosistein düzeylerinin karşılaştırıldığı bir çalışmada sedanter bireylerin homosistein düzeylerinin daha yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır. Ayrıca bu çalışmada kadınları ve erkekleri ayrı değerlendirmişlerdir. Sonuç olarak, sedanter bireyler ile aktif egzersiz yapan grupların homosistein düzeyleri arasındaki farkın, kadınlarda daha yüksek olduğu belirtilmiştir (20). ...
Aim: In this study, it was aimed to examine the effects of some factors such as age, gender, cancer and sedentary life on homocysteine levels. Method: The study included 266 people aged three to 93 years. Of these 266 people, 109 are men and 157 are women. In addition, 120 out of 266 patients are bedridden (living a sedentary life) and 146 are healthy individuals. Of these 120 patients, 78 patients were diagnosed with cancer and the others were patients without a diagnosis of cancer. Homocysteine analysis was performed in the immunochemistry module of the Cobas®8000 analyzer using electrochemiluminescence technology. Correlation analysis was performed to see the relationship between homocysteine levels and age. The effects of gender, cancer and sedentary life factors were measured with the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: A positive correlation was found between the homocysteine levels and age of the individuals included in the study (r=0.610, p
... In this study, the concentration of homocysteine also showed a significant decrease only in the resistance physical activity group after 12 weeks [49]. Previous studies reported that acute aerobic exercise induced increased homocysteine [50,51]. Homocysteine may damage brain tissue through multiple pathways, and it directs nitric oxide to vascular endothelial cells or causes dysfunction [52]. ...
The purpose of this study was to investigate the change in cognitive reserve biomarkers of the pre-diabetic individual according to the types of leisure-time physical activity (aerobic or resistance physical activity). The research subjects (n = 184) who participated in the survey were pre-diabetic and diabetic patients who were visiting university hospitals and welfare centers. The intervention subjects (n = 36) who were elderly females with pre-diabetes volunteered to participate in the study by performing regular physical exercise (aerobic or resistance exercise). The study participants were 65 years of age or older with pre-diabetes defined by a glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level of (5.7–6.4)%. All research subjects performed motivation and stress questionnaire survey. All intervention subjects participated in leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) for 12 weeks. Body composition, HbA1c, and cognitive reserve biomarkers were measured at baseline, and at 6 and 12 weeks. LTPA motivation confirmed that the LTPA participants had a high level of motivation. Stress confirmed that the stress level of LTPA participants was low. Two-way within-factor ANOVA revealed significant group × time interaction for weight (p < 0.05), BMI (p < 0.01), % fat (p < 0.001), SBP (p < 0.05), HbA1c (p < 0.001), BDNF (p < 0.001), and Beta-Amyloid 1–42 (p < 0.001). In both physical activity groups, HbA1c (p < 0.001), NGF (p < 0.05), BDNF (p < 0.05), and Cathepsin B (p < 0.05) improved significantly at 12 weeks, compared to baseline and 6 weeks. In the resistance physical activity group, Beta-Amyloid 1–42 (p < 0.01) and Homocysteine (p < 0.05) significantly decreased at 12 weeks, compared to baseline and at 6 weeks. The LTPA showed high levels of integrated and identified regulation among leisure motive types, and the level of stress was found to be low. The LTPA is effective in reducing the HbA1c levels of the pre-diabetes elderly. In addition, the pre-diabetes elderly were found to have increased NGF, BDNF, and cathepsin B, and decreased Beta-Amyloid 1–42 and homocysteine. Regular leisure-time physical activity has a positive effect on cognitive reserve biomarkers through improving glycemic control by reducing weight and % fat in the pre-diabetes elderly.
