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Traditional traceability system has problems of centralized management, opaque information, untrustworthy data, and easy generation of information islands. To solve the above problems, this paper designs a traceability system based on blockchain technology for storage and query of product information in supply chain of agricultural products. Levera...
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... blockchain-based fruit and vegetable agricultural products traceability system uses the data storage scheme to manage the growth information, processing information, logistics information and sales information of fruits and vegetables agricultural products, so as to monitor the whole process of agricultural products production, processing, transportation and sales. The structure of agricultural products blockchain traceability system was mainly divided into storage layer, service layer, interface layer and application layer, as shown in Figure 1. Among them, the storage layer includes MySQL, the local database of the system, and the CouchDB database that comes with the blockchain system. ...
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The Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized practically every industry, including agriculture, due to its fast expansion and integration into other industries. The application of IoT in agriculture motivates farmers to use their resources wisely and allows for better field monitoring and decision-making, resulting in increased agricultural prod...
Citations
... For instance, Babu et al. [8] used MongoDB to store electronic healthrecords (EHRs) while its hash value with some patient information will be stored in the blockchain. Yang et al. [9] proposed a solution to save data of the products into two parts, the first part called public data which will be saved in relation database where the private part of the data will be stored in the blockchain. ...
... Another approaches in off-chain that use IPFS for instance, in [9] the authors use IPFS to save the data generated by IoTs in smart city applications then linked the data with Ethereum blockchain. Additional study by Mani et al. [10] uses a similar approach for saving data in IPFS which is connected to a Hyperledger blockchain that used as index in the form of key-value to reach the date in IPFS. ...
The growing popularity of the most current wave of decentralized systems, powered by blockchain technology, which act as data vaults and preserve data, ensures that, once stored, it stays preserved, considered to be one of the most promising safe and immutable storage methods. The authors of this research suggest an on-chain storage framework that stores files inside blockchain transactions using file transforming, chunking, and encoding techniques. This study investigates the performance of on-chain file storage using a simulated network blockchain environment. Test files of varying sizes were deployed. Performance metrics, including consumed time in chunking, encoding, and distributing chunks among block transactions, were measured and analyzed. An analysis of the collected data was conducted to assess the framework’s performance. The result showed that selecting the appropriate chunk size significantly influences the overall performance of the system. We also explored the implications of our findings and offered suggestions for improving performance within the framework.
... Furthermore, no access control mechanism has been designed specifically for IoT devices. Yang et al. (2021) [45] proposed the implementation of the dual storage of traceability information, both in a database and blockchain, to alleviate chain load pressure and enable efficient information queries. The authors store public information in local databases and encrypt private data on the blockchain, along with the hash of the corresponding public information. ...
... Furthermore, no access control mechanism has been designed specifically for IoT devices. Yang et al. (2021) [45] proposed the implementation of the dual storage of traceability information, both in a database and blockchain, to alleviate chain load pressure and enable efficient information queries. The authors store public information in local databases and encrypt private data on the blockchain, along with the hash of the corresponding public information. ...
... However, as the number of participants in the network increases, creating a separate channel for each participant can result in maintenance challenges and reduced network performance. • The literature commonly suggests off-chain storage to reduce the burden of blockchain technology [35,45]. In some cases, this is performed to safeguard data privacy [39]. ...
In Agrifood scenarios, where farmers need to ensure that their produce is safely pro-duced, transported, and stored, they rely on a network of IoT devices to monitor conditions such as temperature and humidity throughout the supply chain. However, managing this large-scale IoT environment poses significant challenges, including transparency, traceability, data tampering, and accountability. Blockchain is por-trayed as a technology capable of solving the problems of transparency, traceabil-ity, data tampering, and accountability, which are key issues in the AgriFood supply chain. Nonetheless, there are challenges related to managing a large-scale IoT envi-ronment using the current security, authentication, and access control solutions. To address these issues, we introduce an architecture in which IoT devices record data and store them in the participant’s cloud after validation by endorsing peers follow-ing an attribute-based access control (ABAC) policy. This policy allows IoT device owners to specify the physical quantities, value ranges, time periods, and types of data that each device is permitted to measure and transmit. Authorized users can access this data under the ABAC policy contract. Our solution demonstrates effi-ciency, with 50% of IoT data write requests completed in less than 0.14s using solo ordering service and 2.5s with raft ordering service. Data retrieval shows an average latency between 0.34 and 0.57s and a throughput ranging from 124.8 to 9.9 Trans-actions Per Second (TPS) for data sizes between 8 and 512 kilobytes. This architec-ture not only enhances the management of IoT environments in the AgriFood supply chain but also ensures data privacy and security.
... Rights reserved. systems [13,14], healthcare [15,16], traceability systems [17], and energy [18]. However, as distributed cluster sizes continue to expand, the Raft algorithm faces challenges such as increased network pressure, declining computational capabilities, insufficient storage space, and decreased security, raising concerns about the classical Raft algorithm. ...
To address the limitations of the Raft consensus algorithm, such as the lack of support for Byzantine fault tolerance, performance bottleneck of the leader single node, and high leader election delay, an improved Byzantine fault tolerance consensus algorithm called RaBFT based on Raft is proposed. The distribution process of log messages is optimized by utilizing the secret sharing technique to make it Byzantine fault tolerance, and the role of the committee is introduced to share the communication pressure of the leader, thereby resolving the performance bottleneck issue of the leader single node. The leader election algorithm based on a dynamic committee improves the speed of leader election and reduces the time required for leader election. The experimental results show that RaBFT algorithm has a significant improvement in throughput and consensus delay in the log replication phase, and has a lower leader election delay, RaBFT algorithm can improve the efficiency and performance of the system, it is a safe and efficient consensus algorithm.
... The dynamic and precise selection of business entities can be elevated, and the versatility of business entities to enter the supply chain can be enhanced by sharing information [18,19]. However, it remains a challenge to offer assurances on data quality and enhanced data security in the face of the increasing complexity of supply chains [20]. ...
Blockchain is a progressive technology in many applications, such as supply chain management. Blockchain technology is gaining attention due to its transparency, decentralisation, and high-level security features. In the beginning, blockchain technology was developed for cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc.; later, it was used in various applications like supply chain management and healthcare. Blockchain plays a central role in the re-engineering process by optimising workflow operations. Traceability plays a crucial role in supply chain management. Traditionally, these solutions were based on a centralised architecture, which does not provide tamper-proof data sharing. The primary issue faced in this approach is that different supply chain users use systems containing distinct features and complexities. To overcome these challenges, a decentralised process was initiated. In this work, we develop a supply chain management system using blockchain technology and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology. This system has the potential to realise traceability with trusted information across the entire supply chain, thereby effectively guaranteeing safety by gathering, transferring, and sharing the relevant data in the production, processing, warehousing, distribution, and selling stages. It also provides transparency for better management of products by providing access to information about the supply chain by trading partners, shareholders, consumers, and regulatory bodies. The proposed system provides data management, and the lurking algorithm guarantees data security. This approach can simplify the traceability of products and can be scaled for industrial use.
... The study described in [27] has proposed a blockchain-based traceability system for fruits and vegetables to overcome the existing traceability challenges. The solution employs a "Blockchain + Database" approach with a query platform. ...
Fresh food is difficult to preserve, especially because its characteristics can change, and its nutritional value may decrease. Therefore, from the consumer’s point of view, it would be very useful if, when buying fresh fruit or vegetables, they could know where it has been cultivated, when it was harvested and everything that has happened from its harvest until it reached the supermarket shelf. In other words, the consumer would like to have information about the traceability of the fruit or vegetables they intend to buy. This article presents a blockchain-based platform that allows institutions, consumers and business partners to track, back and forward, quality and sustainability information about all types of fresh fruits and vegetables.
... IPFS is also used by the authors of [6] for traceability in the soybean supply chain. The authors of [24] introduce a tracking system for the fruit and vegetable supply chain. To reduce chain pressure, on-chain and off-chain stor-age strategies are employed in that paper. ...
The agriculture supply chain is an integral part of the whole agriculture sector. A top-notch cost efficient supply chain management system that can protect itself from outside security attacks and also from malicious activities by supply chain participants without third party intervention is highly demanded in the agriculture field. In this paper, a smart contract based forward and reverse agriculture supply chain management system is proposed that takes into account both internal and external security attacks. Here, peer-to-peer Certificate Authorities provide the rate of the crops and the farmer puts this in the forward supply chain with its price as well as communicates directly with distributors for making transactions with customers through the smart contracts. After receiving the requested crops from the farmer through the distributor, the customer initiates payment contract for the transaction. On the other hand, if a customer is not satisfied, he or she initiates a reverse supply chain. In order to maintain its level of security, this model applies blockchain technology in conjunction with a session key technique. The system computes cost analysis to ensure the immutability of costs and predict future expenses as well as compared with benchmark data. The Real or Random (RoR) based formal as well as informal security analysis is presented here to demonstrate the system’s robustness against a wide range of potential security threats and the malicious behavior of different entities. Our results analysis demonstrates the system evaluation in terms of throughput, latency, transmitted message size among different entities and gas consumption. It is observed that the proposed model outperforms than other existing approaches.
... It suggests that blockchain algorithms that prioritize data accuracy and traceability would be suitable for tracking minerals. Furthermore, a study [5]. focuses on a trusted blockchain-based traceability system for fruit and vegetable agricultural products. ...
The traceability of minerals is one of the most important requirements in the supply chain whereby a need for sustainability and ethical sourcing is required. This paper discusses the challenges associated with the traceability systems used for vanadium and gemstones in their respective supply chains in South Africa and Kenya. The objective of this study was to design a blockchain based platform that may be implemented in the vanadium and gemstone supply chains. Light on the inherent limitations of conventional approaches to traceability and how the use of blockchain improves mineral traceability will be shed. Suggestions on how to improve and ensure transparency in the supply chain by using the decentralized and immutable structure of blockchain will be discussed. Through implementation of the blockchain traceability systems the platform showed the benefits and transparency / accountability related impacts of blockchain technology applications on the supply chain of vanadium and gemstones. For the gemstone's traceability data from the supply chain, inserted into the block chain platform, were converted into a hash function value. That value was unique to the event as it occurred in the supply chain. This made the data tamper proof and could only be accessed by authorized personnel. Any subsequent changes made on the data will provide another hash function value. For the vanadium ore, the smart contract function was used in the traceability aspect supply chain. Once the XRF results were loaded into the algorithm and satisfied predefined conditions, the contract will read as "successful" ; thus produces the correct location of the ore in question (in this case, vanadium ore), the conditions are set with a 2% margin for error and thus will read as "Unsuccessful" if the percentages entered are greater than the 2% error The observed outcomes allude the benefits of using tailored blockchain traceability system to both gemstone and vanadium supply chains. The developed systems made use of unique functions such as hashing, smart contracts and blockchain nodes.
... constructed a traceability blockchain architecture for the supply chain of agricultural products and a trusted computing model for IoT nodes based on blockchain. Yang et al. (2021) designed a traceability system for product information storage and query of agricultural product supply chain based on blockchain technology. They improved the transparency and credibility of traceability information by using the characteristics of blockchain technology, such as decentralization, tampering, and traceability. ...
Encountering the problems of diverse sources, opaque information, and difficult collaboration among nodes in a smart factory supply chain, we proposed a traceability model based on blockchain consensus technology. It can realize accurate traceability, transparent transmission, and trusted storage of supply chain information. First, we proposed a blockchain-based smart factory supply chain traceability model (BCTMSSF). It makes the donation process open and transparent using a decentralized, traceable, and tamper-proof blockchain. Second, we proposed a verifiable delegated proof of stake (VDPoS) scheme to solve the problems of centralization and security. It integrates a dynamic random probability mechanism and fuse mechanism. Finally, we conducted experiments on a blockchain platform and verified the proposed model. The results revealed that our model can solve the problems of real-time, reliable, and transparent traceability of supply chain information, alleviate the problem of centralization, and improve security.
... For instance, Babu et al. [7] used MongoDB to store electronic healthrecords (EHRs) while its hash value with some patient information will be stored in the blockchain. Yang et al. [8] proposed a solution to save data of the products into two parts, the first part called public data which will be saved in relation database where the private part of the data will be stored in the blockchain. ...
... Another approaches in off-chain that use Interplanetary File System (IPFS) for instance, in [8] the authors use IPFS to save the data generated by IoTs in smart city applications then linked the data with Ethereum blockchain. Additional study by V. Mani et al. [9] uses a similar approach for saving data in IPFS which is connected to a Hyperledger blockchain that used as index in the form of key-value to reach the date in IPFS. ...
The growing popularity of the most current wave of decentralized systems, powered by blockchain technology, which act as data vaults and preserve data, ensures that, once stored, it stays preserved, considered to be one of the most promising safe and immutable storage methods. The authors of this research suggest an on-chain storage framework that stores files inside blockchain transactions using file transforming, chunking, and encoding techniques. This study investigates the performance of on-chain file storage using a simulated network blockchain environment. Test files of varying sizes were deployed. Performance metrics, including consumed time in chunking, encoding, and distributing chunks among block transactions, were measured and analyzed. An analysis of the collected data was conducted to assess the framework's performance. The result showed that selecting the appropriate chunk size significantly influences the overall performance of the system. We also explored the implications of our findings and offered suggestions for improving performance within the framework.
... However, traditional traceability systems often use a single central database [6] and traceability data are easily tampered with, allowing for criminals to forge information and conceal violations [7]. Traditional traceability systems have numerous shortcomings, such as slow information flow and insufficient transparency [8], making it difficult for consumers and regulatory agencies to obtain real-time and accurate information, which hinders the use of the system. ...
... Blockchain, through its distributed ledger technology, ensures the transparent sharing of information in the network and enhances the credibility and stability of agricultural product traceability systems. Studies [7][8][9][10][11][28][29][30][41][42][43][44] have been performed where a blockchain is applied to product traceability. Ibtisam et al. [41] proposed a fully decentralized traceability model based on blockchain, which provides product source verification, product transportation monitoring, and transaction documentation to ensure system in- tegrity and transparency. ...
With the development of agricultural information technology, the Internet of Things and blockchain have become important in the traceability of agricultural products. Sensors collect real-time data in agricultural production and a blockchain provides a secure and transparent storage medium for these data, which improves the transparency and credibility of agricultural product traceability. However, existing agricultural product traceability solutions are limited by the immutability of the blockchain, making it difficult to delete erroneous data and modify the scope of data sharing. This damages the credibility of traceability data and is not conducive to the exchange and sharing of information among enterprises. In this article, we propose an agricultural product traceability data management scheme based on a redactable blockchain. This scheme allows agricultural enterprises to encrypt data to protect privacy. In order to facilitate the maintenance and sharing of data, we introduce a chameleon hash function to provide data modification capabilities. Enterprises can fix erroneous data and update the access permissions of the data. To improve the efficiency of block editing, our scheme adopts a distributed block editing method. This method supports threshold editing operations, avoiding single-point-of-failure issues. We save records of data modifications on the blockchain and establish accountability mechanisms to identify malicious entities. Finally, in this paper we provide a security analysis of our proposed solution and verify its effectiveness through experiments. Compared with the existing scheme, the block generating speed is improved by 42% and the block editing speed is improved by 29.3% at 125 nodes.
