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We evaluate the impact of varying idealised radiative sources on the resulting thermo-elastic stress distribution and magnitude in cylindrical receiver tubes.
![Figure 7: REFOS: Cycle-Scheme [9]](profile/Robert-Pitz-Paal/publication/224802065/figure/fig2/AS:302743551004678@1449191095464/REFOS-Cycle-Scheme-9_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 8: The REFOS-Receiver [9]](profile/Robert-Pitz-Paal/publication/224802065/figure/fig3/AS:302743551004681@1449191095539/The-REFOS-Receiver-9_Q320.jpg)
Citations
... According to the 2011 Census of India [9], 67.2% of the total households used solid fuels and 88% of these households are in rural India. Every year about 16 million hectares of forests are consumed for cooking fuel [10]. ...
The biomass has been the choice of the heat source for cooking purposes since ancient times. The inefficient combustion process in traditional cookstoves has its shortcomings in the form of adverse consequences on human health and pollution of the environment. Research and development of improved cookstove, for those who are yet to adopt the cleaner fuels for the cooking, has occupied the scientific community and social workers alike to improve the conditions of these people. Most people who live in urban settings are using natural/petroleum gas or electricity for cooking. On the other hand, a large section of the people living in the hinterlands continue to use traditional cookstoves, which are of low efficiency and create indoor air pollution, which leads to severe health issues. To overcome these issues, many researchers have proposed various designs for improved cookstoves. This paper summarizes the available literature related to different cookstove designs, performance and emissions. The review covers detailed discussion on various parameters to enhance the performance of biomass cookstoves. In addition to that a comparison of different types of cookstoves, different fuels used in them, their efficiency and particulate matter emissions are studied. This paper also explores the possibility of the implementation of additional accessories such as thermoelectric generators.
... An average of 300 sunny days per year with an enormous land area, theoretically India provides 5X10 12 kWh of clean and renewable solar energy every year across its cross-section [2]. Cooking by solar energy is simple, safe and environment-friendly. Hence solar energy is the energy which offers a solution for pollution-free cooking. ...
... In 2010, R. M. Muthusivagami et al. [6] suggested that thermal energy storage is essential for odd hours cooking and given the new concept of the solar cooker with phase change material. In the same era, Prasanna U. R. [2] optimized the solar energy transport system for hybrid cooking applications which can be applied in newly designed cookers to enhance the efficiency. M .M. Valmiki et al. [9] proposed a new design in 2011 and manufactured a solar cooking stove which uses large Fresnel lens to concentrate the solar energy which improves the higher efficiency and safety of solar cooking. ...
Energy is essential to life and all living organisms. It is fulfilling our daily needs: cooking, lighting, water heating and purifying, etc. It is also very significant to the human to maintain good health which is largely ignored. Three billion around people are using wood, cow dung, coal and other conventional fuels inside their homes resulting in indoor pollution. To conquer the said problem, solar energy cooking is the only solution. A large amount of solar energy is available in various parts of the world, which is pollution-free and easy to harness. More than 36% of the total generated energy is consumed for cooking in India. Hence there is a need to develop alternative cooking mode which will be easy, pollution-free and economical. However, the utilization of this form of energy at a large scale is only possible by developing an efficient cooking system with solar thermal energy storage technology and conventional cooking option which will enable the odd hours cooking. In this review paper, an attempt has been made to study the history and recent advancement in the field of solar energy cooking. The paper provides a detailed review of such kind of technology with cooking principle, types of cookers and their performance. Moreover, the review has been done on the use of Phase Change Material (PCM) in a solar cooking system which enables the night cooking.
... "Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter (PM), or biological materials into the atmosphere that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or cause damage to the environment". (Rai, 2016) Atmospheric pollution is defined as poor air quality, with toxics chemical air pollutants. It is considered as one of the serious environmental health threat. ...
Identification of the main problem which is the adoption of open fires "traditional cookstoves" is one of the major air pollution problems in India through drawing a road map in India to describe, and evaluate their impacts as well as focus on the main proposed solutions. Comparing the current state to the alternative proposed solution. Propose a sustainable package for limiting the health and environmental harmful risks. Identifying the main solutions to control and steer the impact of air pollution locally (India) and globally. Mitigate the effect of air pollution through improving approaches such as improving the system for clean cooking, especially in rural regions. Control the emissions and toxic gases from most resources.Reduction of man-made activities specific to the burning of biomass fuels and coals. Raising awareness about the main impacts of toxic air pollution
... While most solar cookers in use today do not have heat storage, this feature will alleviate the mismatch between solar heat energy supply and energy demand for cooking. Heat storage is important for indoor solar cooking requirements and will ensure continuity of service, reduce the use of conventional energy, and give a reasonable cooking time compared with conventional cooking [2]. ...
... On the other hand, the controlled load power discharging method (variable flow rate) has a slower initial rate of heat utilization but the maximum cooking temperature is maintained during the whole discharging process, and this is desirable for the cooking process. Prasanna [2] modeled and designed a hybrid solar cooking system consisting of a parabolic collector, a thermal storage tank, and a heat exchanger. The energy source is a combination of solar energy and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). ...
Background:
In an ever-changing world where needs increase daily due to economic growth and demographic
progression, where prices are unstable, where reserves are running out, where climate change is topical, the energy issues are increasingly marked by the question of sustainability. In many developing countries, wood and subsidized butane are the main sources of energy used for cooking in households. The use of solar energy in domestic cooking becomes unavoidable. Several models of solar cookers have been proposed, but most of them dealt with box and oven types of solar cookers without storage.
Methods:
This paper presents a dynamic thermodynamic model of a parabolic solar cooking system (PSCS) with
heat storage, along with a comparison of the model solution with experimental measurements. The model uses
various thermal resistances to take into account heat transfer between the different parts of the system.
Results:
The first experimental setup consists of a parabolic concentrator (0.80-m diameter and 0.08-m depth) and
a 1.57-l cylindrical receiver. The second experimental setup is composed of a parabolic concentrator (1.40-m
diameter and 0.16-m depth), the same receiver, and a 6.64-l heat storage. Tests were carried out in Rabat, Morocco, between April 24 and July 10, 2014, and between May 15 and June 18, 2015. Synthetic oil is used as a transfer fluid and a sensible heat storage.
Conclusions:
Comparison between predicted and measured temperatures shows a good agreement with a relative
error of ± 4.4%. The effects of important system design and operating parameters were also analyzed. The results show that a 50 W m−2 increase of the daily maximum solar radiation increases the storage temperature by 4 °C and a 5% increase of the receiver reflectance or absorptance improves the maximum storage temperature by 3.6 and 3.9 °C, respectively. Optimizing the aspect ratio of the receiver to 2 gives a maximum storage temperature of 85 °C. Increasing the thermal fluid mass flow rate from 0 to 18 kg h−1, or the receiver thermal insulation from 0.01 to 0.08 m, increases the maximum storage temperature by 65 and 17 °C, respectively.
Keywords: Modeling, Parabolic solar cooking system, Heat storage, Parametric analysis
... Wood is the primary fuel used for cooking in rural areas of developing nations [3]. As a result, each year, a large amount of deforestation takes place for cooking purposes [4]. Concequently, efficient and properly designed cookware can be effectively utilized to decrease household energy consumption. ...
Laminated structure is becoming more popular in cookware markets; however, there seems to be a lack of enough scientific studies to evaluate its pros and cons, and to show that how it functions. A numerical model using a finite element method with temperature-dependent material properties has been performed to investigate material and layer dependence of temperature distribution in multi-layer multi-metal plate exposed to irregular heating. Behavior of two parameters including mean temperature value and uniformity on the inner surface of plate under variations of thermal properties and geometrical conditions have been studied. The results indicate that conductive metals used as first layer in bi-layer plates have better thermal performance than
those used in the second layer. In addition, since cookware manufacturers increasingly prefer to use all-clad aluminium plate, recently, this structure is analysed in the present study as well. The results show all-clad copper and aluminum plate possesses lower temperature gradient compared with single layer aluminum and all-clad aluminum core plates.
... A majority of rural households use biomass fuels to meet their heating and cooking needs [2] with firewood constituting about 95% of fuel consumed for cooking in villages [3]. Each year about 16 million ha of forests are consumed as cooking fuel [4]. ...
Interest in reducing household energy consumption and indoor air pollutants has increased. Simple devices such as cookstoves are important items in the reduction of the amount of domestic energy consumed in developing countries. This paper summarizes the literature available on biomass cookstoves used in villages of underdeveloped countries to determine their holistic performance, including efficiency and emissions. This is a detailed discussion on gasification, biomass fuel characteristics and heat output control of cookstoves. It reviews cookstove design, performance considerations, materials and geometric parameters along with the impact of supplementary tools on efficiency and emissions. Mathematical modeling and simulations are included and evaluation criteria consisting of testing protocols and performance parameters are compared. An efficiently designed pot can reduce domestic energy consumption, although its impact has been overlooked. Literature concerning the effects of materials and geometrical variables versus heat transfer efficiency of cookware is also discussed. The review addresses the gaps in the literature to pave the way for future research.
... The value of 0.3 kg/s is considered to be suitable flow rate to maintain good efficiency and reasonable fluid outlet temperature [28]. The variation pattern of the collector efficiency with its flow rate corresponds to other similar findings in the literature [29][30][31][32][33][34]. ...
This study aims to investigate water extraction process from a solar cooling system using a vapor absorption chiller under variable fresh air ratios. The system consists of an evacuated tube solar collector, lithium bromide absorption chiller and a fan coil unit (FCU). A parametric study is carried out to investigate the effects of flow rate of the fluid in the collector, solar insolation, fresh air volume ratio, temperature and humidity on the system performance and rate of water production. The operating conditions for the best performance are identified in this work. The results showed maximum collector efficiency of 0.66 at an optimum flow rate of the collector fluid of 0.3 kg/s at Ac = 28 m², Tf = 45 °C, I = 800 W/m² and R = 50%. For the same conditions, useful energy to the generator was found to be 14.8 kW and water production rate was 8 L/h. Using the climate data of a typical day of August for Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, the findings indicated that the chiller COP and water production rate, respectively, reached maximum (0.73 and 6.6 L/h) at noon when the incident solar flux is peak (935 W/m²) for 45% fresh air volume ratio.
... A majority of rural households use biomass fuels to meet their heating and cooking needs [2] with firewood constituting about 95% of fuel consumed for cooking in villages [3]. Each year about 16 million ha of forests are consumed as cooking fuel [4]. ...
In this paper a new type of open absorption the liquid desiccant, air conditioning system will be introduced. The dehumidifier and regenerator play the most important role in this system.For liquid-gas contact, packed towers with low pressure drop provide good heat and mass transfer characteristics for compact designs. Thus, this analysis considers the packed tower liquid desiccant systems. The experimental data have been obtained from a built prototype of liquid desiccant system in a packed bed unit with a surface area per unit volume ratio of 125m2/m3, the liquid desiccant, viz lithium chloride. The result showed that the mean mass transfer coefficient of the packing dehumidifier was 0.02kg/m2s. Also the absorber characteristic parameter, the packing size or number of transfer units (NTU), and air-to-desiccant solution mass flow rate ratio (ASMR) are crucial parameters. These parameters affect humidity and enthalpy effectiveness and will be introduced and defined in this paper.
To study and analyze the performance of a Flat bottom Institutional Cookstove, a water boiling test experiment was used to test for the stove's power and efficiency followed by a computer modelling analysis with Computational Fluid Dynamics using ANSYS Fluent simulations. The computer model was validated using statistical evaluation with four metrics. A combination of absolute value error statistics, percent bias and normalized goodness-of-fit statistics were considered. The results obtained from the water temperatures for both the experimental and numerical simulations were analyzed. The power of the stove was 11.5 kW and the efficiency was 47.4 %. The mean absolute error (MAE) value was 5.55 °C, the Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) was 0.89, the Root Mean Square Error- (RMSE-) observations standard deviation ratio (RSR) value was 0.1097 and the percent bias was -3.7561. All the error validation values confirmed that the model and simulation performance were good. The model was used to improve design of the stove by introducing fins on the pot surface. The temperatures of the water of the new models showed an increase in temperature of 28% and 68% in Design A and Design B respectively over the original design. Thus, the ANSYS Fluent CFD simulation for the stove was well validated and can therefore be used as a complement to conventional methods of assessing and improving the Flat Bottom Institutional cook stove design.
Cooking is an essential part of life as food is indispensable for the persistence of human beings. Cooking of food requires heat energy and which can be met through electric cookstoves and LPG in developed countries. But the developing countries still depend on the combustion of biomass fuels such as wood, crop residues, dung cake, charcoal to meet up with their cooking and heating demands. The biomass is abundantly existing everywhere in the world and can be burnt directly in the cookstoves. Attention has been increased all over the globe in dipping the consumption of household energy and indoor air pollutants. Advanced micro-gasifier cookstoves (AMGCS) has been a topic of recent research, but still, 3 billion people cook over inefficient means of cookstoves though the number of initiatives has been taken by the government and non-government agencies to encourage the energy-efficient biomass cookstove. In this paper, an effort has been made to discuss the AMGCS with its recent advancements, performance, CO2 mitigation and payback period.
