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In this paper, a simplified model for optimal sizing of the off-grid PV system regarding value of loss of load probability is described. The model gives optimal size of system in terms of required number of PV modules, peak power, number of batteries and cost of system regarding the defined value of loss of load probability, load curve and period f...
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... These renewable energy sources are often connected to the conventional power system through the distribution network near the loads; thus, no transmission system is needed. In such a case, these are referred to as distributed generation systems [3]. Distributed generation can negatively impact the performance of the distribution network as the distribution network will no longer operate with a unidirectional power flow pattern [4]. ...
This paper presents an energy management strategy using a Stateflow controller related to DC microgrids with the important penetration of renewable energy. The increase in world electricity demand is one of the principal drivers of the exhaustion of fossil fuels and increased greenhouse gas emissions. To solve these problems, several countries have adopted actions for widespread renewable energy deployment, which includes wind energy, solar power, biomass power, tidal, and hydropower. These sources are considered as significant in delivering clean energy and reducing greenhouse gas emissions for sustainable improvement. As these sources play an increasingly vital role in the global energy landscape, the efficient management of these intermittent sources is essential for grid stability and sustainability. This paper aimed to develop an energy management strategy for DC microgrids to supply power to a DC microgrid system. The main objective of this paper was to implement an energy management system to ensure the proper operation of DC microgrid systems utilizing Simulink blocks available in MATLAB/Simulink 2020b software. The simulation results demonstrated that the developed energy management algorithm was unconditionally reliable, ensuring the proper operation of the microgrid systems. Additionally, the results demonstrated that the energy management strategy exhibited robust performance across different scenarios, effectively balancing energy generation and consumption while ensuring the reliable operation of the microgrid system. Moreover, the developed algorithm model presents another advantage, as it enables users to access and to change any control parameters within the DC microgrid. By comparing these results with the literature, the developed energy management algorithm provides safety and the automatic control of the microgrid.
... These renewable energy sources are often connected to the conventional power system through the distribution network near the loads, thus no transmission system is needed. In such a case, these are referred to as distributed generation systems [3]. Distributed generation can impact negatively on the performance of the distribution network as the distribution network will no longer operate with a unidirectional power flow pattern [4]. ...
This paper presents an energy management strategy using stateflow controller related to DC micro-grids with an important penetration of renewable energy. The increase in world electricity demand is one of the principal drivers of the exhaustion of fossil fuels and expanded greenhouse gas emissions. To solve these problems, several countries have adopted actions for large renewable energy deployment, which includes wind energy, solar power, biomass power, tidal, and hydropower. These sources are considered as significant in delivering clean energy and reducing greenhouse gas emissions for sustainable improvement. In such a case, these are referred to as distributed generation systems. Distributed generation can impact negatively on the performance of the distribution network as the distribution network will no longer operate with a unidirectional power flow pattern. To address these issues, micro-grids are being used as a platform to integrate distributed generation systems, as they provide significant benefits to end-users and to the distribution network. The objective of this paper was to implement an energy management system to ensure the proper operation of the developed DC microgrid and this was developed using Simulink blocks available in the MATLAB/Simulink software. The simulation results shown that this control strategy is unconditionally reliable to ensure proper operation of the microgrid systems. Moreover, the developed algorithm model presents another advantage, which enables the users to access and to change any control parameters within the DC microgrid. By comparing these results with the literature, the developed energy management algorithm provides safety and automatic control of the microgrid.
... In [13], authors presented optimal energy management for off-grid hybrid system using hybrid optimization technique and taking into account load responsiveness. In [14], authors presented a PV-system model that has battery storage in order to help investors in deciding on the optimal combination of system components, taking into account price of components and LOLP. ...
... For the the first hour of the simulation period, variable Z(i,j,w,t) is determined with Equation (14) and three logical tests are examined with Equations (15)-(19): ...
The paper presents an optimized off-grid photovoltaic (PV)-wind battery model that considers the value of loss of load probability (LOLP). The optimum combination of all model components: wind turbines, PV panels, batteries and electrical load for the City of Osijek using MATLAB software is defined. The examined data are based on measured load values for the residential home. For values of LOLP in the range from 0.00 to 0.10 in steps of 0.01, optimal size of the presented system has been determined. In order to determine the optimal model, investment costs were taken into account in comparison with various LOLP values.
... The total cost of the PV system consists of parts required for proper operation and functioning of the PV system. Specific prices of PV modules, assembly elements, cables, charging regulator, inverter, bidirectional electricity meter and batteries are shown in Table 1 [28]. In addition to the listed costs, investment costs include costs of technical documentation, electrical installation works and commissioning, which are separate items in the main project cost estimates. ...
This paper presents a method for finding an optimal photovoltaic (PV) system according to Croatian legislation. The PV sizing model, in which a decision on investment is made according to economic indicators, is made using MATLAB Software. Based on the input data, the monthly PV system production is calculated, and electricity price formed. According to the PV system production and electricity price, economic indicators are calculated and obtained as output data. The model input data are solar irradiation, load diagram, PV system costs and market price of electricity while the model output data are PV system production, savings, profit, incomes, Net Present Value (NPV) and Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE). The obtained economic indicators are presented graphically and used for decision making on an optimal PV system size. The presented model is applied and presented in a case study.
... The enhanced efficiency of photovoltaic devices, in the 300-500 nm spectral range, would improve the performance of devices operating under diffused solar irradiation. This feature makes the idea of solar spectrum converters particularly important for off-grid systems, as it would improve their performance under overcast and low irradiance conditions, improving their reliability and decreasing the probability of loss of load [1]. ...
In this work, we investigate Ce3+ to Yb3+ energy transfer in Y4Al2O9 (YAM) for potential application in solar spectrum down-converting layers for photovoltaic devices. Photoluminescence properties set, of 10 samples, of the YAM host activated with Ce3+ and Yb3+ with varying concentrations are presented, and the Ce3+ to Yb3+ energy transfer is proven. Measurement of highly non-exponential luminescence decays of Ce3+ 5d band allowed for the calculation of maximal theoretical quantum efficiency, of the expected down-conversion process, equal to 123%. Measurements of Yb3+ emission intensity, in the function of excitation power, confirmed the predominantly single-photon downshifting character of Ce3+ to Yb3+ energy transfer. Favorable location of the Ce3+ 5d bands in YAM makes this system a great candidate for down-converting, and down-shifting, luminescent layers for photovoltaics.
... In the RuRES research, a simplified model of an off-grid PV system, which can be used in rural areas, is developed and the research results were published in a scientific paper (Topić, Knežević, Kosić, & Perko, 2018). In figure 7.9, a scheme of the off-grid PV system, which can be used in rural areas, is shown. ...
This research presents a regime for energy management of a battery energy storage system in a renewable DC micro-grid. The increase in world electricity demand is one of the principal drives to the exhaustion of fossil fuels and expanded greenhouse gas emissions. To solve these problems, several countries have adopted actions for large deployment renewable energy sources, which includes wind energy, solar power, biomass power, tidal and hydropower. These sources are considered as significant in delivering clean energy and reducing greenhouse gas emissions for sustainable improvement. These renewable energy sources are often connected to the conventional power system through the distribution network near consumer loads, thus no extensive transmission system is needed. In such a case, these are referred to as distributed generation systems.
Distributed generation can impact negatively the performance of the distribution network as the distribution network will no longer operate with a unidirectional power flow pattern. Some of the known issues are known to affect voltage quality, protection equipment settings, desensitized relays, augmented fault currents, increased maintenance of equipment used, and even a landing portions of the distribution network. To address these issues, micro-grids are used as a platform to integrate distributed generation systems, as they provide significant benefits to end-users and to the distribution network. The utilization of energy storage systems is very necessary in renewable micro-grids as they can ensure the reliability of the supplied power. Battery energy storage systems are the types of energy storage widely utilized in renewable micro-grids. Comparatively to Li-ion battery, most of the technologies present some issues (the relation between the charge / discharge rate on their operating conditions, unbalance SoC conditions), which can impact negatively on the battery lifetime as well as the average of energy stored in the battery. In case of battery bank, the deep discharge or the premature charge of battery can lead to a reduced lifetime of the storage system.
The motivation for this research was the lack of a proper battery management system in a renewable DC micro-grid. The DC micro-grid and energy management system algorithm was implemented and developed using MATLAB/Simulink software, which used a physical modelling approach. The aim of this research was to develop a battery management system algorithm to control the charging / discharging of a battery bank and to keep its state of charge (SoC) in the admissible limits to avoid the deep charging / discharging of the battery within a DC micro-grid. Moreover, in a micro-grid, given that several power sources are connected, an energy management system needs to be implemented to ensure their proper operation. the objectives of this research were to develop DC micro-grid component models to be used in the simulation model; to design and develop function block logic to be used for the simulation using State-Flow logical programming environment in MATLAB/Simulink software; to develop a control system schemes for the DC micro-grid; to develop an energy management system (EMS) algorithm for the DC micro-grid and to develop a battery management system (BMS) algorithm and to design and develop a simulation of a DC micro-grid with battery energy storage using MATLAB/Simulink software.
The results of the scenarios of the developed energy management system (EMS) algorithm have successfully shown that this developed algorithm will be able to ensure the reliability, the resiliency, the robustness and the proper operation of the battery systems in micro-grids. The principal advantage of this developed algorithm will be that it will ensure the proper relation between the charge / discharge rate of battery energy storage systems on their operating conditions and will allow to keep its SoC in the admissible limits according to the input power conditions from the EMS flow chart, to avoid the deep charge / discharge of the battery bank, which in return will significantly impact on their lifespan and on the reliability in a DC micro-grid. The results demonstrated that the battery bank was able to handle the load
demands for different scenarios studied. Moreover, the developed software model presents another advantage, which enables the users to access and to change any control parameter within the DC micro-grid.
In addition, this developed algorithm will provide a low overall cost and degradation impact on the battery. The SoC of the battery operation will directly affect its achievable lifetime positively and the battery degradation costs will significantly decrease. This algorithm offered a proper operation of the entire developed DC micro-grid system, which could result in reduced battery degradation and improve battery life as well as the energy stored in the battery. The results have shown that the initial investment cost will comparatively be lower and will decrease the
economic analyze in terms of LCOE.
