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RFID has permeated in wide-ranging applications that may eventually fall under the broad IoT umbrella. However, the adaption of RFID for commercial purposes of IoT-centric applications still faces numerous technical challenges due to its high cost. The Chipless RFID can become a boon considering its significantly reduced cost and tag complexity in...
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... IoT technologies, such as RFID tags and sensors, enable efficient tracking and management of library assets, reducing operational costs and improving user experience. Smart space utilization is achieved through real-time data on space usage, enhancing study environments and reducing overcrowding (Sharma and Hashmi, 2021). ...
... Remote access to resources is also possible, enhancing the reach and availability of digital content. Data-driven decision-making is achieved through data analytics, enabling better resource allocation and cost optimization (Sharma and Hashmi, 2021). Other indicators of the energy efficiency is achieved through IoT-based energy management systems, regulating lighting, heating, and cooling systems based on occupancy data. ...
... On the other hand, the adoption of IoT in public tertiary institutions in developing countries like Ghana faces challenges such as cost, budget constraints, security, privacy, interoperability, network infrastructure limitations, data management, analytics, user training, regulatory compliance, maintenance, environmental impact, and vendor selection (Schuster and Habibipour, 2022). These challenges may vary depending on the context and objectives of IoT adoption in library management, and a lack of expertise in handling IoT security can exacerbate these concerns (Sharma and Hashmi, 2021). ...
The chapter presents an IoT adoption framework for improving library management practices in Ghana's public tertiary institution. The internet of things (IoT) has revolutionized various industries, including libraries. The chapter aims to define a comprehensive framework that addresses the challenges and needs of Ghana's public higher education institution. Key areas where IoT integration can benefit library operations include resource monitoring, security, user experience, and data analytics. The framework also addresses potential obstacles and concerns related to privacy, security, and infrastructure limitations in the Ghanaian context. The chapter provides valuable insights for academic and administrative stakeholders on using IoT technologies to improve library services and knowledge dissemination in Ghana's public tertiary institution.
... Given this context, radiofrequency identification (RFID) emerges as an attractive and generally accepted method for implementing Internet of Things systems or networks comprised of dispersed sensors. RFIDs are very inexpensive, have different identities, and have a broad range of sensing capabilities [6], [7]. Significant efforts have been made in recent years to reduce the cost of RFID tags. ...
Chipless RFID has the potential to bring in a paradigm change in industrial applications, notably in the world of the Internet of Things (IoT). This wireless technology permits distant identification, sensing, and tracking, giving tremendous development prospects. Despite substantial advances over the previous century, designing high-performance chipless RFID for IoT applications remains a problem. This research presents a new chipless planar RFID tag for item tracking and identification in IoT systems. The suggested tag uses numerous T-shaped slow-wave structures as micro-reflecting resonators with different dimensions on a lossy substrate to encode information in the tag’s backscattered signal after illumination. The mutual coupling between the resonators has been minimized to improve tag performance and printing variety. A tag with a coding capacity of 24 bits and a compact size of 60×40 mm2 was simulated in CST Microwave Studio to validate the suggested approach. To create tags, several patterned configurations were applied on a Rogers RO4350B substrate, and their radar cross-section responses were studied. When compared to typical multi-resonator tags, the suggested tag design demonstrated excellent downsizing and efficient frequency spectrum usage. Furthermore, the Q-factor and coding strength were both high, showing that the suggested technology is capable of manufacturing high-performance chipless tags.
... In these cases, a chamber is used to produce specific conditions and the measurement setup is adjusted to meet the constraints imposed by the chamber [137][138][139]. For Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications, high read range in real environments is cited as an important system requirement [140,141]. ...
Materials and structures are constantly subject to fatigue and degradation, and monitoring and maintaining civil, space, and aerospace infrastructure is an ongoing critical issue. As new materials, such as complex multilayer composites and additively manufactured (AM) components, come into wider use, the need to monitor their performance and overall health over time is also rapidly growing. Consequently, new and innovative nondestructive evaluation (NDE) and structural health monitoring (SHM) methods are needed in order to address this growing issue. To this end, wireless passive sensors are also of interest to the NDE and SHM
communities due to their small form factors, relative inexpensiveness, being minimally invasive (i.e., no power or communication hardware or wiring is required), and robustness in extreme environments. This dissertation aims to address this need through the development of chipless RFID systems consisting of wireless passively-coded microwave sensors with supporting technologies and measurement methods, while also investigating the efficacy of chipless RFID technology outside of a laboratory setting. To this end, first a comprehensive survey was conducted on the current state of the art of chipless RFID measurement methods, the instrumentation used in the measurement process, response detection approaches, and decoding techniques. Then, two different tag design approaches which provide for improved performance in identification (ID) applications, in terms of both increasing the amount of information that can be stored in a tag and mitigating the effects of tag/reader misalignment, are presented. This is followed by the presentation of three sensing approach innovations, namely: 1) utilizing a multibit coding approach to improve sensing resolution and demonstrating this performance improvement through a rotation sensor, 2) employing chipless RFID sensors for delamination detection in multi-layer dielectric structures while also thoroughly examining the parameters that can affect chipless RFID sensor performance, and 3) harnessing the power of polymer additive manufacturing (AM) to create tunable pressure sensors that can be easily customized for sensing
resolution and range requirements. Next, two different chipless RFID measurement approaches are developed. The first of these utilizes synthetic aperture radar (SAR) microwave imaging in conjunction with frequency-domain methods to provide for tag reading and verification. The second of these utilizes a custom dual circularly-polarized antenna to help mitigate the effects of tag/reader misalignment, which can result in improper decoding. Lastly, local sensitivity analysis and Monte Carlo simulation are utilized to evaluate tag performance when different measurement uncertainties are considered. In doing so a tag performance assessment framework
is provided that can be applied to various measurement setups and decoding processes. In conducting these works, novel contributions have been made in the areas of addressing chipless RFID measurement challenges, including mitigating the effects of tag/reader misalignment; developing more optimal tags for identification applications; creating unique wireless passive sensing approaches; developing tag performance assessment methods that consider measurement uncertainties; and providing a wholistic view on the practicality of this technology for NDE and SHM applications and beyond.
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2767107392/BD4110217ED1481APQ/1?accountid=10906
... The size of the chipless tags can be further reduced by choosing a higher operating frequency and mm wave of the RFID systems. However, they come at the increased cost of the reader's frequency generating unit [8]. Furthermore, frequency-dependent transmission faces higher losses and dispersion at a higher frequency according to Kramers-Kronig relations [9]. ...
A frequency generator based on the forward coupler principle is proposed. The proposed design, intended for high‐frequency applications, uses Half‐Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide structure to realise the forward coupler. It thus achieves compactness, requiring approximately half the area compared to Substrate Integrated Waveguide structures, and supports non Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) functionality. The non‐TEM environment provides the flexibility to use the frequency generator for chipless Radio Frequency Identification readers in the sub‐GHz band and mm‐wave range. Full‐wave simulations and the subsequent measurements on a prototype developed on Rogers 3006 substrate performed for the forward coupler resonators and frequency generator validate the proposed design concept.
... In these cases, a chamber is used to produce specific conditions and the measurement setup is adjusted to meet the constraints imposed by the chamber [159], [249], [250]. For Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications, high read range in real environments is cited as an important system requirement [251], [252]. ...
Chipless RFID systems can be considered as a special case of passive RFID systems, where the tag contains no power source and no electronics. Instead, the tag’s information is stored in its structure and accessed through its electromagnetic (EM) scattering response. However, robust response detection, which is primarily a function of the measurement method, measurement equipment, and processing method used, is still a major challenge in the chipless RFID field. The consequences of not properly capturing a tag response include, incorrectly assigning an ID or incorrectly reporting a sensing parameter. Due to the criticality of these challenges, this review seeks to provide an overview of the current measurement methods, equipment architectures, and processing methods as they relate to chipless RFID tag response detection and decoding. Since chipless RFID started gaining popularity around 2005, the developments in this area have been focused on three major categories: time-domain, frequency-domain, and spatial-domain systems. Frequency-domain systems have emerged as the most popular among these three categories, and thus, this review focuses on techniques used for these systems.
... Серед протоколів, які можна вважати достатньо поширеними в сучасних Рис. 1. Архітектура мережі ІоТ бездротових мережах ІоТ, виділимо RFID, NFC, ZigBee, Bluetooth, BLE, Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11ac), 3G/4G(LTE)/5G. Технологія RFID [5]- [8] є безсумнівно поширеною в екосистемі ІоТ. RFIDтехнологія будується навколо зчитувача і мітки, яка складається з передавача і мікрочіпу з унікальним ідентифікатором. ...
Запропоновані математичні моделі розвитку інфокомунікаційного процесу, який відбувається в бездротовому централізованому мережевому кластері. В досліджуваному процесі бере участь множина кінцевих мобільних пристроїв, які є суб’єктами інформаційної взаємодії з базовою станцією. Остання обслуговує інформаційні потреби суб’єктів у виділених процесах у власному інформаційному середовищі. Такий бекґраунд дозволяє розглянути досліджуваний процес як марковську систему масового обслуговування з потоком нових вхідних запитів з потребами щодо бажаних обсягів системних ресурсів та потоком сервісних сигналів, надходження яких ініціює перевизначення виділених для прийнятих вхідних запитів обсягів системних ресурсів. Керованим параметром у створеній системі є прийняття або відхилення нових вхідних запитів її front-end інтерфейсом. При цьому досліджуються два сценарії, які відрізняються врахуванням того, як синхронно чи асинхронно надходять до front-end інтерфейсу сервісні сигнали, отримання яких інформує про повне або часткове перевизначення обсягів системних ресурсів, задіяних для підтримки активних персоніфікованих сеансів інфокомунікаційної взаємодії. Запропоновані математичні моделі розвитку таких функціональних сценаріїв дозволяють розрахувати ймовірність відхилення нового вхідного запиту та відсоток зайнятих системних ресурсів в умовах синхронної чи асинхронної зміни просторового розташування кінцевих пристроїв відносно базової станції. Дослідження запропонованого математичного апарату показало, що значення показників з визначеної метрики в ситуації реалізації другого сценарію, який характеризує синхронне переміщення кінцевих пристроїв ІоТ відносно базової станції, не залежить від інтенсивності вхідного потоку сервісних сигналів. Дослідження впливу виду закону розподілу стохастичного характеристичного параметра надходження нового вхідного запиту на значення показників з визначеної метрики виявило об’єктивну потребу у встановленні регламенту щодо значення бажаного обсягу системних ресурсів у нових вхідних запитах.
... In particular, by raising the level of deployed mobile networks to the 5G generation, mobile operators will provide 3G and 4G generation services and will develop their solutions and services for consumers and industry. They will be implemented in independent virtual network segments at the level of one base station and their conglomerate [7][8][9][10]. ...
... As mentioned in Section 1, the 5Ge platform implements technologies for forming independent virtual network segments in the information environment of the base station [7][8][9][10]. To support each such elements, system resources are allocated, and errors or malfunctions in one segment do not affect the Quality of Service (QoS) value for other components. ...
... In other words, the isolation of the virtual network segment to provide the appropriate service nomenclature of acceptable quality is guaranteed. At the same time, the algorithm for radio resource allocation should provide the effective targeted use of the system resources of the base station by taking the fact that each active virtual network segment is allocated a corresponding guaranteed amount of these resources into account [8,10]. ...
According to specifications, flexible services for traffic management should be implemented within the 5G platform in order to improve its efficiency, which is and will remain an actual task. For the first time, the article presented here proposes a mathematical model for the operation process of an e-commerce-oriented ecosystem of a 5Ge base station, the information environment of which supports the operation of independent virtual network segments that provide terminal–segment information interaction services. In contrast to existing models, the presented model describes the studied process as a multi-pipeline queuing system, the inputs of which are coordinated with the flows of requests for communication with the relevant virtual network segments. The distribution of the total resources between the weighted virtual network segments in the simulated system is dynamically conducted by the appropriate software control mechanism. It considers the address intensities of new incoming requests and the maintenance of received incoming requests, but throughout the scale of the information environment of the 5Ge base station ecosystem. Based on the created mathematical model, a functional algorithm for the forced termination of an active terminal–segment information interaction session in the overloaded virtual network segment and the control mechanism of the distribution of the released system resources between other virtual network segments that takes into account the degree of their overload are formulated. The simulation and computational experiments showed that the implemented forced termination algorithm and system resource management mechanism allow the 5Ge base station to continue receiving incoming requests despite the overload of individual virtual network segments. It is empirically shown that the proposed services are effectively scaled concerning the value that is generally available for the distribution of the number of system resources and the allocation method within the guaranteed amounts of system resources for individual virtual network segments.
... Based on the encoded signal processing of the Chipless RFID tag signal, Chipless RFID tags can be majorly categorized into two categories: Time-Domain Reflectometry (TDR) Chipless RFID tags, and Frequency Domain Chipless RFID tags. [27], [28] ...
The recent emergence of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) applications have attracted the attention of all the stakeholders, namely developers, manufacturers, and end-users. In essence, RFID has permeated the broad spectrum of item tracking, identification, and sensing. Alternatively, it is safe to say that RFID has revolutionized item tracking, sensing, and monitoring mechanisms. However, RFID’s proliferation often faces a roadblock due to its associated cost due to silicon-based integrated circuits. This aspect can be addressed by the emerging design techniques and performance enhancement approach adopted for the realization of Chipless RFIDs. This has catapulted the Chipless RFIDs at the forefront in recent years. The chipless RFID tag uses electromagnetic properties to store the information and eliminate memory chips. It is anticipated that the usage of Chipless RFIDs will increase by leaps and bounds in the coming years. Therefore, this paper discusses some of the critical applications that can be directly served by Chipless RFIDs. This paper also elaborates on the associated constraints which limit the mass deployment of the Chipless RFIDs. Furthermore, this paper throws some light on some of the exciting research directions for future development.
Radio Tomographic Imaging (RTI) is a passive localization method that has important applications in Device-Free Localization (DFL). RTI estimates the location of a target by using the impact of the target entering a Region of Interest (ROI) on the radio link. However, research on RTI in the field of passive UHF RFID is still insufficient, and there are many issues that need to be addressed. In the RTI method, targets typically appear at the pixel with the highest value in the reconstructed image, displaying the location of the target intuitively by the variation in Received Signal Strength (RSS) as the input. However, multipath effects, noise interference, and the presence of unknown targets in the ROI can lead to the appearance of multiple local maxima in the reconstructed image, making it very difficult to accurately identify the number and location of the targets. We proposed a method to establish feature regions in image reconstruction and introduced the method of link-tracking which use more robust known link geometric features than RSS measurement values to match the false targets with the real targets one by one. The algorithm traverses all the feature region combinations in a specific order and outputs the localization result, distinguishing targets from false targets and obtaining more accurate results. Experimental results verified the convergence and advantages of the proposed method.
