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In this present work, photonic crystal based ultra-high-speed encoder is proposed for optical computing applications. The designed logic device contains dual nanocavity coupled ring resonator, reflector and five waveguides in a square lattice with barium titanate rods arranged in a nanostructure platform. The encoding device is working based on the...
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Citations
... From the above comparison table, the functional parameters such as contrast ratio, delay time, response time, bit rate, and size steady state time were investigated for all-optical encoders. In ref [42,[44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53], the proposed design is devised with a silicon material, and the reported work stated better confinement of light between input and output ports. In ref [43,45,46,[49][50][51], even though the device's footprint is small, all other parameters, such as contrast ratio and bit rate, are relatively better when compared to the proposed work. ...
... In ref [42,[44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53], the proposed design is devised with a silicon material, and the reported work stated better confinement of light between input and output ports. In ref [43,45,46,[49][50][51], even though the device's footprint is small, all other parameters, such as contrast ratio and bit rate, are relatively better when compared to the proposed work. Consequently, the bit rate is high in the previously reported work; there is another important parameter, such as the contrast ratio being in minimum value compared to the proposed work reduction, and the remaining functional parameters are not investigated [42,45,50]. ...
... Consequently, the bit rate is high in the previously reported work; there is another important parameter, such as the contrast ratio being in minimum value compared to the proposed work reduction, and the remaining functional parameters are not investigated [42,45,50]. The comparison clearly shows that the essential parameters, such as Steady state time and insertion loss, are not investigated in the previously reported Encoder [42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53]. ...
The optical Encoder plays a crucial role in optical computing and communication applications. This proposed work employs an innovative technique to design and simulate a Silicon Y-shaped 2D Photonic Crystal unique structure for an all-optical 4 × 2 encoder. The proposed structures consist of silicon rods arranged in a square lattice within a background of air. The frequency modes and encoder design were studied using the PWE method, while the proposed design underwent numerical analysis, simulations, and optimizations using the FDTD numerical solution approach. The structure is engineered to ensure maximum power confinement at the output of the silicon PC-based 4 × 2 Encoder. With a low power loss and outstanding contrast ratio, the structure is specifically designed for the 1550 nm wavelength range. This 4 × 2 encoder boasts a compact footprint of 295μm², a minimal delay of 0.17 ps, an impressive contrast ratio of 31.14 dB, a minimum response time of 0.24 ps, a steady state time of 1.03 ps, a bit rate reaching 4.17 Tbps, minimal cross-talk -31.14 dB, an extinction ratio of 31.14 dB, and an insertion loss of -3.18 dB. Considering these attributes, it comes highly recommended for applications in optical signal processing and photonic integrated circuits.
Graphical Abstract
... Reflective Gray code is the most widely used absolute coding method in the industry due to its uniqueness and monotropy. Its disadvantage is that the resolution of the encoder is the same as the number of turns in the code track, and as the resolution increases, the number of code tracks increases, resulting in a larger encoder size, which is not conducive to the miniaturization of the encoder [14,15]. ...
In response to the engineering, miniaturization, and high measurement accuracy requirements of encoders, this paper proposes a new type of absolute photoelectric encoder based on a position-sensitive detector (PSD). It breaks the traditional encoder’s code track design and adopts a continuous and transparent code track design, which has the advantages of small volume, high angle measurement accuracy, and easy engineering. The research content of this article mainly includes the design of a new code disk, decoding circuit, linear light source, and calibration method. The experimental results show that the encoder designed in this article has achieved miniaturization, simple installation and adjustment, and easy engineering. The volume of the encoder is Φ50 mm × 30 mm; after calibration, the resolution is better than 18 bits, and the accuracy reaches 5.4″, which further demonstrates the feasibility of the encoder’s encoding and decoding scheme.
... The PhC platform is used in variety of nanophotonics devices . Recently, PC is used to realize logic gates [6,32], flip-flop [7], comparator [8], optical switch [33,35], optical filter [34], and encoders [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] are developed. ...
... .), the interference is considered as destructive and the output will be mode 0 or OFF. Thus, the phase difference between the light waves is used to control the output light waves and to design an unique optical encoder structure [13]. Compared to the above two effects, the interference effect-based optical encoders are realized with simple structure (without phase shifter), less input power and with high Contrast Ratio (CR) [14]. ...
... However, the manufacturing capability will require little care compared to the basic structure. The optimized structure remains relatively simple, especially in comparison to other PhC sensors [28,38,79,80]. Moreover, the slab dimensions size is still the same at 10.8 × 8.1 μm 2 . ...
... In OICs, all optical encoders (AOENCs) are logic circuits with 2 n input and n output ports which can be used for producing binary codes in optical data convertors. Most recently, all optical 4 × 2 AOENC based on photonic crystal has been proposed using multimode interference procedure, self-collimation effect, beams interference method and combining nonlinear Kerr effect with ring resonator (RR) (Saranya et al.2021;Rajasekar et al. 2020;Haddadan and Soroosh 2019;Latha et al. 2022a;Arunkumar et al. 2022;Chhipa et al 2022;Fallahi et al. 2021;Khatib et al. 2020;Ouahab and Naoum 2016;Kamal et al. 2023). For example, Alipour-Banaei et al. (Alipour-Banaei et al. 2016) employed self-collimation effect inside 2D-PhC structures for realizing all optical 4 × 2 encoder. ...
This article focuses on an all optical 4 × 2 encoder using a two dimensional photonic crystals consisting of silicon dielectric rods in hexagonal lattice surrounded in air. The operation of this encoder is based on the threshold switching method, in which the optical Kerr effect and nonlinear ring resonators (NRRs) are used. Plane wave expansion (PWE) and finite difference time domain (FDTD) are applied to analyze the proposed all optical encoder in order to obtain the photonic band gap (PBG) and electric field distribution inside structure, respectively. Based on FDTD simulation, the suggested optical device is providing the contrast ratio of 16.98 dB, response time of 1.5 ps and the switching speed of 667 Gbit/s for operating at the optical wavelength of 1550 nm and it can be utilized for high performance optical processing systems.
... [8][9][10] All-optical logic components can be tuned to be used in spectrally selective logic gates and optical systems. [11][12][13][14][15] In addition, encoders, [16][17][18][19][20][21] decoders, [22][23][24][25] multiplexers, [26][27][28] demultiplexers, [29][30][31] switches, [32][33][34] and adders 35,36 are also designed using photonic crystals (PhCs). From a geometric standpoint, structures composed of dielectric rods in air are mechanically unstable. ...
This work proposes a novel design of an 8-to-3 encoder in a photonic crystal fiber (PCF). It is composed of a buffer and three OR logic gates using circular air holes in a silicon dioxide substrate. We have employed the plane-wave expansion technique to analyze the band structure of the proposed PCF and the beam propagation method to study the transmission efficiency and electromagnetic field distributions. Our findings reveal that the encoder operates well within the main third telecommunication window, which corresponds to 1530–1565 nm. The numerical calculations show that transmissions greater than 70% and less than 0.05% are logics 1 and 0, respectively. The proposed encoder has a maximum delay of 7.5 ps, and its total footprint is about 140 µm × 14 µm × 3 mm. This makes the proposed PCF-based encoder suitable for simple and low-cost fabrication, which may find applications in optical communication devices and integrated circuits.
... Studies on the all-optical digital devices, including logic gates (Chhipa et al. 2022(Chhipa et al. , 2021aRebhi and Najjar 2018;Sami et al. 2022;Jeyachitra 2021, 2022;Mehdizadeh et al. 2017a), analog-to-digital converters (Mehdizadeh et al. 2017b;Mohammadi et al. 2022;Zhu et al. 2019), comparator (Surendar et al. 2019;Seraj et al. 2020;Haddadan and Soroosh 2023;Parandin 2021;Failed 2020;Li et al. 2009), and multifunctional structure (Haddadan et al. 2022;Failed 2018;Yang et al. 2018;Hadadan and Soroosh 2019;Chhipa et al. 2021b;Radhouene et al. 2017;Radhouene et al. 2017;Lee et al. 2009) have grown as one of the significant research fields of the research community. Recently, excellent studies have been conducted on the design of all-optical 4 × 2 encoders (Ouahab 2016;Hassangholizadeh-Kashtiban et al. 2015;Chhipa et al. 2017;Seif-Dargahi 2018;Parandin 2019;Monisha et al. 2019;Naghizade and Saghaei 2020;Rajasekar et al. 2020Rajasekar et al. , 2021Mohebzadeh-Bahabady and Olyaee 2020;Arunkumar et al. 2022;Fallahi et al. 2021;Hamedi et al. 2021;Veisi et al. 2022;Houle and Sullivan 2020). ...
... Monisha et al. have also developed a structure for an all-optical 4 × 2 encoder with a contrast ratio of ~ 8 dB, but there is no data about the time response and footprint of the structure (Monisha et al. 2019). Rajasekar et al. have established a new Barium Titanate rods-based structure for an all-optical 4 × 2 encoder ~ 174 μm in size in the air bed, with a contrast ratio of 7.11 dB (Rajasekar et al. 2020). Mohebzadeh and Olyaee have reported a new all-optical crystal photonic all-optical 4 × 2 encoder based on silicon dielectric rods in air, with a contrast ratio of 9.51 dB (Mohebzadeh-Bahabady and Olyaee 2020). ...
This work aims to design and simulate a novel structure for an all-optical 4 × 2 encoder using a ring resonator through a new and unique technique. Encoders are widely used in encryption systems. The frequency modes and encoder design were analyzed using the plane-wave expansion (PWE) technique. The numerical analysis and simulations of the proposed design besides optimizations were performed using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) numerical solution approach. The adjuster rods, scattering rods, and the wavelength of the structure were optimized to design the structure in question. An ultra-compact structure with a footprint of 182 μm² was used for the proposed all-optical 4 × 2 encoder. Compared to other structures, the excellent contrast ratio of 27.78 dB was one of the significant features of the proposed structure. In this structure, the delay time and bitrate were 250 fs and 4 Tb/s, respectively. The simulations were performed at a central wavelength of 1.555 μm, indicating that it is better to use the proposed structure in the third telecommunication window. The proposed all-optical 4 × 2 encoder was also analyzed nonlinearly by applying the Kerr nonlinear optical effect besides the linear analysis. The effectiveness of the proposed all-optical 4 × 2 encoder was also optimal in the nonlinear mode with the contrast ratio of 11.96 dB, which was significant compared to similar nonlinear structures. The high-efficiency all-optical 4 × 2 encoder was designed using a photonic crystal ring resonator (PhCRR), which can be used in integrated optical circuits.
... Thus, PhCs are great candidates for optical networks, optical communications and applications of optical signal processing (Joannopoulos et al. 2011). Many PhCs based optical components have been reported such as: multiplexers (Rao et al. 2021;Fasihi and Bashiri 2020;Zhao et al. 2019), de-multiplexers (Mohammadi et al. , 2021aMasilamani and Punniakodi 2020;Radhouene et al. 2020;Mohammadi and Seifouri 2019;Kannaiyan et al. 2017), full adders (Mohammadi et al. 2021b;Naghizade and Saghaei 2021a;Maleki et al. 2021a, b;Goswami et al. 2021;Vali-Nasab et al. 2019), analog-to-digital converters (Naghizade and Saghaei 2021b;Shamsi and Moradi 2020;Geng and Zhao 2020), optical filters (Foroughifar et al. 2021), flip-flops (Zamanian-Dehkordi et al. 2018;Abbasi et al. 2012), comparators (Seraj et al. 2020;Feng et al. 2021;Cheng and Dadras Jeddi Pishkhani 2021;Zhu et al. 2019;Jile 2020), optical logic gates (Kumar and Sen 2020;Kotb and Guo 2020;Saranya and Anbazhagan 2020;Caballero et al. 2020;He et al. 2020;Mostafa et al. 2019a;Hussein et al. 2018a, b;Olyaee et al. 2018;Fu et al. 2013;Caballero and Neto 2021) and all-optical encoders (Makvandi et al. 2021;Rajasekar et al. 2020;Mehdizadeh et al. 2017;Chhipa et al. 2022;Haddadan and Soroosh 2019;Haddadan et al. 2020;Saranya and Shankar 2021;Latha et al. 2022a, b;Arunkumar et al. 2022;Fallahi et al. 2021;Khatib and Shahi 2020;Saranya and Rajesh 2020;Mostafa et al. 2019b). The encoder is a device with 2 N input and N output ports. ...
... According to the phase difference between the CW and CCW signals, the interference could be either constructive or destructive. Researchers proposed different designs for 4 × 2 PhC Encoders, using linear and non-linear materials, and using point defects, line defects, and/or ring resonators (Makvandi et al. 2021;Rajasekar et al. 2020;Mehdizadeh et al. 2017;Chhipa et al. 2022;Saranya and Shankar 2021;Latha et al. 2022a, b;Arunkumar et al. 2022;Fallahi et al. 2021;Khatib and Shahi 2020;Saranya and Rajesh 2020;Mostafa et al. 2019b), beside using cross-connected waveguides (Haddadan and Soroosh 2019), graphene stack in the center of a photonic crystal for approaching the encoding operation (Haddadan et al. 2020). ...
... The encoder of reference (Saranya and Rajesh 2020) has a contrast ratio and a response time better than ours, but the footprint is large and the rods are chalcogenide glass. Our ENC_2 has better values of response time, footprint and contrast ratio than the encoders of references (Rajasekar et al. 2020;Latha et al. 2022a, b). In addition, ENC_2 has better response time and footprint than the encoder of reference (Mehdizadeh et al. 2017). ...
Optical encoders are pivotal elements in optical communication applications. There is much need for ultra-compact and high-speed novel designs. This work proposes two new designs of fast, compact 4 × 2 optical encoders using two dimensional photonic crystals. The proposed structures consist of square lattice silicon rods embedded in an air background. The operation of these encoders is based on the wave interference technique. The encoders are designed to help in achieving better performance through increasing the contrast ratio and decreasing the power loss and the return loss. The PWE method is used to analyze the photonic band gap. We used FDTD simulation to obtain the electric field distribution inside each structure and the normalized output power. We prove that the scattering rods improve the directivity of the light toward the desired paths and decrease the backward reflection. The proposed encoders have small footprint areas of 204.8 and 160.4 μm² and operate at wavelength 1550 nm. They achieve low response time (254 and 163 fs) and high contrast ratio (6.69 and 12.9 dB). Simplicity and compactness of the designs make them suitable for optical signal processors and photonic integrated circuits. Another advantage of these designs is that low input power is enough for the encoders’ operation, because there is no non-linear materials included. Our designs compete with the published works in the last few years especially in their footprint and response time.
... Photonic crystal (PC) is chosen as the suitable platform for designing optical devices because of its features such as lifetime, flexible design, good temperature resilient, low radiation loss and low group velocity Joannopoulos et al. (1997). The other platforms that are highly suitable for photonic integrated circuits are Planar Light wave Circuits (PLC), Plasmonics, Micro electro-optical-mechanical-systems (MEOMS) Rajasekar et al. (2020). Photonic crystal is an optical composition with two different materials combined in a single substrate to direct the signal of light into a nanostructure. ...
In this paper all optical ultra compact 4:2 encoder is proposed and designed using two dimensional photonic crystals (PC). The proposed structure has silicon rods of refractive index 3.4 embedded in air host by creating line defects in hexagonal lattice platform. The analysis of the design is done for various experimental values of radius, lattice constant and pitch values using finite difference time domain (FDTD) and plane wave expansion (PWE) method of licensed OptiFDTD software tool. The structure is optimised to get maximum power confinement at the output of the two ports of the 4:2 encoder by inserting extra rods which interns acts like a resonator to couple the power to the two output waveguides. The structure is chosen in such a way that (\(\frac{a}{\lambda }\)) will fall around 1550 nm wavelength only and is good for long distance transmission application as it is having low attenuation constant and high contrast ratio. Further, the proposed 4:2 encoder is operated at 1550 nm and it provides a high contrast ratio of 9.25 dB, propagation delay 33.1 fs and foot print of the structure is 119.34 \(\mu\)m\(^2\). Hence it is highly advisable for photonic integrated circuits and optical signal processing.
... PhCs are artificial micro-structures with periodic refractive index arrangements. Since 1987, Yablonovitch and John respectively put forward the concept of PhCs [2,3], its characteristics are suitable for the design of optical devices, such as filters [4][5][6], encoders [7][8][9], switches [10,11], adders [12,13], beam splitters [14][15][16][17] and topological PhCs devices [18,19]. In the future optical information network, optical switching, optical computing and optical transmission are the keys to realizing optical signal processing, and the optical logic gate is the basic unit to realize these [20,21]. ...
An optical logic gate structure based on sunflower type six-fold quasi-periodic photonic crystal is proposed in this paper. The logic gate was based on a Sunflower six-fold quasi-periodic photonic crystals, and the logical state of the input port was controlled by Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) technology. Beams of different phases at each input port are set to logic 0 and 1, and the light beam generates interference inside the structure and is output from the output port, and the logical value of the output port is determined by the light intensity of the output port. The structure is simulated by COMSOL Multiphysics. The simulation results show that the structure can realize all the seven basic logic gates with a response time of 0.3 ps and an area of 197 µm². It is helpful to design more integrated devices and has a better development prospect in the field of optical information processing.
