Fig 1 - uploaded by Praful P. Pai
Content may be subject to copyright.
Block Diagram of PA Measurement Apparatus
Source publication
Near infra red photoacoustic measurements can be used to estimate blood glucose concentration in a noninvasive manner. A multi-wavelength photoacoustic measurement apparatus operating at 905 nm and 1550 nm is used to obtain measurements from glucose solutions with concentration in the physiological blood glucose range (0-500 mg/dl). Amplitude and a...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... schematic diagram of the apparatus constructed for mak- ing PA measurements is shown in Fig. 1. Two pulsed laser diode (PLD) modules (LS-Series, LaserComponents GmbH) operating at 905 nm and 1550 nm are used as optical excitation sources. The modules are controlled using a set of control circuits which provide a TTL compatible trigger signal with a pulse repetition frequency (PRF) of 100 Hz to regulate PLD output. The control ...
Similar publications
Consider a nonparametric regression model with one-sided errors and regression function in a general Hölder class. We estimate the regression function via minimization of the local integral of a polynomial approximation. We show uniform rates of convergence for the simple regression estimator as well as for a smooth version. These rates carry over...
The study examined revenue generation trend and perception of challenges facing it by forestry personnel in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Data for the study was generated through primary and secondary sources. Primary sources involved the use of questionnaire which was administered to all Forest Officers and Uniformed Field Staff in all the 31 Forest D...
In all sorts of regression problems it has become more and more important
to deal with high dimensional data with lots of potentially influential
covariates. A possible solution is to apply estimation methods that aim at
the detection of the relevant effect structure by using penalization methods.
In this work, the effect structure in the Cox frail...
In this work we present an “out-of-the-box” application of Machine Learning (ML) optimizers for an industrial optimization problem. We introduce a piecewise polynomial model (spline) for fitting of Ck-continuous functions, which can be deployed in a cam approximation setting. We then use the gradient descent optimization context provided by the mac...
In high dimensional sparse regression, pivotal estimators are estimators for which the optimal regularization parameter is independent of the noise level. The canonical pivotal estimator is the square-root Lasso, formulated along with its derivatives as a ``non-smooth + non-smooth'' optimization problem. Modern techniques to solve these include smo...
Citations
... Several researchers have suggested the regularized least square regression model for measurement [178]. Photoacoustic signals are used to determine the estimated value. ...
Diabetes is a long-term condition in which a person’s body cannot break down blood sugar adequately due to a shortage of insulin. The most crucial element of health care is continuously monitoring blood glucose (BG) levels. The main concern of effective glucose monitoring equipment is based on the blood-pricking technique. However, this may not be suggested for frequent glucose measurement. The paper presents various glucose-measuring technologies. The research discusses various non-invasive glucose measurement techniques and their management using advanced medical technologies. The configuration of the precise measuring device is essential to meet the blood glucose monitoring requirements that are not invasive systems. Non-invasive glucose monitoring devices solve the issue of frequently pricking patients for blood samples for clinical tests. For the goal of continuous health monitoring, a Smart Healthcare framework would be built on the Internet-of-Medical-Things (IoMT) and a Healthcare Cyber-Physical System (H-CPS) to estimate blood glucose. The study also discusses a few consumer devices and cutting-edge methods for measuring glucose. The paper also outlines the several difficulties and open challenges with glucose prediction.
... Moreover, to date, the synthetic impacts of several variables on the optoacoustic measurement of DM have not been systematically explored worldwide. Additionally, the research on optoacoustic measurement of blood glucose has mainly focused on the in vitro or in vivo quantitative measurement of BGV in recent years [39][40][41][42][43]. For the treatment and control of DM, precise qualitative classification and assessment of the severity is very important and necessary under the synthetic impacts of several variables. ...
A highly accurate classification of diabetes mellitus (DM) with the synthetic impacts of several variables is first studied via optoacoustic technology in this work. For this purpose, an optoacoustic measurement apparatus of blood glucose is built, and the optoacoustic signals and peak–peak values for 625 cases of in vitro rabbit blood are obtained. The results show that although the single impact of five variables are obtained, the precise classification of DM is limited because of the synthetic impacts. Based on clinical standards, different levels of blood glucose corresponding to hypoglycaemia, normal, slight diabetes, moderate diabetes and severe diabetes are employed. Then, a wavelet neural network (WNN) is utilized to establish a classification model of DM severity. The classification accuracy is 94.4 % for the testing blood samples. To enhance the classification accuracy, particle swarm optimization (PSO) and quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization (QPSO) are successively utilized to optimize WNN, and accuracy is enhanced to 98.4 % and 100 %, respectively. It is demonstrated from comparison between several algorithms that optoacoustic technology united with the QPSO-optimized WNN algorithm can achieve precise classification of DM with synthetic impacts.
... This study aims to introduce an effective, simple, portable, and safe method that reduces discomfort due to the measurement procedures. Measurements were made using a multi-wavelength photoacoustic measurement apparatus operating at 905 nm and 1,550 nm to obtain glucose workarounds with a concentration in the physiological range [30]. From the photoacoustic measurements, the amplitude and areabased features were used to determine the glucose concentration level. ...
Diabetes is becoming more prevalent over the world, with approximately 7.8 million new cases diagnosed each year. The most crucial aspect of diabetes therapy is frequent glucose monitoring; the one and only way diabetics can maintain healthy blood sugar standard is through diet and exercise. Blood glucose monitoring techniques have gone through massive transformations over the past few years. Non-invasive procedures outperform invasive and minimally invasive ones in terms of inconvenience, pain, and recovery time. Thus, this review aims to explore the latest tools for non-invasive glucose monitoring sensors and techniques. The study showed that non-invasive techniques such as optical and non-optical techniques are better than invasive techniques in terms of accuracy, reliability, repeatability, and ease of use. The study also uncovered that the photoacoustic spectroscopy and ultrasonic techniques have room for further development and advancement considering their flexible nature. The work also proved that the ultrasonic technique is the most promising approach, in conclusion.
... 2) Computation Models for glucose Estimation: The regression model of regularized least square is proposed by several researchers for measurement [173]. The estimated value is computed from photoacoustic signals. ...
Diabetes is a chronicle disease where the body of a human is irregular to dissolve the blood glucose properly. The diabetes is due to lack of insulin in human body. The continuous monitoring of blood glucose is main important aspect for health care. Most of the successful glucose monitoring devices is based on methodology of pricking of blood. However, such kind of approach may not be advisable for frequent measurement. The paper presents the extensive review of glucose measurement techniques. The paper covers various non-invasive glucose methods and its control with smart healthcare technology. To fulfill the imperatives for non-invasive blood glucose monitoring system, there is a need to configure an accurate measurement device. Noninvasive glucose-level monitoring device for clinical test overcomes the problem of frequent pricking for blood samples. There is requirement to develop the Internet-Medical-Things (IoMT) integrated Healthcare Cyber-Physical System (H-CPS) based Smart Healthcare framework for glucose measurement with purpose of continuous health monitoring. The paper also covers selective consumer products along with selected state of art glucose measurement approaches. The paper has also listed several challenges and open problems for glucose measurement.
