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In this paper, we quote a case of iteroparity in a female Ethmostigmus trigonopodus (Leach, 1817) raised in captivity ; after one mating, this female has done two fecond egg-laying : a first egg-laying giving birth to 22 juveniles, and a second egg-laying giving birth to 4 juveniles 147 days later. Other observations on gestation, incubation of egg...
Academia and industry share a collegial relationship. Academia produces graduates who are captivated by the industries in the end. The quality of research works from different Universities are too worthy to be taken by the industries and convert those highly engrossing research works into products and services. The academia and industry are like tw...
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... The black snook or robalo prieto (Alvarez-Lajonchère & Tsuzuki, 2008), Centropomus nigrescens (Günther, 1864), has been identified as a promising high-value commercial candidate for aquaculture diversification (Resley et al., 2014;Yanes-Roca et al., 2018). Efforts to develop and improve captive culture technologies for commercial-scale juvenile production have been studied with other centropomid snooks such as: C. ...
... undecimalis) in the Atlantic (Taylor et al., 2000;Yanes-Roca et al., 2009;Ibarra-Castro et al., 2011;Rhody et al., 2014Rhody et al., , 2015Passini et al., 2019), black snook (C. nigrescens) (Resley et al., 2014) and white snook (C. viridis) in the Pacific (Ibarra-Castro et al., 2017). ...
Snooks from the genus (Centropomus spp.) are an important fishery resource in the Americas and are a new species for marine aquaculture. Nevertheless, their production potential remains unknown. This study assessed the viability to grow-out Centropomus viridis juveniles raised in marine floating cages. At the nursery stage, 15,000 juveniles (0.8 ± 0.2 g) were stocked in one 235 m³ cage at a mean water temperature of 21 ± 3.4 °C. After 120 days, the juveniles reached an average weight of 43.6 ± 20.6 g. Subsequently, the juveniles were harvested and graded by weight to continue the grow-out process. Three groups were formed for the initial grow-out period: 30 g (G30); 40 g (G40); 60 g (G60). After a period of 270 days, the mean weights of G30, G40, and G60 were 522 ± 84, 565 ± 72, 600 ± 85 g, respectively. The average grow from the three groups showed 0.77 ± 0.18 g day⁻¹ when they were cultured at temperatures < 24 °C, while at temperatures > 26 °C the mean growth rate was 3.07 ± 0.76 g day⁻¹. Economic simulations, using sensitivity analyses showed that 10 USD/kg is the only final sale price that generates profitability with a production of 20 tons and survival of 60%. Our work suggests that the grow-out site should be located in an area with a tropical-subtropical latitude, in which water temperatures oscillate between 26 and 32 °C, and that 30 g juveniles should be used in order to improve survival during the rearing conditions in the initial grow-out stage. The results showed that C. viridis culture could be both technically and economically viable.
... undecimalis) in the Atlantic (Taylor et al., 2000;Yanes-Roca et al., 2009;Ibarra-Castro et al., 2011;Rhody et al., 2014Rhody et al., , 2015Passini et al., 2019), black snook (C. nigrescens) (Resley et al., 2014) and white snook (C. viridis) in the Pacific (Ibarra-Castro et al., 2017). ...
Snooks from the genus (Centropomus spp.) are an important fishery resource in the Americas and are a new species for marine aquaculture. Nevertheless, their production potential remains unknown. This study assessed the viability to grow-out Centropomus viridis juveniles raised in marine floating cages. At the nursery stage, 15,000 juveniles (0.8 ± 0.2 g) were stocked in one 235 m 3 cage at a mean water temperature of 21 ± 3.4 • C. After 120 days, the juveniles reached an average weight of 43.6 ± 20.6 g. Subsequently, the juveniles were harvested and graded by weight to continue the grow-out process. Three groups were formed for the initial grow-out period: 30 g (G30); 40 g (G40); 60 g (G60). After a period of 270 days, the mean weights of G30, G40, and G60 were 522 ± 84, 565 ± 72, 600 ± 85 g, respectively. The average grow from the three groups showed 0.77 ± 0.18 g day − 1 when they were cultured at temperatures < 24 • C, while at temperatures > 26 • C the mean growth rate was 3.07 ± 0.76 g day − 1. Economic simulations, using sensitivity analyses showed that 10 USD/kg is the only final sale price that generates profitability with a production of 20 tons and survival of 60%. Our work suggests that the grow-out site should be located in an area with a tropical-subtropical latitude, in which water temperatures oscillate between 26 and 32 • C, and that 30 g juveniles should be used in order to improve survival during the rearing conditions in the initial grow-out stage. The results showed that C. viridis culture could be both technically and economically viable.
... Because of their high commercial value, wild populations of both species have been overexploited (Arreguín-Sánchez & Arcos-Huitrón 2011; Puentes et al. 2014). For this reason, there has been an increasing interest in developing intensive cultivation technology for C. nigrescens and C. viridis in a closed-cycle system (Resley et al. 2014;Ibarra-Castro et al. 2017). ...
Historically, the taxonomic identification of the two snook species, Centropomus viridis and C. nigrescens, has been challenging due to their morphological similarity and the inconsistency of the characters used for diagnosis. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of the morphologic, meristic, and morphometric characters currently being used to identify C. viridis and C. nigrescens, based on molecular data. The results showed that the gas-bladder shape (i.e., C. viridis with diverticula and C. nigrescens without diverticula) was the only morphological character univocally related to genetic identification. Likewise, geometric morphometrics separated two groups; each corresponds to only one of two genetically (and gas bladder shape) identified species. Of all the meristic characters examined, only the second dorsal fin ray count (nine for C. viridis and ten for C. nigrescens) was related to the gas bladder shape and genetic identity; therefore, it is the only external character with a diagnostic utility to separate each species.
... high demand, size, and culinary value. Among the Centropomids, black snook are the latest species for which researchers have successfully closed the life cycle with the first spawns from captive broodstock reported in 1997 (Carvajal 1997) and 2014 (Resley et al. 2014). Despite advances in reproduction and spawning protocols, poor larval survival throughout early ontogeny remains a bottleneck for intensive aquaculture development. ...
... A total of 20 adult black snook (5-7 kg per fish) were obtained and transported from Costa Rica to Mote Aquaculture Research Park, Sarasota, FL, USA, as described in Resley et al. (2014). The fish were fed a fresh frozen diet consisting of thread herring and shrimp. ...
Black snook, Centropomus nigrescens, have been identified as a promising candidate for aquaculture although, like many of the Centropomid species, high mortality associated with early larval stages presents a significant bottleneck to their commercialization. The digestive capacity of black snook larvae throughout the first 37 d after hatch (d.a.h.) was evaluated by quantifying digestive enzyme activities using biochemical techniques. Results showed that black snook larvae have alkaline proteases at hatching, which are known to be important during the first days of feeding for digestion. Toward the end of the study, acid proteases concentration increased (37 d.a.h.). Enzymes for lipid digestion, pancreatic lipase and bile salt-activated lipase, were already present in the larvae before exogenous feeding commenced, and their activity increased with age and growth (length). Intracellular digestion, measured as the activity of leucine-alanine peptidase, was high early on (5 d.a.h.) and decreased as development progressed (next 32 d). In contrast, alkaline phosphatase activity was lowest at first feeding and subsequently increased with age. Overall patterns in enzyme activity suggest the possibility of live feed weaning before 32 d.a.h. if artificial diets can be properly balanced.
The bioeconomy offers an opportunity to implement a truly sustainable global economy based on biological resources, which, thanks to biotechnologies, become renewable. In this study, we conducted a bioeconomic analysis of the three most important species of sea snook in northern Sinaloa using fishery and mathematical models to support the selection of the species with the highest growth and feasibility. Our results showed a condition factor lower than 1 (K < 1) for the three species. The size condition factor was higher in younger organisms for the three snook species. The growth rates were K = 0.320, K = 0.160, and K = 0.440 for C. viridis, C. nigrescens, and C. medius, respectively. Individual growth was 1.8 g/day for C. viridis, 1.47 g/day for C. nigrescens, and 0.91 g/day for C. medius. The length-to-weight ratio indicated negative allometric growth (b = 2.82, b = 2.72, and b = 2.73, respectively) for C. viridis, C. nigrescens, and C. medius. The simulation for possible commercial cultivation reflected varied sizes: 600 g for C. viridis and C. nigrescens and 400 g for C. medius. The financial projection of C. viridis produced IRRs of 14% and 48% in captured fishing and aquaculture models, respectively, with positive NPV. However, simulations for C. nigrescens and C. medius were not economically viable. We conclude that, according to the aquaculture model, the most financially feasible species to farm in the north of Sinaloa is C. viridis, which showed the highest growth based on fishery data compared to those for C. nigrescens and C. medius.
The bioeconomy offers an opportunity to implement a truly sustainable global economy based on biological resources, which, thanks to biotechnologies, become renewable. In this study, we conducted a bioeconomic analysis of the three most important species of sea snook in northern Sinaloa using fishery and mathematical models to support the selection of the species with the highest growth and feasibility. Our results showed a condition factor lower than 1 (K < 1) for the three species. The size condition factor was higher in younger organisms for the three snook species. The growth rates were K = 0.320, K = 0.160, and K = 0.440 for C. viridis, C. nigrescens, and C. medius, respectively. Individual growth was 1.8 g/day for C. viridis, 1.47 g/day for C. nigrescens, and 0.91 g/day for C. medius. The length-to-weight ratio indicated negative allometric growth (b = 2.82, b = 2.72, and b = 2.73, respectively) for C. viridis, C. nigrescens, and C. medius. The simulation for possible commercial cultivation reflected varied sizes: 600 g for C. viridis and C. nigrescens and 400 g for C. medius. The financial projection of C. viridis produced IRRs of 14% and 48% in captured fishing and aquaculture models, respectively, with positive NPV. However, simulations for C. nigrescens and C. medius were not economically viable. We conclude that, according to the aquaculture model, the most financially feasible species to farm in the north of Sinaloa is C. viridis, which showed the highest growth based on fishery data compared to those for C. nigrescens and C. medius.
