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Black ash basket. Black ash baskets take many shapes and forms, from sturdy pack baskets to decorative, fancy baskets. Other baskets mix utility with decoration. In Maine potato baskets are common, including this basket by Richard Silliboy of the Houlton Band of Micmacs.
Source publication
Black ash ( Fraxinus nigra Marsh.) plays a central role in several Native American teachings (including a Wabanaki creation story) and has long been used for basketry, yet relatively little is known about the species' ecology. The recent and ongoing invasion of emerald ash borer ( Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire), an invasive beetle killing millions...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... a suitable basket- quality tree is identified and felled, the trunk is "pounded" to separate the annual growth rings, thus creating thin splints that can be manually smoothed and gauged. Different wood qualities may be sought for different types of baskets, from sturdy pack baskets or potato baskets (Figure 1) to delicate, decora- tive fancy baskets. As a result, each harvester will vary in his or her selection of the "ideal" tree. ...
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Citations
... Despite the risk of biological and chemical controls to these rights, such as pesticide contamination of water bodies or non-target impacts of introduced biological control agents on native wildlife, there has been little historical consent or consultation regarding their adoption. Keeping in mind our first theme, Overcoming barriers to knowledge sharing, the focus on smaller-scale, tailored approaches must be balanced with coordinated responses at larger scales, since invaders do not respect community boundaries (Hulme et al., 2009) Our literature review of 490 articles, reviews, and reports identified only five documents (Siegert et al., 2014;Alexander et al., 2017;Costanza et al., 2017;Cobb, 2019;McCullough, 2020) mentioning the involvement of Indigenous Peoples in invasive species management. In contrast, when it has been sought out, Indigenous knowledge has been crucial for developing management plans for devastating invaders like Emerald Ash Borer, where historical distributional information was gathered for culturally important black ash trees (Fraxinus nigra, Benedict and David, 2004;Costanza et al., 2017;Siegert et al., 2023). ...
... Keeping in mind our first theme, Overcoming barriers to knowledge sharing, the focus on smaller-scale, tailored approaches must be balanced with coordinated responses at larger scales, since invaders do not respect community boundaries (Hulme et al., 2009) Our literature review of 490 articles, reviews, and reports identified only five documents (Siegert et al., 2014;Alexander et al., 2017;Costanza et al., 2017;Cobb, 2019;McCullough, 2020) mentioning the involvement of Indigenous Peoples in invasive species management. In contrast, when it has been sought out, Indigenous knowledge has been crucial for developing management plans for devastating invaders like Emerald Ash Borer, where historical distributional information was gathered for culturally important black ash trees (Fraxinus nigra, Benedict and David, 2004;Costanza et al., 2017;Siegert et al., 2023). ...
... Species restoration includes reintroductions of threatened but ecologically or culturally important keystone species (Costanza et al. 2017 ), including Picea rubens (Sarg.), Castanea dentata ((Marsh.) ...
Tree planting is increasingly being adopted as a strategy to address global change, including mitigation, adaptation, and restoration. Although reforestation has long been central to forest management, the desired outcomes of traditional and emerging tree-planting strategies face barriers linked to a lack of ecological diversity in forest nurseries. In the present article, we outline how insufficient diversity in nursery seedlings among species, genotypes, and stock types has impeded and will continue to hinder the implementation of diverse ecological or climate-suitable planting targets, now and into the future. To support this, we demonstrate disparities in seedling diversity among nursery inventories, focusing on the northern United States. To overcome these challenges, we recommend avenues for improving policy and financing, informational resources and training, and research and monitoring. Absent these advances, current seedling production and practices will fall short of ambitious tree-planting goals proposed for forest restoration and global change mitigation and adaptation.
... For millennia, humans have had a close relationship with trees, holding sacred the food, shelter, transportation, medicine, and other values and products they provide (Costanza et al. 2017;Johnson et al. 2021;Östlund et al. 2020;Spry et al. 2020;Towner and Renteria 2022;Turner et al. 2009;Uprety and Asselin 2023;Uprety et al. 2013). This relationship is affected by the establishment of non-indigenous insects and pathogens (NIIP), which can lead to tree declines, mortality events or extirpation of species, threatening the important cultural values, traditional practices, and contemporary uses of trees across the globe (Pfeiffer and Voeks 2008). ...
... For example, American chestnut was a key dietary staple, source of medicines and wood, and component of trade for many Tribal Nations in eastern North America, including the Haudenosaunee, Wampanoag, Siouan, Powhatan, Mohican, Wabanaki, and Cherokee (Baumflek et al. 2021;Tulowiecki and Larsen 2015). Similarly, black ash, a species now threatened by the introduced emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis), is of critical importance to traditions and lifeways of Tribal Nations in northeastern North America (Costanza et al. 2017;Siegert et al. 2023), whereas western red cedar (Thuja plicata) represents the cornerstone of Pacific Northwestern Indigenous culture (Zahn et al. 2018). Beyond material benefits, black ash and many other species threatened by NIIP are central to oral traditions, ceremonies, and legends, increasing the magnitude of species loss on cultural identities with impacts far exceeding those measured by ecological or economic criteria. ...
Non-Indigenous insects and pathogens (NIIP) have functionally eliminated numerous tree species of immeasurable cultural and ecological significance over the past century, with the number of species introductions and associated impacts growing each year. Foresters are often on the frontlines of these impacts, tasked with quickly adapting management plans to recover potential economic losses and maintain future silvicultural options following tree species loss. We highlight that the irreplaceable cultural and ecological values provided by many tree species argues for renewed focus on applying integrated pest management and adaptive strategies in novel ways to sustain these values for future generations. To guide these efforts, we describe a framework for adapting to NIIP centered on three interrelated components: preservation value, preservation approach, and preservation strategy. This framework and emerging species preservation efforts provide an alternative path forward to sustain threatened species and their associated values in an era of increasing change.
Study Implications: The impact of non-indigenous insects and pathogens (NIIP) is one of the greatest challenges facing the long-term stewardship of forests in North America. Species preservation efforts that apply integrated pest management and adaptive strategies to maintain species in the face of NIIP are increasingly needed in foresters’ toolboxes to address these novel threats. Identifying the preservation values (ethical responsibility, cultural integrity, ecological function, genetic conservation) tied to a species preservation effort will help guide how preservation approaches and strategies are applied at stand and landscape scales to sustain species and associated cultural and ecological values into the future.
... The introduction of nonindigenous insects and pathogens (NIIP) threaten many tree species around the globe (Ramsfield et al. 2016), often resulting in losses of timber, alterations in ecological, biological, and habitat functions, and significant consequences for the important traditional uses and values these trees provide to Indigenous peoples and other cultures (Costanza et al. 2017;Turner et al. 2009). In North America, NIIP have affected dozens of tree species (Lovett et al. 2016); they have led to the functional extirpation of American chestnut (Castanea dentata), steep declines in American elm (Ulmus americana), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), and now threaten all ash (Fraxinus) species. ...
... Beyond the commercial value of ash timber, ecological value of ash in forested habitats, and the associated costs of treatment, removal, or replacement of ash in urban and residential settings, is the wide array of significant cultural values that ash trees provide to Indigenous cultures as an important cultural keystone species (Benedict and David 2000; Garibaldi and Turner 2004;Siegert et al. 2023). Black ash (Fraxinus nigra), also known as brown ash, basket ash, and swamp ash, has a long history of being used in Tribal lifeways, ceremonies, medicines, oral traditions, and legends (Costanza et al. 2017;Diamond and Emery 2011), and is particularly vulnerable to EAB infestation (Siegert et al. 2023) (figure 1). ...
The introduced emerald ash borer (EAB) represents the costliest invasive forest insect in US history, causing significant mortality of ash species across much of eastern North America as well as in Colorado and Oregon. Few surviving overstory ash trees exist in areas first invaded by EAB, such as the Lake States region; however, forests with healthy, mature ash remain in recently invaded regions, such as the northeastern United States. Given the importance of ash to cultural lifeways of Indigenous peoples and the ecology and economies of working forest lands, there is growing interest in applying protection measures to maintain ash in forested settings. We further develop our call for species preservation by presenting Indigenous and Western science case studies of ongoing efforts to mitigate the impacts of EAB, illustrating specific applications of these strategies for meeting different preservation goals in lowland and northern hardwood forests in northeastern North America.
Study Implications: The introduced emerald ash borer (EAB) threatens to functionally eliminate ash species from large portions of the United States. Although the impacts of EAB are now widespread in many areas, portions of the United States, such as the Northeast, still contain forests with healthy, mature ash. This presents a unique opportunity to apply the integrated pest management strategies and knowledge gained from other invaded regions to preserve the cultural and ecological values provided by ash in the forest. Multistakeholder partnerships built around preserving the cultural and ecological values of ash have provided a powerful approach for sustaining ash into the future.
... Likewise, a growing body of literature directly addresses most of the 'outstanding questions' posed by Sax et al. and does so within discipline-appropriate theories (e.g., [5][6][7][8][9][10]). This literature demonstrates that impacts of non-native and/or invasive populations can vary based on (for example) geographical location [7], time since establishment in the novel range [8,9], and according to the values held by individuals [7,10]. ...
... Likewise, a growing body of literature directly addresses most of the 'outstanding questions' posed by Sax et al. and does so within discipline-appropriate theories (e.g., [5][6][7][8][9][10]). This literature demonstrates that impacts of non-native and/or invasive populations can vary based on (for example) geographical location [7], time since establishment in the novel range [8,9], and according to the values held by individuals [7,10]. While more research into such questions can advance understanding, it is pertinent to acknowledge progress when critiquing a field. ...
... Further, Sax et al. ascribe motives to invasion scientists, suggesting that they are driven by a dualistic 'nativist' ethical foundation. Looking past the issue of leveling such broad-brush claims, we note that the motivations driving invasion science go well beyond concern for native species and biodiversity to include economic damage to agriculture and industry, reduced ecosystem services, and loss of cultural history and traditions [7,10]. By failing to consider the full scope of invasion science, Sax et al. appear to diminish the contributions of cultural and social perspectives on the negative impacts of non-native and invasive species to the role of a conservation ethic. ...
... Emerald ash borers' selective elimination of these species alters forest structure and composition (Abella et al. 2019;Lovett et al. 2016;Siegert, Engelken, and McCullough 2021); disrupts carbon, water, and nutrient cycles Van Grinsven et al. 2017;; and likely undermines ecosystem services provisioning, including timber production, carbon storage, recreation, and habitat (Boyd et al. 2013;Peltzer et al. 2010). The Fraxinus nigra species specifically holds cultural significance to the indigenous people of North America, particularly as a source of basket-weaving materials (Costanza et al. 2017). ...
Forester and logger responses to the invasive emerald ash borer (EAB) could substantially affect regions across the United States. We analyzed forester and logger responses to EAB in Massachusetts and Vermont, exploring characteristics associated with purposeful targeting of substantial ash properties; managing forests differently because of EAB; and regeneration goals. One-third of respondents increased timber sales on ash properties, motivated by ecological, not economic, impacts of EAB. Nearly 60% said EAB changed their management activity in stands with ash; changes influenced by the ecological impact of EAB and not economic factors. Those influenced by EAB’s ecological impact to choose properties with substantial ash were more likely to have increased harvest area size, sawtimber removal, and harvest intensity. Loggers were more likely than foresters to remove small-diameter ash and low-grade trees. Both rated regenerating economically valuable species well adapted to the site as their highest essential priority.
... Facing the loss of black ash and its foundational role in local ecosystem function, researchers and managers are investigating methods to mitigate the impact of EAB on black ash wetlands via diversification of stand composition (Looney et al., 2015;Costanza et al., 2017). Diversification efforts may require planting in black ash wetlands where natural regeneration of non-ash species is limited post-EAB (Windmuller-Campione et al., 2020;Palik et al., 2021a). ...
Within black ash (Fraxinus nigra Marshall) wetlands, black ash acts as a foundational species, resulting in high vulnerability to the invasive emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). One mitigation strategy being considered is the planting of alternative tree species to increase compositional diversity, however, there is limited understanding of how replacement tree species tolerate flooding. A greenhouse experiment was used to explore early survival and growth of eighteen tree species in response to five flooding durations (3, 6, 9, 12, or 15 weeks). Seedlings were assigned to flood tolerance groups according to their responses to the various flooding duration treatments. Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich., Ulmus americana L., and Betula nigra L. were able to survive and grow with flooding durations of up to 15 weeks. Thuja occidentalis L., Acer rubrum L., Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch, Quercus bicolor Willd., and Betula alleghaniensis Britton had high survival and growth rates with flooding durations up to 6 weeks in length. Finally, Juglans nigra L. and Acer saccharum Marshall responded poorly to flooding of any duration. These results can assist managers in matching potential black ash replacement species to the hydrology of their local black ash wetlands.
... An important anatomical feature of basket-grade black ashes is the thickness of their annual growth ring, which is directly linked to water level fluctuations. Indeed, standing water during the spring has a positive impact on black ash ring growth, but standing water throughout the growing season or no standing water leads to narrow rings (Benedict & Frelich, 2008;Costanza et al., 2017). Black ash growing on sites with seasonal flooding seems to yield trees with thicker rings, but very wet years can cause trees to suddenly restrict growth for a certain period (Michael Benedict, pers. ...
This report provides a complete description of each PI developed for the Lake Champlain-Richelieu River Study (LCRR Study). After a brief overview of PI selection and development methodology, the description of each PI is provided as an information sheet which can be used as a standalone document. Each sheet underlines the relevance of the PI, explains how it reflects the impacts of water level variations on a particular component and describes the mathematical response functions that were developed to quantify those impacts.
PIs provide measurable values expressing the link between water level or discharge and a given interest or resource. Through carefully elaborated response functions, these metrics quantify the impacts on social, economic, environmental and Indigenous interests of each flood mitigation alternative. The PIs are the foundation of the Study Board recommendations regarding the selection of structural flood mitigation alternatives, especially to evaluate how they are economically viable, equitable and environmentally sound.
Report structure
This report is organised in two sections. The first section presents the general methodology for developing the PIs included in this study. It describes the spatial and temporal component of this study, the different steps carried out to select and develop the 29 PIs included in this report and the major components of the ISEE system. The second section is the core of this report and describes the methodology of each selected PI. The description of each PI is provided in an information sheet format and is meant as a stand-alone document. PIs that cover the same economic sector have many characteristics in common and were thus grouped in the same information sheet. Each sheet underlines the relevance of the PI, explains how it is impacted by water level variations and describes the associated response functions that were developed to quantify those impacts.
... With respect to contemporary efforts to restore degraded culturally and ecologically important keystone tree species (e. g., American Chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.)) that play a foundational role in maintaining ecological functioning or cultural traditions to forested landscapes (see Costanza et al. (2017)), rapidly shifting climate regimes may confound already challenging restoration targets beyond the bounds of historic conditions. Therefore, efforts are needed to assess the role of restoration strategies for keystone tree species within a climate adaptation framework, principally through assisted migration trials. ...
Species ranges are forecast to change in response to warming temperatures and altered precipitation patterns, yet tree migration rates fail to track the pace of climate change. In anticipation of these changes, various forest adaptation management strategies have been broadly proposed, including intentionally modifying species composition via assisted migration of future climate adapted species. Despite the potential utility of these adaptation measures, practical evaluations are limited, particularly those applied to meet other ecological objectives such as supporting vulnerable, underrepresented, or degraded populations of foundational species. In this study, we examined the 4-year seedling survival and morpho-physiological response of American chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.; n = 959 seeds sown), a functionally extirpated species. American chestnuts were grown within sixteen replicated 0.1 and 0.4 ha harvest gaps as part of a 160 ha co-developed (manager-scientist designed), operational-scale silvicultural trial (conditions of sufficient scope to be representative of commercial forest operations) in a northern-hardwood forest in the northeastern US. Chestnut restoration and migration potential (e.g., survival, absolute and relative growth rates, photosynthetic capacity) was assessed against the biophysical controls exerted on seedlings (e.g., understory competition, injury associated with browse and extreme cold winter temperatures) and in comparison to seedlings planted from eight other tree species (n = 480 planted per species) identified for assisted migration. Our results show the performance of American chestnut seedlings is controlled by the strength of local competition (odds of survival increased 2.6 times between four understory competition classes, p < 0.001) and cumulative winter shoot injury (relative growth in aboveground biomass adjusted for injury R2 = -0.85, p < 0.001) associated with cold intolerance likely linked to northward movement of chestnut seedlings transferred outside of their parental range. Still, the combined survival-growth response for American chestnuts ranked among the highest (2nd out of 6 possible rankings) relative to the other species tested, and even outperformed other comparable assisted migration species introduced from outside of their parental range. The implications of these findings highlight the potential for American chestnut plantings to be incorporated within both restoration and broader climate adaptation frameworks. Despite these promising outcomes, important biophysical (e.g., vegetative competition, harvest treatment, and variability in insulative snowpack) and climatic barriers for the reestablishment of this species remain. Given the paucity of reproductively viable American chestnuts or disease resistant breeding programs along northern range limits, this may generate a reliance on plant material obtained from outside of historically recognized safe transfer distances; however, increasingly shifting climate and species ranges may lead to better climate matches in the long term. Nevertheless, the broader applicability of this work illustrates the potential for cultural and ecological keystone species restoration efforts to be incorporated within climate adaptation frameworks to assist in the establishment of compositionally diverse and future climate-adapted forests.
... Similar to Carroll's (2015) findings with the Cherokee Nation, respectfully engaging Tribal plant gatherers, Cherokee language speakers, and other community members begins a process that can ultimately lead to novel participatory approaches to collaboration and governance. Traditional knowledge and uses are not always easily shared or explained, and field days and gatherer groups can gradually bring these out (Costanza et al. 2017). Opportunities for further engagement are a priority for the future, and it has taken several years of collaboration and trust building around culturally significant plants to get to a point where deeper community engagement is welcome and appropriate. ...
The Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (EBCI), and the USDA Forest Service are engaged in integrated research and action to manage forests for culturally significant plants within portions of traditional Cherokee homelands. The effort seeks to support EBCI arts, food sovereignty, and cultural practices while promoting coordinated forest stewardship guided by Cherokee knowledge. The focus area includes the Qualla Boundary (EBCI tribal lands); the Pisgah, Nantahala, and Cherokee National Forests; and the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Examination of synergistic efforts to date suggests an emerging platform for access, sustainable harvesting and improved ecological conditions. Here, a platform is conceived of as long-term institutionalized collaboration across policies, practices, and governance at different scales. Building on approaches to adaptive collaborative management with Indigenous peoples at the landscape level indicates that key features of platform building in this context include responding to Indigenous priorities, fostering cross-boundary relationships, community engagement, and co-producing knowledge.
