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Bit rate as a function of time, averaged over a 3-frame group of pictures and a 192-frame sliding window.
Source publication
Current generation, large-scale, Internet protocol television (IPTV) systems borrow heavily from the broadcast industry, which
makes a number of delivery assumptions that do not apply to IP networks. Consequently we can perceive major improvements if
we better match the delivery of IPTV services with the underlying network transport. We can expect...
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Citations
The Internet Protocol-based television (IPTV) uses digital TV technology and transmits TV and video contents over IP-based networks, where customers can have more choices in watching TV programs and interacting with it. In this chapter, different challenges and solutions proposed for IPTV are studied. We present an introduction to IPTV, its features, its applications, network factors for deploying IPTV, and an overview to IPTV networking infrastructure. Moreover, we study different factors in video coding that have an effect on optimizing the bandwidth and are robust against impairments. In addition, different challenges in IPTV over optical and wireless networks are reviewed. Besides, we study different solutions to improve VoD services. These methods use NVoD and TVoD to improve unicast services. We also study the methods that use features of networks and videos to improve multicasting services in IPTV. Finally, we discuss the methods to improve QoS in DSL and wireless networks.
In a passive optical network (PON), the optical line terminal (OLT) is a bottleneck and congestion prone. Although bit error rate (BER) is ignorable in a PON, but PON may suffer from congestion problem that causes packet loss. Our problem is to reduce packet loss due to congestion. In this paper, two novel frameworks are proposed based on the Digital-Fountain (DF) forward error correction (FEC) with erasure coding approach at IP layer combined with Weighted Round Robin (WRR) and multicast property of PONs in order to achieve efficient video multicasting over PON. The first framework is called Digital-Fountain (DF) Forward Error Correction (FEC) with erasure coding Congestion control (DFC). The second framework is based on the nature of video coding and intelligent packet drop mechanism (called Intelligent Packet Drop with Digital Fountain Correction (IDFC)) to overcome packet-loss due to congestion in the OLT. In DFC, an IPTV service provider uses the DF coding and generates redundant packets from regular IPTV packets in such a way that an optical network unit (ONU) can recover lost packets from received packets, thus resulting in a better video quality. In IDFC, we use the nature of video coding to maintain video quality under congestion. In video coding by a codec, several types of frames can be produced. These types of frames are different based on their scale of information, and therefore, they have different importances. Under congestion state, our DFC and IDFC first drop packets with less importance. Simulation results show that using the proposed frameworks, an ONU can recover lost packets and achieve better video quality under different traffic loads.
This article discusses a framework for model-based, context-dependent video coding based on exploitation of characteristics of the human visual system. The system utilizes variable-quality coding based on priority maps which are created using mostly context-dependent rules. The technique is demonstrated through two case studies of specific video context, namely open signed content and football sequences. Eye-tracking analysis is employed for identifying the characteristics of each context, which are subsequently exploited for coding purposes, either directly or through a gaze prediction model. The framework is shown to achieve a considerable improvement in coding efficiency.
