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The high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is one of the major drawbacks of the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems that make non-linear distortion in practical implementation of high power amplifier (HPA). In this study, the performance of discrete Hartley matrix transform (DHMT) in precoding based OFDM system is analyzed to...
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... the DHMT has the lowest PAPR and in CCDF = 10 −3 with DHMT the PAPR gain 1.5 dB is achieved. Furthermore, the results shown in Figs. 4 and 5 indicate that two precoding methods DCMT and VLMT have the same effect in PAPR reduction. This reduction of the PAPR can be achieved without degrading the bit error rate (BER) performance as displayed in Fig. 6. In that simulation, the AWGN channel is assumed and the SNR varies from −5 dB to 10 ...
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In wireless telecommunication, one of the modulation approaches used is the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). Moreover, the high peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR) is the one notorious demerit in OFDM systems. Hence, the high power amplifier (HPA) is used in its linear region. Otherwise, the bit error rate (BER) will be increased....
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The orthogonal frequency‐division multiplexing (OFDM) is a multicarrier modulation system that is used to transmit the large volume of data to the receiver. Reducing the peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR) in OFDM system is one of the demanding and crucial task in recent days. For this reason, various precoding and companding mechanisms are develope...
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... The PAPR reduction methods based on precoding commonly request for a straightforward linear computation that may be carried out without the need for additional side information. The precoding methods don't need to transmit side information to the receiver [36][37][38]. Before the IFFT operation, each modulated symbol block will be multiplied by a precoder matrix for the precoding approach as illustrate in Figure 2. ...
One of the potential technologies for a future wireless network is filtered-OFDM (F-OFDM). The capacity to handle numerous asynchronous sub-band transmissions is necessary in order to accommodate the diversity of services. However, multicarrier transmission systems with multiple subcarriers transmit signals with high Peak-to-Average Power Ratios (PAPR). The high PAPR value, which results in performance degradation and high-power consumption as a consequence of various distortions, therefore constitutes a significant challenge with the F-OFDM system. In order to obtain improved PAPR reduction, the Cluster Scrambling Codeword (CSC) method and its hybrid precoding approach are developed in this paper, which aims to add to this expanding field of research. This novel concept of the bit-data sequence shifting approach can reduce PAPR more effectively than the traditional scheme. In comparison with the conventional F-OFDM system, the simulation results indicate that the hybrid codeword shifting methodology, CSC+CVMT, achieves a 53.84% PAPR improvement at 4.2dB.
... Peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is a common indicator in the feld of communication technology, used to describe the dynamic variation range of the signal envelope as the ratio of the peak power to the average power of a timedomain signal [49]. Tis value can be used as one of the indicators to measure the stability of the communication system. ...
Cell phone call operations during driving can lead to distraction and cause potential safety hazards. In order to quantitatively characterize the influence of cell phone call mode on the driver’s visual behavior in different traffic conditions and to analyze the risk level of distracted driving from the visual level, a distracted driving simulation test was carried out based on a driving simulator and eye tracker. The eye movement data of drivers during normal driving, hands-free call, and video call under two typical traffic conditions of free flow and congested flow on the urban expressway were collected. Firstly, four visual characteristics indicators that were highly sensitive to traffic conditions and driving states were selected in terms of visual field range, visual recognition, visual search, and visual load, which were the information entropy of fixation area (IEFA), saccade amplitude, peak-to-average ratio of saccade velocity (PARSV), and relative change intensity of pupil area (RCPA). Then, based on the improved CRITIC method, the visual stability coefficient (VSC) was constructed as a new indicator to comprehensively assess the risk level of the driving state, and the assessment criteria were divided. Finally, the grey correlation analysis method was introduced to verify the assessment effect of VSC. The results show that different cell phone call modes increased driving risk in both traffic conditions. Among them, the negative influence of video calls on driving safety was significantly higher than that of hands-free calls, with a significant decrease in VSC, and the drivers’ VSC in the free flow scenario was more sensitive to the impact of cell phone call operation, and the driving risk increased significantly during distracted driving. The VSC can quantitatively assess driving risk from the perspective of visual psychological safety and contributes to the development of corresponding early warning and control measures.
... These techniques usually manipulate the transmitted OFDM signal. Different PAPR reduction approaches have been investigated so far such as clipping and filtering [4], block coding [5], nonlinear companding [6], TR (tone reservation) and TI (tone injection) [7], partial transmit sequence (PTS) [8,9], selective mapping (SLM) [10], compressive sensing [11,12], precoding [13] and postcoding [14]. The comprehensive studies of PAPR reduction techniques have also reviewed in [15] and [16]. ...
... For the correct detection of original data symbols, the SLM and PTS techniques transmit the side information which worsens the bandwidth efficiency. In the precoding, a suitable matrix is applied to the constellation symbols as a precoder, and then the IFFT is performed [13]. In the post-coding approach, after IFFT operation, an appropriate matrix is applied to the time-domain OFDM signals to reduce the high PAPR [14]. ...
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has been investigated for the high-speed transmission of data in radio frequency and optical wireless communications. The OFDM systems usually experience high amplitude variations called peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). The high PAPR makes non-linear distortion and performance degradation because of clipping the signal. To alleviate the high PAPR, we introduce a new technique based on the compressive sensing approach. In the offered method, the OFDM signal is compressed in the time domain and then transmitted. At the receiver, a G-LASSO (group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) recovery algorithm is applied to reconstruct the original signal. The reconstruction accuracy of the suggested G-LASSO algorithm is compared with the original LASSO algorithm. Numerical results indicate the effectiveness of the offered approach in terms of PAPR reduction and bit error rate performance.
... Each element of the DHT matrix B in the m-th row and n-th column is defined as follows [57]: ...
Peak-to-average power ratio reduction techniques for visible light communication broadcasting systems are designed, simulated, and evaluated in this work. The proposed techniques are based on merging non-linear companding techniques with precoding techniques. This work aims to nominate an optimum novel scheme combining the low peak-to-average power ratio with the acceptable bit error rate performance. Asymmetrically clipped optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with the low peak-to-average power ratio performance becomes more attractive to real-life visible light communication applications due to non-linearity elimination. The proposed schemes are compared and an optimum choice is nominated. Comparing the presented work and related literature reviews for peak-to-average power ratio reduction techniques are held to ensure the proposed schemes validity and effectiveness.
... Each element of the DHT matrix B in the m-th row and n-th column is defined as follows [57]: ...
Peak-to-average power ratio reduction techniques for visible light communication broadcasting systems are designed, simulated, and evaluated in this work. The proposed techniques are based on merging non-linear companding techniques with precoding techniques. This work aims to nominate an optimum novel scheme combining the low peak-to-average power ratio with the acceptable bit error rate performance. Asymmetrically clipped optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with the low peak-to-average power ratio performance becomes more attractive to real-life visible light communication applications due to non-linearity elimination. The proposed schemes are compared and an optimum choice is nominated. Comparing the presented work and related literature reviews for peak-to-average power ratio reduction techniques are held to ensure the proposed schemes validity and effectiveness.
... In the transmitter end, if the OFDM signal travelled via a nonlinear HPA (HPA), the OFDM signal will be clipped because of the high PAPR. The high PAPR lowers the operating point of HPAs to amplify such signals without introducing nonlinear distortion; therefore, the efficiency of HPAs will be reduced [8]. The requirement of both Digital-to-Analog converter (DAC) with high complexity and the HPA with an extremely wide dynamic range has arisen when the OFDM signals are affected by high PAPR. ...
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is considered as one of the most significant transmission methodologies of the recent past. Moreover, it permits easy demodulation and modulation. To find the new OFDM-based waveform to be used in fifth generation which is one of the foremost open issues for wireless networks of the next generation. In addition, the OFDM is affected by the maximum Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR). In order to minimize these problems, this paper proposed a Twin Symbol Hybrid Optimization used as a basis of the Partial Transmit Sequence (TSHO-PTS) method of Cyclic Prefix-OFDM (CP-OFDM). This CP-OFDM achieves the requirements of 5G telecommunication standards. Moreover, the exhaustive searching for optimal phase factors might increase the computational cost of PTS. To beat this problem, a hybrid version of slap swarm optimization (SSO) and Bald Eagle Search (BES) algorithm is introduced to investigate the phase factor optimally by the PTS method. Digital chaotic sequences are used to ensure the physical layer security during the data transmission scheme for the Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM (DFT-S-OFDM) subcarrier allocation. The simulation takes place in the MATLAB platform, and the performances are evaluated by several performance metrics like Complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF), Bit Error Rate (BER), and computational complexity. The performance of the proposed model is compared with various existing approaches and previous works. From the implemented results, the proposed strategy achieved less (5 dB) PAPR, minimum (10–8) BER, less processing time (0.18 s) than the existing schemes, and hence the complexity also very low (7%) than others.
... But unfortunately, the computational complexity needs to be sacrificed due to the additional multiplication process. Some of the predefined matrices that have been used in precoding based OFDM signals including Walsh-Hadamard matrix transform (WHMT), discrete cosine matrix transform (DCMT) [16], discrete Hartley matrix transform (DHMT) [17] and Vandermonde-like matrix transform (VLMT) [18]. ...
... DHMT is a linear transform in which each element of the precoder matrix having th row and th column is defined as follow [17] ...
... It also not deals with any kind of loss of the information. In [3], precoding method is suggested which is based on discrete hartley matrix transform (DHMT) so that the PAPR can be reduced. The assessment of proposed method is done with vandermonde like matrix transform (VLMT), walsh hadamard matrix transform (WHMT), discrete cosine matrix transform (DCMT) and OFDM system. ...
The orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is the most encouraging multi-carrier modulation system chosen for the high data rates but the objective is to resolve intrinsic common issue of peak to average power ratio (PAPR). The projected algorithm is illustrated in this research study which is established upon selected mapping (SLM) with pseudo-random sequence under time domain μ law companding of signal. Besides the significant competitive characteristics of conventional SLM algorithm (ConvenSLM-Algo) (Mestdagh et al. in Electron Lett 32(22):2056–2057, 1996. https://doi.org/10.1049/el:19961384), it undergoes the tedious complexity in generation of phase sequence and for the recovery of sequence, side information is mandatory. The key concern, thus, to eliminate the tedious problem of designing of phase sequence along with the aim of reducing the fluctuation of signal with high PAPR. Henceforth, in the projected algorithm (Projected-Algo) a noteworthy strategy has been investigated and followed for the designing of phase sequence which is very easy and for the recovery of information at receiver, side information of index of column of phase sequences can be used because of straightforwardness in its establishment. Hence, we demonstrate the effective overall excellent performance of Projected-Algo along with analysis and also comparative study of Projected-Algo outperforms the conventional OFDM system (unchanged), ConvenSLM-Algo [16], SLM with new pseudo random phase sequences (ModSLM-Algo) given in literature (Ali et al. in Canadian conference on electrical and computer engineering, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/CCECE.2018.8447835).
... These approaches include some manipulations of the OFDM signal before transmission. There are several PAPR reduction techniques for OFDM signals such as clipping and filtering, non-linear companding, tone reservation (TR) and tone injection (TI), selective mapping (SLM) [1], [2], partial transmit sequence (PTS), [3], precoding [4], and compressive sensing (CS) based PAPR reduction approaches [5], [6], and [7]. ...
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has been proposed to achieve high data rate transmission in wireless communications. The OFDM system usually suffers from the high envelope fluctuations called peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). The high PAPR causes a signal clipping distortion, and consequently, the performance is degraded. To mitigate the PAPR, we introduce a new PAPR reduction approach using a compressive sensing approach at the transmitter side and an orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) reconstruction algorithm at the receiver end. Numerical results show the significant reduction of the PAPR compared with the traditional OFDM system without degrading the bit error rate performance.
... Several PAPR reduction techniques have investigated for original and optical OFDM systems in wireless communications [7,8]. These techniques include clipping and filtering [9], companding [10], precoding [11], tone reservation and tone injection [12], selected mapping (SLM) [13], and partial transmit sequence (PTS) [14,15]. Clipping technique reduces the PAPR by clipping the OFDM signal to a predefined level. ...
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a practical approach for indoor optical communications because of its high rate data transmission and high power efficiency. The high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is the main problem of optical OFDM signals which, degrades the system performance due to the LED nonlinearity. Partial transmit sequence (PTS) is the most popular PAPR reduction technique because of its distortionless characteristics and high performance. But, PTS has a high computational complexity, because it requires an exhaustive search to obtain the optimal phase factors. To reduce the search complexity of the PTS, we introduce a new swarm intelligence algorithm, called improved flower pollination (IFP) algorithm. The IFP algorithm is a novel optimization technique derived from the pollination behavior of flowers. The proposed IFP-PTS approach is applied in the asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM (ACO-OFDM) system and evaluated using several PAPR reduction benchmarks and compared with different state-of-the-art approaches in terms of PAPR reduction performance and computational complexity. The results justify the advantages of the IFP-PTS method compared with its counterparts.
