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Probiotics are vital and beneficial organisms which offers the health benefits to the host organisms. The fungal probiotic field is one of the developing fields nowadays. Yeast has an enormous and diverse group of microorganisms that is attracting and expanding the attention from researchers and industries. Saccharomyces boulardii, the only patente...
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... formed by two probiotic yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus and Pichia kudriavzevii induced apoptosis which was confirmed by Annexin V/PI assays and DAPI, they could delay the AKT-1, mTOR and JAK-1 pathways and induce apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells [87]. Table 3 With these reports and references, the probiotic yeasts present a beneficial effect on host as a therapeutic agent. But before therapeutic application, further research should be done to ensure safety and efficacy of the potential probiotic yeast. ...Context 2
... formed by two probiotic yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus and Pichia kudriavzevii induced apoptosis which was confirmed by Annexin V/PI assays and DAPI, they could delay the AKT-1, mTOR and JAK-1 pathways and induce apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells [87]. Table 3 With these reports and references, the probiotic yeasts present a beneficial effect on host as a therapeutic agent. But before therapeutic application, further research should be done to ensure safety and efficacy of the potential probiotic yeast. ...Similar publications
Objective:
To investigate the effect of Saccharomyces boulardii and its freeze-dried and spray-dried postbiotics on the intervention and potential mechanism of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis in mice. [Methods] After the acclimation period of C67BL/6J mice, a colitis model was constructed by applying 2% DSS for 7 d, followe...
Citations
... The productive and immunological characteristics of the animals given Y. lipolytica were improved, and their microbioma, fatty acid content, and biochemical profiles were also enhanced [51]. Some strains might possess characteristics like adhesion to gut lining and antimicrobial activity against harmful gut pathogens [49,52]. Research has shown that this yeast is probiotic and beneficial to fish, birds, mammals, crabs, and mollusks. ...
... Pichia probiotics are mostly obtained from food fermentation and have been shown to be able to thrive in gastrointestinal tracts. In addition to its probiotic functions as an antioxidant, the species P. kudriavzevii lowers cholesterol, has biological effects on the binding capacities of heavy metals, and improves the nutritional value of food [52,58,59]. ...
Yeasts are gaining increasing attention for their potential health benefits as probiotics in recent years. Researchers are actively searching for new yeast strains with probiotic properties (i.e, Debaryomyces hansenii; Kluyveromyces marxianus; Yarrowia lipolytica; Pichia hudriavzevii; Torulaspora delbrueckii) from various sources, including traditional fermented foods, the human gut, and the environment. This exploration is expanding the pool of potential probiotic yeasts beyond the well-studied Saccharomyces boulardii. Research suggests that specific yeast strains possess properties that could be beneficial for managing conditions like inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, skin disorders and allergy. Additionally, probiotic yeasts may compete with pathogenic bacteria for adhesion sites and nutrients, thereby inhibiting their growth and colonization. They might also produce antimicrobial compounds that di-rectly eliminate harmful bacteria. To achieve these goals, the approach that uses probiotics for human health is changing. Next-generation yeast probiotics are emerging as a powerful new approach in the field of live biotherapeutics. By using genetic engineering, scientists are able to give these tools specialized capabilities. However, most research on these probiotic yeasts is still in its early stages, and more clinical trials are needed to confirm their efficacy and safety for various health condi-tions. This review could provide a brief overview of the situation in this field.
... Yeasts have bigger size, inherent resistance towards antibiotics, proper adhesion properties and survivability under environmental stresses. Furthermore, PRO yeasts (PYs) as starter or adjunct cultures play a crucial role in end product safety, shelf-life, and techno-functional features [1,2]. There are some reports about PRO, antimicrobial, and biotechnological capabilities of yeasts isolated from fermented cereals. ...
Considering biosafety concerns and survivability limitations of probiotics (PRO) under different stresses, application of postbiotics and encapsulated PRO has received considerable attentions. Accordingly, the objective of the present study was to investigate the postbiotic capabilities of a potential PRO yeast isolate and the effect of encapsulation with alginate (Alg) and chitosan (Ch) on its survival under SGI conditions. Sequencing results of the PCR products led to the identification of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as the selected potential PRO yeast isolated from wheat germ sourdough. High survival of the isolate under simulated gastrointestinal (SGI) conditions (95.74%), its proper adhesion abilities, as well as its potent inhibitory activity against Listeria monocytogenes (75.84%) and Aspergillus niger (77.35%) were approved. Interestingly, the yeast cell-free supernatant (CFS) showed the highest antioxidant (84.35%) and phytate-degrading (56.19%) activities compared to the viable and heat-dead cells of the isolate. According to the results of the HPLC-based assay, anti-ochratoxin A (OTA) capability of the dead cells was also significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of the viable cell. Meanwhile, the yeast CFS had no anti-OTA and antimicrobial activities against the foodborne bacteria and fungi tested. Further, microencapsulation of the yeast isolate in Alg beads coated layer-by-layer with Ch (with 77.02% encapsulation efficacy and diameter of 1059 μm based on the field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis) significantly enhanced its survivability under SGI conditions in comparison with the free cells. In addition, electrostatic cross-linking between negatively charged carboxylic groups of Alg and positively charged amino groups of Ch was verified in accordance with Fourier transform infrared and zeta potential data. Human and/or industrial food trials in future are needed for practical applications of these emerging ingredients.
... boulardii) or Escherichia coli strains (E. coli Nissle, 1917) are applied in prophylaxis and therapy since several decades (Czerucka et al. 2007;Ukena et al. 2007). Fungal probiotics is one of the developing fields today (Shruthi et al. 2022), and among them, yeasts represent a huge and diversified group that attracting and expanding the attention of researchers and industries. Although only limited probiotic yeasts have been verified for human or industrial use (Saccharomyces boulardii and Kluyveromyces fragilis B0399) other non-Saccharomyces, non-Kluyveromyces genera such as Pichia, Yarrowia and Meyerozyma are successfully tested (Agarbati et al. 2021;Sadeghi et al. 2022). ...
Probiotic microorganisms are used to improve the health and wellness of people and the research on this topic is of current relevance and interest. Fifty-five yeasts, coming from honeybee’s ecosystem and belonging to Candida, Debaryomyces, Hanseniaspora, Lachancea, Metschnikowia, Meyerozyma, Starmerella and Zygosacchromyces genera and related different species, were evaluated for the probiotic traits. The resistance to gastrointestinal conditions, auto-aggregation, cell surface hydrophobicity or biofilm formation abilities as well as antimicrobial activity against common human pathogenic bacteria were evaluated. The safety analysis of strains was also carried out to exclude any possible negative effect on the consumer’s health. The influence of proteinase treatment of living yeasts and their adhesion to Caco-2 cells were also evaluated. The greatest selection occurred in the first step of survival at the acidic pH and in the presence of bile salts, where more than 50% of the strains were unable to survive. Equally discriminating was the protease test which allowed the survival of only 27 strains belonging to the species Hanseniaspora guilliermondii, Hanseniaspora uvarum, Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Metschnikowia ziziphicola, Meyerozyma caribbica, Meyerozyma guilliermondii, Pichia kluyveri, Pichia kudriavzevii and Pichia terricola. An integrated analysis of the results obtained allowed the detection of seven yeast strains with probiotic aptitudes, all belonging to the Meyerozyma genus, of which three belonging to M. guillermondii and four belonging to M. caribbica species.
... In addition to AMF, rhizospheric and endophytic fungi, many yeast species -collectively referred to as nonconventional yeasts -also behave as PGP, promoting plant growth through similar mechanisms as those described above [reviewed by Shruthi et al. (2022) and by Nimsi et al. (2023)]. For instance, Wickerhamomyces anomalus LBCM1105 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains LBCM1112 kill in vitro Moniliophthora perniciosa, the causative agent of cacao' severe fungal disease known as Witches' Broom Disease (Ferraz et al., 2021). ...
Global climate changes threaten food security, necessitating urgent measures to enhance agricultural productivity and expand it into areas less for agronomy. This challenge is crucial in achieving Sustainable Development Goal 2 (Zero Hunger). Plant growth‐promoting microorganisms (PGPM), bacteria and fungi, emerge as a promising solution to mitigate the impact of climate extremes on agriculture. The concept of the plant holobiont, encompassing the plant host and its symbiotic microbiota, underscores the intricate relationships with a diverse microbial community. PGPM, residing in the rhizosphere, phyllosphere, and endosphere, play vital roles in nutrient solubilization, nitrogen fixation, and biocontrol of pathogens. Novel ecological functions, including epigenetic modifications and suppression of virulence genes, extend our understanding of PGPM strategies. The diverse roles of PGPM as biofertilizers, biocontrollers, biomodulators, and more contribute to sustainable agriculture and environmental resilience. Despite fungi's remarkable plant growth‐promoting functions, their potential is often overshadowed compared to bacteria. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form a mutualistic symbiosis with many terrestrial plants, enhancing plant nutrition, growth, and stress resistance. Other fungi, including filamentous, yeasts, and polymorphic, from endophytic, to saprophytic, offer unique attributes such as ubiquity, morphology, and endurance in harsh environments, positioning them as exceptional plant growth‐promoting fungi (PGPF). Crops frequently face abiotic stresses like salinity, drought, high UV doses and extreme temperatures. Some extremotolerant fungi, including strains from genera like Trichoderma, Penicillium, Fusarium, and others, have been studied for their beneficial interactions with plants. Presented examples of their capabilities in alleviating salinity, drought, and other stresses underscore their potential applications in agriculture. In this context, extremotolerant and extremophilic fungi populating extreme natural environments are muchless investigated. They represent both new challenges and opportunities. As the global climate evolves, understanding and harnessing the intricate mechanisms of fungal‐plant interactions, especially in extreme environments, is paramount for developing effective and safe plant probiotics and using fungi as biocontrollers against phytopathogens. Thorough assessments, comprehensive methodologies, and a cautious approach are crucial for leveraging the benefits of extremophilic fungi in the changing landscape of global agriculture, ensuring food security in the face of climate challenges.
... Earlier studies showed that auto-aggregation and hydrophobicity were the tools for selecting strains having good adhering ability [66]. The auto-aggregation capacity is directly linked with the initial attachment of bacteria to biotic and abiotic surfaces, which is necessary for biofilm formation and plays an essential role in the virulence of infectious pathogens [67,68]. No significant correlation was found between auto-aggregation and hydrophobicity of the strains studied for other solvents (chloroform and n-hexadecane). ...
Four strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) viz Enterococcus faecalis, Lacticaseibacillus casei, Lactobacillus divergens, and Limosilactobacillus fermentum isolated from a starter of Benin opaque sorghum beer (kpètè-kpètè) were investigated for their abilities to assimilate cholesterol and their capabilities to produce exopolysaccharides (EPS) in vitro. Probiotic characteristics such as resistance to biological barriers, antimicrobial activity, aggregation, and hydrophobicity were also carried out. Results for the in vitro acid and bile resistance revealed that all four LAB strains can survive under simulated gastrointestinal conditions with a survival rate of up to 75.4%. They displayed variable inhibitory activities against some indicator pathogens, including Escherichia coli (two strains), Staphylococcus aureus (two strains), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, and Candida albicans. L. casei and L. divergens were able to remove more than 24% of cholesterol. Furthermore, all strains produced high exopolysaccharides, ranging from 199.63 to 375.33 mg/L. In vitro, the production of exopolysaccharides significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with cholesterol removal in MRS broth after 24 h. The highest hydrophobicity to xylene and chloroform was exhibited by L. casei (52.81%, 65.75%) and L. divergens (50.70%, 37.16%), respectively. The strains tested demonstrated their auto-aggregation and coaggregation abilities. There was a positive correlation between hydrophobicity and auto-aggregation performed by bacterial adherence to xylene. Overall, our findings suggested that L. casei and L. divergens were the most promising strains as probiotics but require further in vivo investigations.
... Although most Eremothecium members were considered potentially plant pathogenic microorganisms (Table 1), studies have also found that Eremothecium spp. have been isolated from Pistacia vera and have the potential probiotic and food protection role (Pilar Fernández-Pacheco et al. 2021; Shruthi et al. 2022). It is well known that Sphingomonas were ubiquitous in the rhizosphere of plants rice, sugarcane, grapevine, citrus, and soybean, and are essential for host growth and adaptation as keystone (Trivedi et al. 2020). ...
Main conclusion
The composition, diversity and co-occurrence patterns of the rhizosphere microbiota of E. ulmoides were significantly influenced by environmental factors, and which were potentially associated with the contents of pharmacological active ingredients.
Abstract
Eucommia ulmoides is an important perennial medicinal plant. However, little is known about the interactions among microbiota, environmental factors (EFs), and pharmacological active ingredients (PAIs) of E. ulmoides. Herein, we analyzed the interactions among rhizosphere microbiota–EFs–PAIs of E. ulmoides by amplicon sequencing and multi-analytical approach. Our results revealed variations in the dominant genera, diversity, and co-occurrence networks of the rhizosphere microbiota of E. ulmoides across different geographical locations. Notably, available nitrogen exerted the strongest influence on fungal dominant genera, while pH significantly impacted bacterial dominant genera. Rainfall and relative humidity exhibited pronounced effects on the α-diversity of fungal groups, whereas available phosphorus influenced the number of nodes in fungal co-occurrence networks. Altitude and total phosphorus had substantial effects on the average degree and nodes in bacterial co-occurrence networks. Furthermore, the dominant genera, diversity and co-occurrence network of rhizosphere microbiota of E. ulmoides were significantly correlated with the content of PAIs. Specifically, the abundance of rhizosphere dominant genera Filobasidium, Hannaella and Nitrospira were significantly correlated with the content of pinoresinol diglucoside (PD). Similarly, the abundance of Vishniacozyma and Bradyrhizobium correlated significantly with the content of geniposidic acid (GC), while the abundance of Gemmatimonas was significantly correlated with the content of aucubin. Moreover, the bacterial co-occurrence network parameters including average degree, density, and edge, were significantly correlated with the content of GC and aucubin. The α-diversity index Chao1 also displayed a significant correlation with the content of PD. These findings contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the interactions between medicinal plants and microbes.
... Consequently, fresh fruits and vegetables contain a wide variety of LAB and yeast (Somashekaraih et al., 2021;Shruthi et al., 2022). Amongst the LAB obtained from fresh fruits and vegetables important are Weissella confusa, Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides, and Lactobacillus plantarum (now known as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum comb. ...
The aim of the study was to determine the antibacterial, plant growth promotion and bio-control activity of
Limosilactobacillus sp. MYSN3 isolated from noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia). The noni fruit yielded eight distinct
isolates and one effective isolate MYSN3 was chosen considering their antibacterial activity for further stud�ies. The isolate MYSN3 recorded good inhibitory effect toward the tested plant pathogenic bacteria. The CFS
of MYSN3 showed 69.12, 69.98 and 63.60 % inhibition against, Pectobacterium carotovorum sub sp. carotovo�rum, Ralstonia solanacearum and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae respectively in microplate assay. The isolate
MYSN3 was identified as Limosilactobacillus sp. with accession number OL347895 and was verified using
16sRNA gene sequencing and had 95.23 % similarity with the earlier deposited sequence of Limosilactobacil�lus sp. - KJ865402. The effective isolate MYSN3 was characterized for growth promotion in plants and biolog�ical control attributes. Isolate MYSN3 showed IAA production (35.18 mg/ml), gibberellic acid production
(23.45 mg/ml), solubilization of phosphate, potash, zinc and silicon and gave positive outcomes for protease
and siderophore production and negative for cellulose degradation activity, HCN production activity and
amylase activity. Seed treatment with Limosilactobacillus sp. MYSN3 greatly enhanced the standard of seed
germination and seedling vigour of tomato by paper towel method and significantly increased plant height
of tomato, chilli and okra under glasshouse condition when compared to control. The findings of the current
research revealed that isolated Limosilactobacillus sp. MYSN3 possess promising antibacterial activity, plant
growth promoting characteristics and bio-control traits. The potentiality of the isolate as bioinoculants and
bio-control agents deserves further investigation.
... One of the rising threats of concern with probiotics of bacterial origin is their capability to transfer the resistant gene to pathogenic bacteria. This is where yeasts, which are naturally resistant to antibacterial agents, play a useful and important role as probiotics [6]. The other advantages of probiotics of yeast origin are demonstrated in Figure 1. ...
Probiotics, both bacterial and yeast, have long been associated with a beneficial health history and human well-being. Among yeasts, Saccharomyces is a genus that is efficacious in rendering better human health, with Saccharomyces boulardii (S. boulardii) CNCM I-745 being classified as a probiotic agent. The present review highlights the unique properties of S. boulardii and its role in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) and pediatric acute gastroenteritis (PAGE) in comparison to bacterial probiotics. Its unique properties, such as viability over a wide pH range, inability to acquire antibiotic resistance genes, and property to achieve a steady state rapidly, have given S. boulardii an edge over bacterial probiotics. In AAD patients, prophylactic use of S. boulardii has shown a significantly lower risk of AAD (in comparison to controls) and restored the diversity of gut microbiota. Among Indian children with PAGE, S. boulardii CNCM I-745 was found superior to Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and four strains of Bacillus clausii in shortening the duration of diarrhea and reducing the length of hospital stay. S. boulardii CNCM I-745 being considered a safe probiotic for use in children and adults also finds recommendations in several international guidelines for the management of acute diarrhea. The current review discusses evidence for the proven efficacy and safety of S. boulardii CNCM I-745 as a probiotic for preventing gastrointestinal disorders.
... For the fungal community, the taxonomic assignment of ITS sequences (Fig. 5) indicated that in four of five RCD+ samples analysed, yeasts of the genera Meyerozyma to 77.6% of ITS reads, followed by Naganishia (family Tremellaceae) with , <0. (Simões et al., 2021) and pineapple (Amorim et al. 2018); and this yeast species had been used for preparation of probiotic and beverage products (Shruthi et al. 2022). Naganishia species were also found on the peel of date palms, grapes, and berries, which are responsible for spontaneous alcohol fermentation; otherwise, they have a neutral effect or are harmless to the crop (Piombo et al. 2020). ...
Resin canal discoloration (RCD) severely impacts the fruit quality of mango, diminishes consumer confidence and reduces sales, but the biological cause is still unclear. Using next-generation sequencing, the overall microbial community composition of RCD + and visually healthy mango fruit was determined for the first time to examine the possible role of bacterial and fungal pathogens in RCD. The diversity profile of bacterial and fungal communities was determined using primers targeting the 16S rRNA gene and ITS regions. Results showed that bacterial communities in healthy fruits are clustered together and significantly different from those in RCD + fruits. Tatumella and Pantoea species were the most abundant bacterial taxa on RCD + fruit, and both have been linked to disease outbreaks in a variety of fruit crops. Fungal communities were generally similar between RCD + and normal samples though non-pathogenic yeasts Meyerozyma and Naganishia tended to dominate the fungal communities on RCD + fruit. The study indicates that bacteria rather than fungal organisms are more likely to be associated with RCD in mango. This finding will facilitate the isolation and confirmation of RCD-causing organisms and the development of control strategies to manage RCD problem in mango.
... 68,75 The action mechanisms of killer toxins include disrupting the cell membrane, inhibiting cell wall and DNA synthesis, and blocking calcium uptake. 73,75,76 Mycocins are advantageous biocontrol mechanisms due to their nontoxicity to mammals, increased resistance to stress conditions, environmental friendliness, and decreased possibility of pathogen resistance. 19 A study showed that the killer toxins of Debaryomyces hansenii strains were highly stable at pH 2.5−5.5 and 5−37°C and could inhibit Alternaria brassicicola, Alternaria citri, Aspergillus niger, and Rhizopus stolonifer in fruits. ...
... 81 Their action mechanism is based on the modification of amino acid, protein and nucleus synthesis, and inhibition of the fungal pathogen. 76 Studies on VOCs produced by antagonists have recently intensified besides using antagonistic yeasts in biocontrol. Outstanding advantages such as being biodegradable, being effective even in small amounts, 82 not requiring direct contact between antagonistic yeast and pathogen, and being able to spread rapidly by gas diffusion in an inhomogeneous medium consisting of solid, liquid, and gas, where the target is far away, have made the VOC mechanism very promising and popular. ...
Fungi-induced postharvest diseases are the leading causes of food loss and waste. In this context, fruit decay can be directly attributed to phytopathogenic and/or mycotoxin-producing fungi. The U.N. Sustainable Development Goals aim to end hunger by 2030 by improving food security, sustainable agriculture, and food production systems. Antagonistic yeasts are one of the methods presented to achieve these goals. Unlike physical and chemical methods, harnessing antagonistic yeasts as a biological method controls the decay caused by fungi and adsorbs and/or degrades mycotoxins sustainably. Therefore, antagonistic yeasts and their antifungal mechanisms have gained importance. Additionally, mycotoxins' biodetoxification is carried out due to the occurrence of mycotoxin-producing fungal species in fruits. Combinations with processes and agents have been investigated to increase antagonistic yeasts' efficiency. Therefore, this review provides a comprehensive summary of studies on preventing phytopathogenic and mycotoxigenic fungi and their mycotoxins in fruits, as well as biocontrolling and biodetoxification mechanisms.
