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Biosynthesis of cysteine and S-sulfocysteine in the chloroplast and cytosol of Arabidopsis and subcellular localization of the responsible enzymes. the cytosolic and plastidial Oacetylserine(thiol)lyase, L-cysteine desulfhydrase and S-sulfocysteine synthase are shown in red. A single representative of a grana thylakoid is shown as a grey oval compartment.
Source publication
The cysteine molecule plays an essential role in cells because it is part of proteins and because it functions as a reduced sulfur donor molecule. In addition, the cysteine molecule may also play a role in the redox signaling of different stress processes. Even though the synthesis of cysteine by the most abundant of the isoforms of O-acetylserine(...
Context in source publication
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... an auxiliary function with respect to the major cytosolic isoform, the OAS- A1. The characterization of the purified recombinant protein has shown that the CS-LIKE isoform catalyzes the desulfura- tion of L-cysteine to sulfide plus ammonia and pyruvate; thus, CS-LIKE is a novel L-cysteine desulfhydrase (EC 4.4.1.1), and it is designated as DES1 (Fig. 1). This enzyme is important for maintain- ing the homeostasis of cysteine in the cell, and the loss of function of this protein in knockout mutant plants results in higher levels of cysteine and glutathione. This increased level of soluble thiols results also in a higher antioxidant capacity of the plant, which, in turn, becomes more ...
Citations
... In plants, leucine is essential for ATP production, protein synthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence modulation, tissue regeneration, net photosynthesis rate and photochemical efficiency [51,52]. The fact that cysteine is scarce in the cp genome does not imply that it is unimportant; in fact, cysteine appears to be crucial for the redox control of the chloroplast under particular illumination circumstances [53]. The codon use bias in the cp genomes has been identified as a critical evolutionary feature for mRNA translation, new gene recognition, and molecular research [54]. ...
Background
The Aizoaceae family’s Sesuvium sesuvioides (Fenzl) Verdc is a medicinal species of the Cholistan desert, Pakistan. The purpose of this study was to determine the genomic features and phylogenetic position of the Sesuvium genus in the Aizoaceae family. We used the Illumina HiSeq2500 and paired-end sequencing to publish the complete chloroplast sequence of S. sesuvioides.
Results
The 155,849 bp length cp genome sequence of S. sesuvioides has a 36.8% GC content. The Leucine codon has the greatest codon use (10.6%), 81 simple sequence repetitions of 19 kinds, and 79 oligonucleotide repeats. We investigated the phylogeny of the order Caryophyllales’ 27 species from 23 families and 25 distinct genera. The maximum likelihood tree indicated Sesuvium as a monophyletic genus, and sister to Tetragonia. A comparison of S. sesuvioides, with Sesuvium portulacastrum, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, Mesembryanthemum cordifolium, and Tetragonia tetragonoides was performed using the NCBI platform. In the comparative investigation of genomes, all five genera revealed comparable cp genome structure, gene number and composition. All five species lacked the rps15 gene and the rpl2 intron. In most comparisons with S. sesuvioides, transition substitutions (Ts) were more frequent than transversion substitutions (Tv), producing Ts/Tv ratios larger than one, and the Ka/Ks ratio was lower than one. We determined ten highly polymorphic regions, comprising rpl22, rpl32-trnL-UAG, trnD-GUC-trnY-GUA, trnE-UUC-trnT-GGU, trnK-UUU-rps16, trnM-CAU-atpE, trnH-GUG-psbA, psaJ-rpl33, rps4-trnT-UGU, and trnF-GAA-ndhJ.
Conclusion
The whole S. sesuvioides chloroplast will be examined as a resource for in-depth taxonomic research of the genus when more Sesuvium and Aizoaceae species are sequenced in the future. The chloroplast genomes of the Aizoaceae family are well preserved, with little alterations, indicating the family’s monophyletic origin. This study’s highly polymorphic regions could be utilized to build realistic and low-cost molecular markers for resolving taxonomic discrepancies, new species identification, and finding evolutionary links among Aizoaceae species. To properly comprehend the evolution of the Aizoaceae family, further species need to be sequenced.
... H 2 S synthesis in the cytosol depends on the L-Cys desulfhydrase (DES1) enzyme, in the desulfhydration pathway from cysteine (L-Cys) following the synthesis of pyruvate and ammonia as byproducts, leading to end product H 2 S Gotor et al. 2010). Another analogous enzyme, D-cysteine desulfhydrase (DCD1) has been noted in the mitochondria which decomposes D-Cys into pyruvate, NH 3 and H 2 S (Wegele et al. 2004). ...
Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is a reactive signaling molecule that plays significant activities in biological and physiological processes that occur over the course of a plant lifecycle. Numerous successes have been reported regarding H2S’s ability to activate a cascade of biochemical events that reduce environmental stress when combined with other signal molecules. Plants can naturally create and emit H2S, specifically when exposed to exogenous cysteine, sulphate or sulfite. This is true despite the gas’s toxicity. This is assumed to be a method for dissipating excess sulfur, although some unfavorable environmental factors, such as salinity and drought, can also increase the endogenously produced rates of H2S emissions. As an illustration, the regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the activation of the antioxidant system, the accretion of osmoprotectants in the cytoplasm, the orientation of Na+ cell extrusion and K+ uptake and vacuolar compartmentation are all H2S-stimulated metabolic reactions that takes place in plants in response to drought and extreme salinity. Overall, the study suggested that H2S has versatile functions in plant as signal molecule, can ameliorate environmental restrictions through the coordinated control of different defense components, offering up novel paths in the area of biochemical priming study toward the application of target-selected chemicals for stress tolerance augmentation.KeywordsDroughtGrowth and developmentHydrogen sulfidePersulfidationReactive oxygen speciesSulfur metabolismSalt stress
... RNA sequencing was by unigene expression analysis and basic annotation was conducted; 1584 high-level expressed genes with 749 characterized genes and 150 genes involved in plant growth, Hyp biosynthesis and environmental response have been identified with |log 2 (fold-change)| > 1 in previously published article (Su et al., 2021). In this study, low-level genes were identified according to a criteria of 0.2< |log 2 (fold-change)|< 1.0 (Robinson et al., 2009;Love et al., 2014), since low-level genes also play important roles in many biological processes (Maia et al., 2007;Gotor et al., 2010). Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) were annotated against the Swiss-Prot database (https://www.uniprot.org/), ...
Hypericum perforatum, commonly known as St John’s wort, is a perennial herb that produces the anti-depression compounds hypericin (Hyp) and hyperforin. While cool temperatures increase plant growth, Hyp accumulation as well as changes transcript profiles, alterations in leaf structure and genes expression specifically related to Hyp biosynthesis are still unresolved. Here, leaf micro- and ultra-structure is examined, and candidate genes encoding for photosynthesis, energy metabolism and Hyp biosynthesis are reported based on transcriptomic data collected from H. perforatum seedlings grown at 15 and 22°C. Plants grown at a cooler temperature exhibited changes in macro- and micro-leaf anatomy including thicker leaves, an increased number of secretory cell, chloroplasts, mitochondria, starch grains, thylakoid grana, osmiophilic granules and hemispherical droplets. Moreover, genes encoding for photosynthesis (64-genes) and energy (35-genes) as well as Hyp biosynthesis (29-genes) were differentially regulated with an altered growing temperature. The anatomical changes and genes expression are consistent with the plant’s ability to accumulate enhanced Hyp levels at low temperatures.
... Sulfate availability enhances phytohormone-mediated action [79] and is ultimately used to produce Cys, which not only acts as the storage and transport form of reduced S but is required for GSH synthesis and helps in reducing oxidative stress by detoxifying ROS, thereby maintaining the redox state and defense processes required for thermotolerance [199,200]. As the immediate substrate for Cys synthesis, sulfide can be used to synthesize proteins and other organic compounds [201][202][203] that promote heat tolerance [86]; conversely, sulfide can be produced through the degradation of cysteine by desulfhydrases (DESs) [204][205][206]. Sulfide is also an important source of reactive sulfur species (RSS), SAM, GSH, and phytochelatins, and it has been reported to interact with ethylene [69]. ...
... ROS, thereby maintaining the redox state and defense processes required for thermotol-erance [199,200]. As the immediate substrate for Cys synthesis, sulfide can be used to synthesize proteins and other organic compounds [201][202][203] that promote heat tolerance [86]; conversely, sulfide can be produced through the degradation of cysteine by desulfhydrases (DESs) [204][205][206]. Sulfide is also an important source of reactive sulfur species (RSS), SAM, GSH, and phytochelatins, and it has been reported to interact with ethylene [69]. ...
Plants encounter several abiotic stresses, among which heat stress is gaining paramount attention because of the changing climatic conditions. Severe heat stress conspicuously reduces crop productivity through changes in metabolic processes and in growth and development. Ethylene and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are signaling molecules involved in defense against heat stress through modulation of biomolecule synthesis, the antioxidant system, and post-translational modifications. Other compounds containing the essential mineral nutrient sulfur (S) also play pivotal roles in these defense mechanisms. As biosynthesis of ethylene and H2S is connected to the S-assimilation pathway, it is logical to consider the existence of a functional interplay between ethylene, H2S, and S in relation to heat stress tolerance. The present review focuses on the crosstalk between ethylene, H2S, and S to highlight their joint involvement in heat stress tolerance.
... On the contrary, oas-a1 knockout mutants that are deficient in the most abundant form of cytosolic OASTL show decreased Cys levels (Lopez-Martin et al. 2008a;Álvarez et al. 2010). Therefore, contrasting activities of DES1 and OAS-A1 maintain cytosolic Cys homeostasis (López-Martín et al. 2008b;Gotor et al. 2010;Álvarez et al. 2010). There are two additional important enzymes in Cys metabolism, CASC1, a β-CAS and SCS, a S-sulfocysteine synthase. ...
Plants are always in a state of fighting against detrimental effects imposed by environmental stresses. Plants counter these adverse conditions through their defense system comprised of a well-orchestrated network of proteins, enzymes, hormones, metabolites and signaling molecules. Exposure of plants to these abiotic stresses usually lead to the induction of plants’ defense system through a network of signaling molecules. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is considered as an important signaling molecule and is involved in the protection of plants against various abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, metal, chilling, cold, heat, UV radiations etc. Cysteine (Cys) serves as a precursor molecule for the biosynthesis of H2S by Cys desulfhydrases. However, plants synthesize Cys in a reaction catalyzed by O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase, which also synthesizes H2S from Cys in a reverse reaction. Cys not only serves as a precursor of H2S but also the primary organic compound containing reduced sulfur and acts as sulfur donor for biosynthesis of various biomolecules and defense compounds. Directly or indirectly, Cys alleviates abiotic stresses in plants through affecting the functioning of various cellular processes and molecules. These include antioxidant defense system, redox homeostasis, glutathione, phytochelatins, metallothioneins etc. The present chapter is focused on the role of Cys and its allied molecules and products in the mechanisms responsible for plant acclimation to environmental stresses. In the light of available information, biosynthesis of Cys and H2S and their mode of action during plant adaptive responses is also discussed.
... Intracellular sources of H 2 S in plant cells are cytosol, mitochondria, and chloroplast ( Figure 3). In the cytosol, the majority of H 2 S is formed by the desulfhydration of L-Cys along with pyruvate, and ammonia as byproducts in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme L-Cys desulfhydrase (DES1) Alvarez, Garcia, Moreno, et al., 2012;Gotor et al., 2010;Riemenschneider, Nikiforova, et al., 2005;Riemenschneider, Wegele, et al., 2005). This enzyme has been characterized in plastids of Arabidopsis thaliana . ...
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a small, reactive signalling molecule that is produced within chloroplasts of plant cells as an intermediate in the assimilatory sulfate reduction pathway by the enzyme sulfite reductase. Additionally, H2S is also produced in cytosol and mitochondria by desulfhydration of L‐cysteine catalyzed by L‐cysteine desulfhydrase (DES1) in the cytosol and from β‐cyanoalanine in mitochondria, in a reaction catalyzed by β‐cyano‐Ala synthase C1 (CAS‐C1). H2S exerts its numerous biological functions by post‐translational modification involving oxidation of cysteine residues (RSH) to persulfides (RSSH). At lower concentrations (10‐1000 μmol L‐1), H2S shows huge agricultural potential as it increases the germination rate, the size, fresh weight and ultimately the crop yield. It is also involved in abiotic stress response against drought, salinity, high temperature and heavy metals. H2S donor, e.g. sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), has been exogenously applied on plants by various researchers to provide drought stress tolerance. Exogenous application results in the accumulation of polyamines, sugars, glycine betaine and enhancement of the antioxidant enzyme activities in response to drought induced osmotic and oxidative stress, thus providing stress adaptation to plants. At the biochemical level, administration of H2S donors reduces malondialdehyde content and lipoxygenase activity to maintain the cell integrity, causes abscisic acid‐mediated stomatal closure to prevent water loss through transpiration, and accelerates the photosystem II repair cycle. Here, we review the crosstalk of H2S with secondary messengers and phytohormones towards the regulation of drought stress response and emphasize various approaches that can be addressed to strengthen research in this area.
... A cross-talk between Cys and glutathione is critical for the regulation of amino acid signaling pathway 66 . The role of Cys as the precursor molecule in plant is also highly important other than its role in the protein 67 . Its role in plant stress response is highly important for its redox activity 67 . ...
... The role of Cys as the precursor molecule in plant is also highly important other than its role in the protein 67 . Its role in plant stress response is highly important for its redox activity 67 . Accumulation of Pro amino acid occurs due to osmotic stress in plants and it act as a plant abiotic stress marker 68 . ...
The molecular weight and isoelectric point (pI) of the proteins plays important role in the cell. Depending upon the shape, size, and charge, protein provides its functional role in different parts of the cell. Therefore, understanding to the knowledge of their molecular weight and charges is (pI) is very important. Therefore, we conducted a proteome-wide analysis of protein sequences of 689 fungal species (7.15 million protein sequences) and construct a virtual 2-D map of the fungal proteome. The analysis of the constructed map revealed the presence of a bimodal distribution of fungal proteomes. The molecular mass of individual fungal proteins ranged from 0.202 to 2546.166 kDa and the predicted isoelectric point (pI) ranged from 1.85 to 13.759 while average molecular weight of fungal proteome was 50.98 kDa. A non-ribosomal peptide synthase (RFU80400.1) found in Trichoderma arundinaceum was identified as the largest protein in the fungal kingdom. The collective fungal proteome is dominated by the presence of acidic rather than basic pI proteins and Leu is the most abundant amino acid while Cys is the least abundant amino acid. Aspergillus ustus encodes the highest percentage (76.62%) of acidic pI proteins while Nosema ceranae was found to encode the highest percentage (66.15%) of basic pI proteins. Selenocysteine and pyrrolysine amino acids were not found in any of the analysed fungal proteomes. Although the molecular weight and pI of the protein are of enormous important to understand their functional roles, the amino acid compositions of the fungal protein will enable us to understand the synonymous codon usage in the fungal kingdom. The small peptides identified during the study can provide additional biotechnological implication.
... In higher plants, H 2 S release can occur mostly through the enzymatic pathways (Table 1), and a part of H 2 S is generated by the nonenzymatic pathways (Aroca et al. 2018). In the enzymatic pathways, L-cysteine desulfhydrase (L-DES/LCD) and D-cysteine desulfhydrase (D-DES/DCD) use L-cysteine and D-cysteine, respectively, as a substrate to generate H 2 S (Riemenschneider et al. 2005;Á lvarez et al. 2010;Gotor et al. 2010). Cyanoalanine synthase (CAS) converts L-cysteine to cyanide that in turn leads to H 2 S synthesis (Akopyan et al. 1975), and cysteine synthase (CS) catalyzes the reversible conversion of L-cysteine and acetate to O-acetyl-L-serine (OAS) and H 2 S (Wirtz and Hell 2006). ...
The past decades have witnessed the discovery of several gaseous signaling molecules in plants, including nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and methane (CH4). These gasotransmitters (GTs) are endogenously synthesized in plant cells and participate in a variety of developmental processes and stress responses. Heavy metals (HMs) are one of the most widespread environmental cues that cause hazardous effects in plants and raise wide safety concerns. The involvement of GTs in the plant responses to HM has been demonstrated; however, our understanding of their exact roles and mechanisms in this area remains very fragmented. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent advances in the biosynthesis and regulation of each of the four GTs, their roles and mechanisms in plant HM uptake, accumulation, and detoxification, and the crosstalk between various GTs related to HM. Some reports on the negative roles of GTs on plant HM responses are also discussed. Certain important future directions for more in-depth studies are proposed based on the current understanding. Overall, this review provides a collection of rare information that helps to elucidate the regulation and functions of GTs in plant HM responses. This subject is of significant importance in the strategies of the agricultural efforts to reduce the risks associated with HMs by manipulating GTs.
... Therefore, the cytosol is a source of H 2 S metabolically generated from cysteine, and several types of cysteine-degrading enzymes have been reported in plant systems (Papenbrock et al., 2007) (Fig. 1). The l-cysteine desulfhydrase (l-CDES) enzymes catalyze the conversion of l-cysteine to sulfide, ammonia, and pyruvate, and some l-CDES enzymes from Arabidopsis have been characterized in more detail Gotor et al., 2010;Shen et al., 2012). In addition to l-CDES, in different plant species, d-cysteine desulfhydrase (d-CDES) enzymes that are specific for d-cysteine as a substrate and are completely different proteins from the l-CDES enzymes have been described (Riemenschneider et al., 2005;Cui et al., 2014). ...
A new concept has arisen regarding two cysteine metabolism-related molecules, hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen cyanide, which are considered toxic but have now been established as signaling molecules. Hydrogen sulfide is produced in chloroplasts through the sulfite reductase activity and in the cytosol and mitochondria by the action of sulfide-generating enzymes and regulates/affects essential plant processes such as plant adaptation, development, photosynthesis, autophagy and stomatal movement, where interplay with other signaling molecules occurs. The mechanism of action of sulfide, which modifies protein cysteine thiols to form persulfides, is related to its chemical features. This posttranslational modification, called persulfidation, could play a protective function for thiols against oxidative damage. Hydrogen cyanide is produced during the biosynthesis of ethylene and camalexin in noncyanogenic plants and is detoxified by the action of sulfur-related enzymes. Cyanide functions include the breaking of seed dormancy, modifying the plant responses to biotic stress, and inhibition of root hair elongation. The mode of action of cyanide is under investigation, although it has recently been demonstrated to perform posttranslational modification of protein cysteine thiols to form thiocyanate, a process called S-cyanylation. Therefore, the signaling roles of sulfide and most probably of cyanide are performed through the modification of specific cysteine residues, thus altering protein functions.
... The regulatory function often played by the Cys group in proteins depends on reversibility of the reaction . Cys is a precursor for a huge number of essential biomolecules such as proteins, coenzymes, GSH, and many plant defense compounds formed in response to different abiotic stresses including HMs (Gotor et al., 2010). ...
Heavy metal–contaminated soils pose a major environmental challenge. Plants uptake various nutrients and solutes from soil for their proper growth and development. The inadvertent uptake of toxic metals can affect plant metabolism, cell structure, transport, and membranes. Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most deleterious soil pollutants and is widely spread in the environment. Cd is phytotoxic, causing plant growth inhibition, stunting, and chlorosis due to altered plant metabolism. Sulfur (S) is an indispensable nutrient for plant growth and physiological functioning. S has a significant role in resistance against various biotic and abiotic stresses. Cd induces oxidative stress that affects the regulation of the S uptake and assimilation process at biochemical and genetic levels. S is incorporated in bioorganic compounds as reduced S in the form of organic sulfide or thiol, which provides protection against heavy metal stress through the synthesis of glucosinolates, allyl sulfur compounds, specialized peptides such as glutathione and phytochelatins, etc. This chapter provides information on the regulation of S metabolism and resistance mechanisms during Cd phytotoxicity.
