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Biostratigraphic map of the Moindou-Teremba area. Recognition of the structural features shown is based on biostratigraphic inference. For full description and discussion of stratigraphy and structure, see Campbell et at. (in press). The structural form lines show the gross trend of bedding, revealing internal structure within individual fault blocks.
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A stratigraphic map of Baie de St.-Vincent Group (Upper Triassic—Lower Jurassic) is presented, and the succession of fauna in the Moindou — Téremba area compared with that in other areas of New Caledonia and in New Zealand. The lowest beds recognised (Ouarai Formation) are Upper Oretian (Karnian to Lower Norian), represented by c. 160 m. Otamitan s...
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... biostratigraphic map of the Baie de St.-Vincent Group in the Moindou-Teremba area is presented in Fig. 1. The rocks and faunas are very like those of New Zealand, as summarised by Marwick (1951Marwick ( , 1953, and are discussed and compared in detail with equivalent sequences in that ...
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... The conglomerates commonly have an intra-basinal character and do not contain granite nor any other continental or exotic clasts. The unit is one of the most fossiliferous of New Caledonia and has been the subject of numerous biostratigraphic and palaeontological investigations (Avias 1953;Waterhouse 1956;Pharo 1967;Salard 1968;products;and (2) an upper unit, the Baie de Saint-Vincent Group (originally named in Campbell 1984b;Campbell and Grant-Mackie 1984), predominantly of Late Triassic to Middle Jurassic volcaniclastic (epiclastic or greywackes) sedimentary rocks unconformably overlying the Baie de Téremba Group. ...
... The Permian sequence in the Baie de Téremba is 1120 m thick (Mara Formation, Campbell and Grant-Mackie 1984). In the area of Tanghi (Fig. 3.2), pillow lavas and fossiliferous epiclastic sedimentary rocks are intruded by a hyalo-porphyric rhyodacite associated with volcanic breccias and agglomerates of the same composition. ...
The basement under the Late Cretaceous unconformity in New Caledonia consists of three amalgamated terranes. They are all oceanic, arc-related and developed offshore from the eastern Gondwana active margin during periods of marginal basin development. Téremba Terrane is composed of deep sea Permian to Mesozoic arc-derived volcanic rocks and greywackes. The Koh–Central Terrane includes at its base an ophiolite with island arc tholeiites and boninites (Koh Ophiolite) of Late Carboniferous to Early Permian age overlain by a thick sequence of greywacke (Central Range Volcaniclastic Rocks) of Permian to Late Jurassic age. The Téremba Terrane and the Koh–Central Terrane may be part of the same forearc basin, with the rocks from the Koh–Central Terrane deposited in a deeper environment. The Boghen Terrane is a metamorphic complex composed of schists, broken formations and mafic–ultramafic mélange, derived from mixed terrigenous and volcanic sources. The overall fine grain size and laminar bedding suggest deep sea and more distal deposition than the other terranes. The maximum depositional ages from detrital zircons suggest deposition during the Early Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. The terrane is interpreted as a metamorphosed subduction complex that includes blueschist and greenschist facies metamorphic rocks exhumed through the Koh–Central Terrane. At a regional scale, the nature of these three pre-Late Cretaceous terranes confirms the existing palaeogeographical reconstructions, which locate New Caledonia outboard the ocean–continent subduction that surrounded Gondwana during the Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic. A detailed analysis of these terranes and their relationship with East Australian terranes of the same age shows that a marginal basin system probably existed between mainland Gondwana and proto-New Caledonia and closed before the Late Cretaceous. A tentative detailed reconstruction of this margin during the Carboniferous–Early Cretaceous period is proposed.
... The conglomerates commonly have an intra-basinal character and do not contain granite or any other continental or exotic clasts. The unit is one of the most fossiliferous of New Caledonia and has been the subject of numerous biostratigraphic and palaeontological investigations (Avias 1953;Campbell 1979Campbell , 1984aCampbell , b, 1994Campbell and Grant-Mackie 1984;Challinor and Grant-Mackie 1989;Paris 1981;Pharo 1967;Salard 1968;Waterhouse 1956;Waterhouse and Sivell 1987;Wiley 1996). These authors emphasized the similarity of the biota with those from New Zealand. ...
... (a) A lower unit, Baie de Téremba Group (originally named in Campbell 1984b), characterised by proximal Late Permian to Middle Triassic volcanic products:. (b) An upper unit, Baie de Saint Vincent Group (originally named in Campbell 1984b andGrant-Mackie 1984), predominantly made of Late Triassic to Middle Jurassic volcaniclastic (epiclastic or greywackes) sedimentary rocks that is unconformably overlying the Baie de Téremba Group:. ...
... In Baie de Téremba the Permian sequence is 1120 m thick (Mara Formation, Campbell and Grant-Mackie 1984). In the area of Tanghi (Fig. 2), pillow lavas and fossiliferous epiclastic sedimentary rocks are intruded by a hyalo-porphyric rhyodacite associated with volcanic breccias and agglomerates of the same composition. ...
In New Caledonia, under the Late Cretaceous unconformity, the basement comprises three amalgamated terranes. They are all oceanic, arc related, and developed offshore from the eastern Gondwana active margin during periods of marginal basin development. Téremba Terrane is composed of deep-sea Permian to Mesozoic arc-derived volcanic rocks and greywackes. The Koh-Central Terrane includes at its base an ophiolite with island-arc tholeiites and boninites (Koh Ophiolite) of Late Carboniferous to Early Permian age overlain by a thick sequence of greywacke (Central Range volcaniclastic rocks) of Permian to Late Jurassic age. The Téremba Terrane and the Koh-Central Terrane may be part of the same fore-arc basin, with the rocks from the Koh-Central deposited in a deeper environment. The Boghen Terrane is a metamorphic complex composed of schists, broken formations, and mafic/ultramafic mélange, derived from mixed terrigenous and volcanic sources. The overall fine grain size and laminar bedding suggest deep-sea and more distal deposition in comparison to the other terranes. Maximum depositional ages from detrital zircons suggest deposition during Early Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. The terrane is interpreted as a metamorphosed subduction complex that includes blueschist and greenschist facies metamorphic rocks exhumed through the Koh-Central Terrane. At a regional scale, the nature of these three preLate Cretaceous terranes confirms existing palaeogeographic reconstructions, which locate New Caledonia outboard the ocean-continent subduction that surrounded Gondwana during the Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic. The detailed analyses of these terranes and their relationship with East-Australian terranes of the same age reveal that a marginal basin system probably existed between mainland Gondwana and proto-New Caledonia and closed before the Late Cretaceous. A tentative detailed reconstruction of this margin during the Carboniferous-Early Cretaceous period is proposed.
... The lower part of the stratigraphy is the Late Permian to Middle Triassic Baie de Téremba Group, which has an estimated thickness of~1570 m (Figs. 2c,d,3; Mara and Moindou formations; Campbell, 1984;Campbell and Grant-Mackie, 1984;Campbell et al., 1985). Volcanic rocks dominate the Téremba Group (40-60%), composed of rhyolite, dacite, andesite and minor basalt, as well as ignimbrite, welded tuff, volcanic breccia and pyroclastic rocks ( Fig. 4a; Maurizot et al., in press). ...
... The Ouamoui and Ouarai formations are composed of very coarse, massive volcaniclastic conglomerate and medium-to finegrained sandstone beds, respectively (Figs. 3, 4e, g;Campbell, 1984;Campbell et al., 1985). The Ouamoui Formation is unconformably overlain by the Leprédour Formation, a well-bedded sequence of fineto medium-grained sandstone dominated by fossils of the Monotis shells (Figs. 3, 4e, f;Campbell and Grant-Mackie, 1984;Campbell et al., 1985). The overlying Bouraké Formation and the Tani Formation were deposited in the uppermost Triassic (Rhaetian)-Early Jurassic, and consist of volcaniclastic sandstone beds intercalated with conglomerate and debris flow deposits (Fig. 3;Campbell and Grant-Mackie, 1984;Campbell et al., 1985). ...
... The Ouamoui Formation is unconformably overlain by the Leprédour Formation, a well-bedded sequence of fineto medium-grained sandstone dominated by fossils of the Monotis shells (Figs. 3, 4e, f;Campbell and Grant-Mackie, 1984;Campbell et al., 1985). The overlying Bouraké Formation and the Tani Formation were deposited in the uppermost Triassic (Rhaetian)-Early Jurassic, and consist of volcaniclastic sandstone beds intercalated with conglomerate and debris flow deposits (Fig. 3;Campbell and Grant-Mackie, 1984;Campbell et al., 1985). The Middle Jurassic Ilot Testard Formation consists of medium to coarse Cluzel and Meffre, 2002) (cross section location shown on b). ...
The island of New Caledonia is the second largest rock exposure of the continent Zealandia. The New Caledonian basement rocks have been interpreted as representing a late Paleozoic to Mesozoic intra-oceanic arc system that was possibly correlative to contemporaneous terranes in eastern Australia and New Zealand. In order to understand tectonic relationships between the basement rocks of New Caledonia and other eastern Gondwanan terranes, we obtained >2200 new U-Pb ages of detrital zircon grains from New Caledonia. Our new results, combined with a synthesis of previously published geochronological data, show abundant pre-Mesozoic zircon ages, but an absence of Early Permian to Middle Triassic ages, which are characteristic of eastern Gondwana magmatism. The results thus suggest that the detritus of the New Caledonian basement was derived from a local Paleozoic continental fragment that was rifted from the margin of Gondwana, most likely in the Early Permian. The results imply that dispersal of the Gondwanan margins started earlier than the Late Cretaceous opening of the Tasman and Coral seas, consistently with the Mesozoic endemism of both New Caledonia and New Zealand.
... The conglomerates commonly have an intra-basinal character and do not contain granite nor any other continental or exotic clasts. The unit is one of the most fossiliferous of New Caledonia and has been the subject of numerous biostratigraphic and palaeontological investigations (Avias 1953;Waterhouse 1956;Pharo 1967;Salard 1968;products;and (2) an upper unit, the Baie de Saint-Vincent Group (originally named in Campbell 1984b;Campbell and Grant-Mackie 1984), predominantly of Late Triassic to Middle Jurassic volcaniclastic (epiclastic or greywackes) sedimentary rocks unconformably overlying the Baie de Téremba Group. ...
... The Permian sequence in the Baie de Téremba is 1120 m thick (Mara Formation, Campbell and Grant-Mackie 1984). In the area of Tanghi (Fig. 3.2), pillow lavas and fossiliferous epiclastic sedimentary rocks are intruded by a hyalo-porphyric rhyodacite associated with volcanic breccias and agglomerates of the same composition. ...
... The conglomerates commonly have an intra-basinal character and do not contain granite or any other continental or exotic clasts. The unit is one of the most fossiliferous of New Caledonia and has been the subject of numerous biostratigraphic and palaeontological investigations (Avias 1953;Campbell 1979Campbell , 1984aCampbell , b, 1994Campbell and Grant-Mackie 1984;Challinor and Grant-Mackie 1989;Paris 1981;Pharo 1967;Salard 1968;Waterhouse 1956;Waterhouse and Sivell 1987;Wiley 1996). These authors emphasized the similarity of the biota with those from New Zealand. ...
... (a) A lower unit, Baie de Téremba Group (originally named in Campbell 1984b), characterised by proximal Late Permian to Middle Triassic volcanic products:. (b) An upper unit, Baie de Saint Vincent Group (originally named in Campbell 1984b andGrant-Mackie 1984), predominantly made of Late Triassic to Middle Jurassic volcaniclastic (epiclastic or greywackes) sedimentary rocks that is unconformably overlying the Baie de Téremba Group:. ...
... In Baie de Téremba the Permian sequence is 1120 m thick (Mara Formation, Campbell and Grant-Mackie 1984). In the area of Tanghi (Fig. 2), pillow lavas and fossiliferous epiclastic sedimentary rocks are intruded by a hyalo-porphyric rhyodacite associated with volcanic breccias and agglomerates of the same composition. ...
In New Caledonia, under the Late Cretaceous unconformity, the basement comprises three amalgamated terranes. They are all oceanic, arc related, and developed off-shore from the eastern Gondwana active margin during periods of marginal basin development. Téremba Terrane is composed of deep-sea Permian to Mesozoic arc-derived volcanic rocks and greywackes. The Koh-Central Terrane includes at its base an ophiolite with island-arc tholeiites and boninites (Koh Ophiolite) of Late Carboniferous to Early Permian age overlain by a thick sequence of greywacke (Central Range volcaniclastic rocks) of Permian to Late Jurassic age. The Téremba Terrane and the Koh-Central Terrane may be part of the same fore-arc basin, with the rocks from the Koh-Central deposited in a deeper environment. The Boghen Terrane is a metamorphic complex composed of schists, broken formations, and mafic/ultramafic mélange, derived from mixed terrigenous and volcanic sources. The overall fine grain size and laminar bedding suggest deep-sea and more distal deposition in comparison to the other terranes. Maximum depositional ages from detrital zircons suggest deposition during Early Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. The terrane is interpreted as a metamorphosed subduction complex that includes blueschist and greenschist facies metamorphic rocks exhumed through the Koh-Central Terrane. At a regional scale, the nature of these three pre-Late Cretaceous terranes confirms existing palaeogeographic reconstructions, which locate New Caledonia outboard the ocean-continent subduction that surrounded Gondwana during the Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic. The detailed analyses of these terranes and their relationship with East-Australian terranes of the same age reveal that a marginal basin system probably existed between mainland Gondwana and proto-New Caledonia and closed before the Late Cretaceous. A tentative detailed reconstruction of this margin during the Carboniferous-Early Cretaceous period is proposed.
... Bryozoans come from three parts of the outcrop area of the Téremba Terrane: from the Moindou-Téremba area in the northwest (Campbell and Grant-Mackie, 1984;Campbell et al., 1985), from Ile Leprédour in northwestern Baie de St-Vincent (Pharo, 1967), and from Iles Ducos, Hugon, and Page, and Ilot Turpin in central Baie de St-Vincent. This is not to say that they may not be found in other parts of this terrane; it only indicates their absence from collections. ...
... Despite the structural complexities, however, location of collections within the sequence can be estimated from the zonation that may be obtained from the species distribution pattern within Monotis (Campbell and Grant-Mackie, 1984) (Fig. 5). Thus relative stratigraphic positions within the Shellbeds can be deduced from any co-occurring Monotis. ...
... The molluscan and brachiopod fauna and stratigraphic position allow firm correlation of the Ouarai Formation with the Oretian Stage of the New Zealand Triassic System, as confirmed by the presence of Halobia and the brachiopods Psioidea australis (Trechmann), Psioidiella nelsonensis (Trechmann), and Retzia aff. reticulata Wilckens within the formation, coupled with stratigraphic location below the bivalve Manticula Grant-Mackie (1985) for New Zealand Warepan strata, with the New Caledonian zonal scheme of Campbell and Grant-Mackie (1984), showing the zones to which bryozoanbearing localities are allocated. Note that f77 could belong in either the Gigantea or Discordans zone. ...
Four trepostome bryozoan species are described from the Upper Triassic of New Caledonia. They include one new genus
Metastenodiscus
n. gen. The studied fauna shows strong paleobiogeographic relations to New Zealand and less so to Japan. Morphological similarities between Middle Paleozoic and Triassic trepostome bryozoans (e.g., abundant diaphragms) are explained by homeomorphy.
... The Téremba Terrane of New Caledonia comprises island-arcderived, volcaniclastic, medium-grained, greywackes of Late Permian to Middle Jurassic age (Cluzel et al., 2012). The N1-km-thick deposits of the studied Upper Triassic fossil localities of the Baie de St.-Vincent Group (Campbell, 1984;Campbell and Grant-Mackie, 1984) have been interpreted to represent forearc deposits in a fully marine, near-shore setting (see Ullmann et al., 2014a for further details). The local New Zealand stages are directly applicable to successions of Baie de St Vincent Group in the Téremba Terrane of New Caledonia. ...
Calcite fossils from New Zealand and New Caledonia provide insight into the Permian to Jurassic climatic history of Southern High Latitudes (southern HL) and Triassic Southern Intermediate Latitudes (southern IL). These results permit comparison with widely studied, coeval sections in Low Latitudes (LL) and IL. Oxygen isotope ratios of well-preserved shell materials indicate a partially pronounced Sea Surface Temperature (SST) gradient in the Permian, whereas for the Triassic no indication of cold climates in the southern HL is found. The Late Jurassic of New Zealand is characterized by a slight warming in the Oxfordian–Kimmeridgian and a subsequent cooling trend in the Tithonian. Systematic variations in the δ13C values of southern HL samples are in concert with those from LL sections and confirm the global nature of the carbon isotope signature and changes in the long-term carbon cycle reported earlier.
Systematic changes of Sr/Ca ratios in Late Triassic brachiopods, falling from 1.19 mmol/mol in the Oretian (early Norian) to 0.67 mmol/mol in the Warepan (late Norian) and subsequently increasing to 1.10 mmol/mol in the Otapirian (~ Rhaetian), are observed. Also Sr/Ca ratios of Late Jurassic belemnite genera Belemnopsis and Hibolithes show synchronous changes in composition that may be attributed to secular variations in the seawater Sr/Ca ratio. For the two belemnite genera an increase from 1.17 mmol/mol in the Middle Heterian (~ Oxfordian) to 1.78 mmol/mol in the Mangaoran (~ late Middle Tithonian) and a subsequent decrease to 1.51 mmol/mol in the Waikatoan (~ Late Tithonian) is documented.
... Shell material in the Late Triassic of New Caledonia is present throughout the Balfour Series, corresponding to the Norian and Rhaetian Stages (Campbell & Grant-Mackie 1984;MacFarlan 1992). Biostratigraphic studies have been conducted on the New Caledonian brachiopod faunas and strong links with the faunas of New Zealand were noted by Campbell & Grant-Mackie (1984) and MacFarlan (1992). ...
... Shell material in the Late Triassic of New Caledonia is present throughout the Balfour Series, corresponding to the Norian and Rhaetian Stages (Campbell & Grant-Mackie 1984;MacFarlan 1992). Biostratigraphic studies have been conducted on the New Caledonian brachiopod faunas and strong links with the faunas of New Zealand were noted by Campbell & Grant-Mackie (1984) and MacFarlan (1992). Because of these similarities, the same biostratigraphic framework is applied for the Late Triassic of New Caledonia and New Zealand (Campbell & Grant-Mackie 1984). ...
... Biostratigraphic studies have been conducted on the New Caledonian brachiopod faunas and strong links with the faunas of New Zealand were noted by Campbell & Grant-Mackie (1984) and MacFarlan (1992). Because of these similarities, the same biostratigraphic framework is applied for the Late Triassic of New Caledonia and New Zealand (Campbell & Grant-Mackie 1984). Geochemical studies on the fossil calcites of New Caledonia, however, have not yet been published. ...
Brachiopod fossils from the sedimentary sequences of the Téremba Terrane (New Caledonia) provide a unique opportunity to study the environmental parameters of the Late Triassic. 87Sr/86Sr ratios, δ13C and δ18O values, and Sr/Ca, Mg/Ca and Mn/Ca ratios were measured on brachiopods from Oretian to Otapirian (Norian to Rhaetian) fossil localities of the Baie de St.-Vincent area. Post-depositional impacts on the geochemical proxies were investigated by analysing calcite cements and partly recrystallized shell material. Diagenetic fluids carried strontium with a low 87Sr/86Sr ratio of c. 0.7065, and light δ13C values of c. −20‰, suggesting major contributions by oxidized organic matter. Diagenetic equilibrium was reached at δ18O values of c. −12‰, very low Sr/Ca ratios of < 0.05 mmol/mol and locally variable Mn/Ca ratios of up to 5.9 mmol/mol. Results from the best-preserved samples suggest that calcification temperatures of Warepan and Otapirian brachiopods from New Caledonia were consistently ≥ 15 °C.
... That is why this unit is a very important biostratigraphic marker for the Southwest Pacific and has been the object of numerous studies, specially for New Zealand geologists. The main authors who have contributed in the domains of stratigraphy and paleontology are Avias (1953), Pharo (1967), Salard (1968), Paris (1981), Campbell (1979Campbell ( , 1984, Campbell et al. (1985), Campbell and Grant-Mackie (1984), and Wiley (1996). ...
... Mesozoic faunas and floras of New Caledonia were long ago recognised as being very closely related to those of New Zealand (e.g., Avias, 1953;Pharo, 1967) and Marwick's (1953) stages have been applied also to New Caledonian sequences by both French and New Zealand workers (e.g., Paris, 1981;Campbell and Grant-Mackie, 1984;Grant-Mackie et al., 2000). As the terrane concept and plate tectonics were applied in this area the biotic similarities were recognised as relating especially to the Murihiku Terrane in New Zealand and the Téremba Terrane in New Caledonia (Grant-Mackie et al., 2000). ...
Seventeen ammonite taxa are described and placed in their biostratigraphic framework which covers parts of the Hettangian and Early Sinemurian ages. They show on the one hand strong paleogeographic affinities with the western Tethys [Ectocentrites, Paradasyceras and Angulaticeras (Sulciferites) cf. marmoreum Oppel] and, at the same time, less strongly expressed affinities with eastern Pacific areas with Eolytoceras. Nevertheless the Early Jurassic of New Caledonia essentially reveals a strong endemism due to the presence of ammonites like Kammerkarites paucicostatum (Avias) and Ectocentrites thibaudi nov. sp. and to some New Zealand ammonites like Murihikuites mackellari Stevens or Nevadaphyllites (?) pounamuus Stevens. More ubiquitous forms like Arnioceras aff. bodleyi (Buckman) and Phylloceras (?) cf. psilomorphum Neumayr are also present.
... Many comparisons have been made between the Téremba terrane and the Murihuku Group in New Zealand. Similarities includes the fauna (Campbell & Grant Mackie, 1984 ; Ballance & Campbell, 1993), palynomorphs (de Jersey & Grant-Mackie, 1989), volcanoclastic sources (Roser & Korschand, 1988) and age (Campbell & Grant-Mackie, 1984; Aitchison et al., 1998). ...
... Many comparisons have been made between the Téremba terrane and the Murihuku Group in New Zealand. Similarities includes the fauna (Campbell & Grant Mackie, 1984 ; Ballance & Campbell, 1993), palynomorphs (de Jersey & Grant-Mackie, 1989), volcanoclastic sources (Roser & Korschand, 1988) and age (Campbell & Grant-Mackie, 1984; Aitchison et al., 1998). ...
New Caledonia is an island of the south-western Pacific Ocean which belongs to France. This island has a long geological history which goes back to the break up of Gondwana during the Mesozoic. The succession of large scale events including accretion, subduction and obduction has formed 4 main groups of rocks in New Caledonia. The Ante-Senonian basement is the accretion of oceanic terrane on the eastern margin of Gondwana from Permian to Late Jurassic. Subduction processes are the main feature of the northern terranes which show high pressure metamorphism from shallow zone to blueschists and eclogite facies. In the same time, obduction of oceanic crust on New Caledonia continent has created the main feature of the island’s geology with large ultramafic massifs underlying nearly half of New Caledonia surface area. The last group of rock occurring after the subduction and obduction events is mainly characterized by sedimentary rocks and important tropical alteration processes of the older rocks.
This complex geological history provides the basis for the formation of ore deposits. The most remarkable feature of New Caledonia mining landscape is nickel laterite. These ores cover most of the ultramafic terranes and have been exploited for decades. New projects are underway in Goro and Koniambo areas which will re-establish New Caledonia as one of the biggest producers of nickel in the world. Cobalt and chromium are also by-products of the ultramafic terrane exploitation. Other deposits are more limited in size such as Cu-Zn-Pb-Ag mineralization in the Diahot area and occurrences of platinoids and gold appear to be uneconomic. Minor occurrences of iron ores, coal and manganese are known.
The institutional arrangements in New Caledonia, particularly the Geological Survey, provide basic information on the geology and mineral resources of the island.
