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Biological control of Hamakua 'Pa-makani,' Ageratina riparia, with Entyloma compositarum, the white smut fungus introduced from Jamaica in 1974. (A) Nonseptate, hyaline, slender, arcuate conidia (30-40 x 3-3.5 µm) ofE. compositarum. Scale bar = 12 µm. (B) Abaxial surface of a diseased 'Pa-makani' leaf showing the characteristic white sporodochia, containing masses of spores of E. compositarum. (C) Infestation of A. riparia at 900 m elevation at Palani ranch, North Kona, Hawaii, before inoculations in December 1975. (D) Striking biological control of the 'Pa-makani' weed at Palani ranch, a site at 900 m elevation, 8 years after inoculation with the biocontrol fungus. (E-H) Biological control of banana poka Passiflora tarminiana with Septoria passiflorae introduced from Ipiales, Colombia in 1993. (E) Filiform, multiseptate, hyaline conidia of S. passiflorae (35-52 × 1.5-2 µm). Scale bar = 24 lm. (F) Symptoms of septoria leaf spot on banana poka leaves 30 days after inoculations with 'lei inoculum.' Notice necrotic dry leaves, remains of the original lei that was placed below the symptomatic leaves. (G) Piha-road bordering the US Department of the Interior-Fish and Wildlife Preserve Photopoint No. 2, 1850 m elevation, before the 1997 inoculation with S. passiflorae. Notice the banana poka vine climbing to the top of the koa forest. (H) Photopoint No. 2 showing 99% banana poka biomass reduction 6 years after inoculation. Reprinted from Biological Control, Volume 33, Issue 1, Eduardo E. Trujillo, History and success of plant pathogens for biological control of introduced weeds in Hawaii, pp. 113-122, Figure 2, 2005, with permission from Elsevier. Use of (G) and (H) by permission of the American Phytopathological Society. Reprinted from Biological Control, Volume 33, Issue 1, Eduardo E. Trujillo, History and success of plant pathogens for biological control of introduced weeds in Hawaii, pp. 113-122, Figure 2, 2005, with permission from Elsevier.
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... successful weed biocontrol program uses the foliar smut fungus, Entyloma ageratinae from Jamaica, to control Hamakua pamakani (Ageratina riparia) in Hawaii (41) (Fig. 3). The fungus, originally misnamed as Cercosporella sp. and subsequently described as Entyloma ageratinae by Barreto and Evans (2) and E. compositarum by Trujillo et al. (41), was introduced into Hawaii in 1974. A few months after the field release, devastating epidemics were recorded in dense stands of A. riparia in cool, high-rainfall ...
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... Certain pathogens attach to the root system of plants and slow down their growth, while some infect the root, cut off the supply of water and nutrients and thus reduce leaf growth and development. Infections caused by some pathogens lead to necroses on the above-ground parts of plants, while others result in seed aging, reduced seed production, death of the whole plant and the like (Yandoc-Ables et al., 2006). Biological control has been accepted as a practical, safe, highly effective and ecologically friendly method of weed suppression, applicable in agroecological systems, without harmful effects on the health of consumers and producers (Charudattan, 2005). ...
Biological control refers to the use of living beneficial organisms as well as the products of their metabolism in pest control. Weed plants are indispensable companions of cultivated plants, in which they cause substantial damage. Organic food production, human health care and environmental preservation impose a need for the production and application of bioherbicides, particularly in organic systems of plant production. Plant pathogens have significant potential as biological agents in weed control. The aim of the present study was to indicate the most important properties of the weed biological control system, with particular emphasis on the use of fungi-based bioherbicides. According to the organism they suppress, biopesticides are classified into bioinsecticides, biofungicides, bioherbicides, etc. Weed control using plant pathogens can be performed in three ways, by classical, conservation and augmentative biological control. Bioherbicides were initially introduced to the market in 1980, and the majority of them were fungi-based bioherbicides. The most common fungi included in bioherbicides belong to the genera Alternaria, Colletotrichum, Cercospora, Fusarium, Phomopsis, Phytophthora, Phoma, Puccinia, etc. The studies, development and final commercialisation of fungi as biological control agents face many obstacles, ranging from basic biological facts to social and economic factors. There are also challenges in the production, formulation process, environmental friendliness, duration of herbicidal action, and expensive and time-consuming registration procedures. Considering the success in weed suppression with fungi-based bioherbicides, the global market is still dominated by chemical companies manufacturing synthetic herbicides, while there are no such products on the Serbian market yet.
... and Cestrum parqui L'Herit. (Solanaceae), have become invasive in subtropical regions of the world, including South Africa, east African countries, the United States of America (USA), Australia and New Zealand (Henderson 2001;Witt & Luke 2017). The increasing abundance inkberries and other species of Cestrum (commonly called cestrums) in conservation and agricultural areas in South Africa has been a concern, resulting in the initiation of a biological control (biocontrol) programme against these species in 2007 (Fourie 2011). ...
... The genus Cestrum, under tribe Cestreae, comprises more than 300 species and is among 102 genera in the family Solanaceae. In total, the family Solanaceae comprises 2460 species (Witt & Luke 2017). About 175 to 250 species of Cestrum are concentrated in tropical and subtropical America (Hunziker 1979;Berg & Greilhuber 1993), extending from the southern USA and the Bahamas southwards to Chile and the northern and central regions of Argentina (Henderson 2011). ...
... Cestrum laevigatum is the most invasive species among members of this genus in South Africa, and is prevalent along the coastal regions of KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) and the Eastern Cape provinces (Fig. 1). Outside South Africa, C. laevigatum is invasive in parts of Kenya, and has also been introduced to Tanzania and Uganda (Witt & Luke 2017), eSwatini, Zimbabwe and Zambia (Shone & Drumond 1965). ...
Cestrum (Solanaceae) species have become invasive in conservation and agricultural areas in South Africa, resulting in the initiation of a biological control (biocontrol) programme against these species in 2007. Of the four Cestrum species recorded in South Africa, Cestrum laevigatum Schltdl. and C. parqui L'Herit., which are both commonly referred to as inkberries, have become invasive while C. aurantiacum Lindl. and C. elegans (Brongn.) Schltdl. are still isolated at a few sites in the country. The biocontrol programme against Cestrum species (commonly called cestrum) was initially focussed on pathogens associated with these plants. Although the fungus Uromyces cestri Bertero ex Mont. (Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae) was found to be a promising agent for cestrum, the pathogen project was shelved due to lack of capacity. Field surveys conducted in Argentina from 2012 to 2020 revealed a total of eight phytophagous insects that could be candidate agents. Among these is a leaf-feeding flea beetle Epitrix sp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) that has been tested for host specificity. Out of 47 plant species tested to date, Epitrix sp. has only fed and developed on three Cestrum species, suggesting that it is suitable for release against cestrum in South Africa. Permission to release Epitrix sp. will be sought once it has been identified to the species level or it has been described as a new species. Two chrysomelid beetle species, a root-feeding flea beetle (Diphaulaca sp.) and an unidentified leaf-feeding flea beetle, were also collected on C. parqui, but attempts to rear the former were unsuccessful. Three other leaf-miners collected from C. parqui include: Acrocercops leucographa Clark (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), an unidentified moth (Lepidoptera: Argyresthiidae) and Liriomyza sp. nr. schlingerii (Diptera: Agromyzidae). A glass-winged butterfly (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) was the only herbivore that may be of biocontrol value on C. laevigatum. Whilst it is essential to extend the surveys to other regions of the native range, it is also important to prioritize the most promising potential biocontrol agents for further testing in South Africa. Given the suite of potential biocontrol agents in the native range, there are good prospects for the biocontrol of cestrum species in South Africa.
... Invasive weeds in natural areas may alter ecosystem processes, and exert the potential to displace the native biodiversity. They often support populations of non-native organisms, hybridize with native species and subsequently alter gene pools (Yandoc-Ables et al. 2006). However, weeds provide food, shelter and reproductive sites for various organisms i.e. plant pathogens (Gonzalez et al. 1991, Marley 1995, Ramappa et al. 1998, Singh et al. 2010, Rathore et al. 2012, Webb et al. 2012, insect pests (Bernays and Chapman 1994, Marshall et al. 2003, Penagos et al. 2003, Capinera 2005, Singh et al. 2010, Singh and Singh 2016, mites (Gupta 1985, Kreiter and Tixier 2002, Steinkraus et al. 2003, Nair et al. 2005, Mamun and Ahmed 2011, Ito et al. 2012, Vasquez et al. 2015, Chandrasena et al. 2016, Rathee and Dalal 2018, Mishra et al. 2019, nematodes (Bélair and Benoit 1996, Davidson and Townshend 1967, Tedford and Fortnum 1988, Venkatesh et al. 2000, Davis and Webster, 2005, Anwar et al. 2008, Singh et al. 2010, rodents (Fulk et al. 1981, Parshad et al. 1991, Jain et al. 1993, Indian Journal of Weed Science 53(1): [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]2021 Print ISSN 0253-8040 ...
... Embora o reconhecimento de que os fitopatógenos (e em particular os fungos), importantes inimigos naturais de plantas daninhas, seja antigo, o seu uso em programas de controle biológico é relativamente recente, tendo se iniciado nos anos 70. Diversos autores publicaram revisões completas sobre este tema desde então (Hasan, 1974(Hasan, , 1980Huffaker, 1976;Wapshere, 1982;Templeton, 1982Templeton, , 1984Te Beest, 1984;Evans, 1987;Adams, 1988;Ayres & Paul, 1990;Evans &Ellison, 1990;Charudattan, 1991;Watson, 1991;Te Beest et al., 1992;Evans 1997;Julien & White, 1997;Hallett, 2005;Ghosheh, 2005;Yandoc-ables et al., 2006aYandoc-ables et al., , 2006bBarreto, 2009;Barreto et al., 2012). ...
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Frosty pod rot (FPR), caused by Moniliophthora roreri, is responsible for significant losses in Theobroma cacao. Due to limited options for FPR management, biological control methods using Trichoderma are being studied. Combinations of three formulations and two Trichoderma isolates were studied between May 2009 and April 2011. The formulations were 0.3 mL L−1 of the surfactant BreakThru 100SL (BT), a mixture of 1% w/v Sure-Jell (source of pectin) and 1% w/v PDB (PP), and an invert oil emulsion of 50% v/v corn oil/ 2.5% w/v lecithin/0.5% w/v PDB (COP). Water and fungicide, copper oxychloride, were included as controls. Humidity chamber studies indicated that Trichoderma conidia germinated in all formulations if free water was maintained, while only the COP formulation supported germination under drying conditions. In the field, Trichoderma ovalisporum DIS 70a and Trichoderma harzianum DIS 219f were applied monthly in each of the three formulations at a rate of 180 mL per tree, 2.46 × 107 conidia per mL. The COP/DIS-70a formulation provided the largest yield increase compared to all other treatments, including the fungicide control. Averaged over the two years, the COP formulation increased yield to 30.7% healthy pods compared to 9.7% healthy pods in the water control. Although the formulation/isolate combinations did not consistently increase endophytic colonization, the PP/DIS-219f, COP/DIS-219f, and COP/DIS-70a combinations increased total endophytic/epiphytic colonization by Trichoderma. The invert corn oil formulation of DIS-70a significantly enhanced yield of healthy cacao pods over two years providing a promising model for optimizing Trichoderma based biocontrol strategies.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... Successful control of blackberry in Chile and of skeleton weed in Australia generated an upsurge of interest in the potential of this novel approach to weed management. A number of comprehensive reviews of CBC of weeds using pathogens have followed from Wilson's original, spanning the last four decades (Hasan, 1974; Huffaker, 1976; Charudattan and Walker, 1982; Templeton, 1982, 1984; Wapshere, 1982; Adams, 1988; Cullen and Hasan, 1988; Ayres and Paul, 1990; Evans and Ellison, 1990; Hasan and Ayres, 1990; Watson, 1991; TeBeest et al., 1992; TeBeest, 1993; Barreto and Evans, 1996; Julien and White, 1997; Charudattan, 2001; Evans et al., 2001a,b; Evans, 2002; Barton, 2004; Yandoc-Ables et al. 2006a,b). Additionally, several reviews have been published that have addressed national or regional CBC programmes (Gardner et al., 1995, 1996; Olckers and Hill, 1999; Ellison and Barreto, 2004; Julien et al., 2007; Barreto, 2008), and even specifi c crops (Ellison, 2004). ...
... Cultural procedures, such as growing wildflowers or grasses, involve practices that promote the growth of desirable plants that restrict the capacity of weeds to grow. Biological practices involve using insects, diseases, or even dense groundcover to control weeds (Eshenaur, et al., 2007;Stelljes and Wood, 2000;Weeden et al., 2008;Yandoc-Abeles et al., 2006a, 2006b. Mechanical methods, primarily mowing, but also including mulching, are the most widely used means of weed control on roadsides (Barker and Prostak, 2008). ...
Management of vegetation is an important element of roadside maintenance for safety and aesthetics. Current methods of management by highway departments principally involve mowing and the use of conventional, chemical herbicides. This research addressed use of herbicides (citric acid, clove oil, corn gluten meal, and pelargonic acid) that are considered as alternatives to conventional herbicides and the use of mechanical treatments of woodchip and bark mulches and burning. These alternative methods were compared with the use of conventional herbicides to assess the relative efficacy of treatments on roadside sites. A single application of pelargonic acid demonstrated immediate or short-term suppression of growth of vegetation; however, the efficacy lasted for no more than 6 weeks, after which regrowth was not distinguishable from untreated vegetation. Repeated applications of pelargonic acid will be necessary for season-long efficacy. Formulations of citric-acetic acid gave no control or only weak suppression of vegetative growth soon after application, and no suppression was evident after 6 weeks, suggesting that these materials have only limited use in roadside environments. The effects of burning lasted for about 6 weeks. No suppression of growth of roadside vegetation occurred with the use of corn gluten meal, which acted as a nitrogen fertilizer to promote growth. Mulches of bark or woodchips were strongly suppressive against emerging vegetation for 2 years, but were more effective in the first year than in the second year after application. The costs of materials and labor for the alternative practices were substantially more than for the conventional herbicides used in this study.
Weeds are a major contributor to yield loss and reduction in yield quality in an agricultural setting, competing with the crop for resources like light, water, and nutrients. This competition along with the cost of weed management strategies like tillage and herbicides, are responsible for the economic impact of weeds, which can reach into the billions. In addition to the damage caused by direct competition, weeds can also harm crop plants by acting as reservoirs for destructive plant pathogens, the insect vectors that move these pathogens from plant to plant, or both. The objective of this publication is to summarize previously published weed-pathogen associations to help growers scout and monitor pathogens in weeds near production areas.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs1335
One isolate of Colletotrichum truncatum was found recently causing severe anthracnose symptoms and leading to the death of beggartick (Bidens pilosa L. and Bidens subalternans DC.), one of the major weeds of Brazilian agriculture. This isolate, namely UFU 280, was selected for development of a mycoherbicide against this weed. Associated of beggartick, one of the, Here, results of a preliminary attempt to develop a protocol for mass production of inoculum (conidia) and fungal biomass of C. truncatum was performed aimed at paving the way for greenhouse and field evaluations of this biocontrol candidate. Isolates of Colletotrichum spp. have been successfully produced in the past to serve as the active ingredients of mycoherbicides. The method of choice has been the production of propagules through liquid fermentation. We assessed the effect of several options of liquid media recipes, type of seeding of medium, pH levels, incubation lengths, incubation temperatures and agitation speeds on the shaking speed on the concentration of conidia obtained per volume of medium. Additionally, a possible effect of the kind of medium utilized over the virulence of the inoculum was also evaluated through an inoculation study. We found that an adequate amount of conidia of C. truncatum (isolate - UFU 280) can be obtained in ME liquid culture medium, adjusted to a pH of 9.0, seeded with a conidial suspension and incubated for 6 days, under a regime of orbital shaking of 150 rpm, at temperatures ranging from 20 to 25 °C. Mortality of beggartick plants using conidia produced in different liquid culture media was of 100%.
This research studied nematode communities in the soil during hot pepper cultivation and under influence of Zn and P fertilizer application. The aim of this study was to determine changes in soil nematode communities during the cultivation of hot pepper under the influence of P, Zn and their combination (P+Zn) application. The study included the examination of changes in nematodes structure in soil, their total abundance, the total number of genera and analysis of trophic groups. Changes in nematode community were determined using the MI, MI 2-5, PPI and their ratio (PPI/MI). The diversity of the community was investigated using H' index. Intensification in disturbance resulted in increased the total number of nematodes, as a result of reduction or elimination of the persisters in favor of colonizers, whereas larger disturbances decreased in genus richness soil nematode assemblages. The genera of nematodes which did not show sensitivity due to the presence of P and Zn are: Acrobeloides, Aphelenchoides, Aphelenchus, Dipterophora, Ditylenchus, Eucephalobus, Eudorylaimus, Mesodorylaimus, Paratylenchus, Plectus, Pratylenchus, Prodorylaimus, Rhabditis, Tylenchorhynchus and Tylenchus. The MI, PPI and PPI/MI did not significant distinguish the management regimes. The MI 2-5 was shown as an excelent parameter reflecting distress in nematode community structure. Omnivorous genera Panagrolaimus and Microdorylaimus were the most disturbance susceptible omnivores. Generally omnivorous were the most disturbance susceptible and their number reduced in all treatments by 50% compared to the control and according to that, omnivorous presents good parameter reflecting distress in nematode community.
